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The Validity of Existence, 1997.
An analysis of madness and how it pertains to Shakespeare's Macbeth.
1,424 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 1 source, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the surreality of existence, and whether subjective reality is as valid as objective reality within the context of Shakespeare's Macbeth. The conclusions drawn are then applied to real life.
From the Paper
"In ?Star Trek IV: The Voyage Home,? Leonard Nimoy quotes an ancient Vulcan adage: ?Nothing unreal exists.? But is this really true? The universe rarely operates on terms that concrete. If a group of people believe strongly enough in the existence of something imaginary, and pretend that it actually does exist and base their whole lives around it, does that not make this imaginary something real, at least to some degree?"
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Berkeley?s Immaterialism and the Existence of God: A Case Study, 2001.
This paper discusses the philosopher George Berkeley's concept of immaterialism, his subsequent argument for the existence of God, and the reasons why his argument cannot be accepted as being valid.
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
An intricate discussion of philosopher George Berkeley's concept of immaterialism and his subsequent argument for the necessary existence of a Supreme Being, or God. The author outlines and analyzes Berkeley's two major philosophical treatises, and the main arguments found in each are clearly defined and presented in a succinct, yet detailed manner. Philosophical ideas/concepts discussed include the ?Likeness Principle? and the variability of sensory experience. The paper then presents Berkeley?s argument for the existence of God, which builds upon the already established theory of immaterialism by discussing the distinction between absolute and relative existence.
From the Paper
"Immaterialism, as defined by Berkeley, is the idea that it is impossible for any sensible qualities whatsoever to exist independent of a mind (Berkeley 1965, 5-6). This argument is brought forth succinctly and clearly in the Dialogues, in which Berkeley presents his case through the character of Philonous, and defends it against criticism by the character of Hylas. Although there are many aspects in both Principles and the Dialogues that contribute to the overall argument for immaterialism, for the purpose of this essay, only two of the strongest points will be discussed- the argument from variability and the likeness principle.
One of the key features of Berkeley?s argument for immaterialism centers on the variability of one?s sensory experiences in comparison to another?s. He notes that each individual perceives the world differently, whether in terms of smell, taste, sight, or touch. One of the ways in which this variability of sensory experiences is presented by Philonous to Hylas is during a discussion between the two concerning taste. Philonous points out that although a certain food may taste pleasant to one person, that same food may taste awful to another. ?How could this be?, Philonous asks Hylas, ?if taste was something really inherent in the food?? (Berkeley 1998, [180]) There is only apparent taste, and this requires dependence on a mind. The same argument is also applied to smell, touch, sight, extension, motion, and solidity, and is reasoned to be just as effective. Perceptual variability occurs with these senses/qualities as well, and none of the apparent smells or colors seem to be any more real than any other ([68-78])."
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The Existence of God, 2002.
An analysis of philosopher, Rene Descartes' "Meditations on First Philosophy" in which he gives proof of God's existence.
1,334 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses "Meditations on First Philosophy" in which philosopher Rene Descartes uses proof of God?s existence to both confirm and complete his views of nature, the external world, and the validation of reason. The paper shows that Descartes' arguments in the proof of God?s existence also serve to validate his views of reason and human nature.
From the Paper
"As such, Cartesian dualism forms the basis for Descartes proofs of the existence of God. Both the first and second proofs of the existence of God that are discussed in this essay are firmly based in the human mind?s conception of God. In the proof in the Meditations III, Descartes argues that God must exist in order to place the idea of God in the finite minds of humans. In Meditations V, Descartes argues that human ideas of the internal qualities of God, including infinity and independence, could not have originated within the human mind, and thus God must exist to create these ideas."
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Existence of God, 2002.
Discusses and critiques various theories from philosophical history dealing with the existence of God.
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
Existence of God has always been a contentious philosophical issue and therefore it has been heatedly debated since ancient times. This paper looks at theories and arguments based on causality (trace chain of effect and cause backward and one must reach a fist cause) and on ontological arguments which seek to establish the existence of God based on pure logic. The paper then examines whether these arguments and views are still valid.
From the Paper
"Apart from the ontological view, there is another important view known as the cause/effect argument first given to us by Thomas Aquinas. This view revolves around the idea that if I exists than God does too because I couldn?t have occurred without a possible cause. God was the cause in my case and in the case of everything else that takes place in the world, such as movement of planets, setting and rising of sun and so on. ?I exist so God exists? argument has been upheld by many thinkers and philosophers over the centuries, most prominent being Benedict Spinoza, W. L. Craig and C. D. Broad."
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Validity and Reliability in Medical Research, 2005.
An in-depth look at the issues surrounding validity and reliability in medical research.
2,504 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problems involved in ensuring the validity and reliability in medical research. The author provides many examples of the importance of ensuring validity and provides several relevant sources of research that have not always met the correct criteria.
From the Paper
"One way to understand a research study is to view it as an exercise in measurement (Rothman and Greenland 1998a, p. 115). To uphold the validity of the measurement process is to reduce the possibility of systematic error or bias, and to preserve thereby its accuracy. To uphold the reliability of the measurement process is to reduce the risk of random error and to ensure thereby its precision . A key purpose of a research design is therefore to ensure accuracy and precision by eliminating the twin dangers of systematic and random error.
Threats to validity in the form of systematic error due to bias can arise at any point in the research process: from the question addressed, the literature searched, the sampling and selection process, the intervention, its measurement, through to the analysis and interpretation of results. Rather than identify each and every type of bias that can skew a study (given that Sackett (1979) identifies more than fifty), it is perhaps more useful to understand validity in terms of the steps taken to reduce bias and confounding in the design stage of a research study."
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The Ethics of e-Health Website Validity, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of the validity of websites, concentrating on the subject of e-health.
1,452 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the Internet has permitted providers, other healthcare professionals, consumers, and patients to access health information quickly. The large growth of health information on the Internet and the universal nature of the Internet allow for many people to expand their knowledge. The unregulated Internet, however, opens web users up to potential harm. The intent of this paper is to discuss the current use of the Internet by patients, standards of ethics, and tools that can be used to help determine the validity of websites. The writer concludes that patients accessing the Internet, to learn more about their health, need to educate themselves about tools that can assist them to find credible websites.
Outline:
Current Internet Use
Standards of Ethics
Tools to Determine Website Validity
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The patient and provider relationship is moving from one of physician authority, giving advice and treatment, to one of shared decision making between them both. If the patient is directed to credible sources of information by the physician it can result in time savings. Patients will spend less time pursuing health recommendations and theories that are baseless in science. Patient satisfaction will increase when they only have to clarify information with their providers that is related to their needs. Patients who find reliable information on the Internet are more likely to make appropriate use of the medical system and specialists. These patients will have improved outcomes as educated patients tend to be more realistic about healthcare, and participate more in their care decisions."
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The Validity of Intelligence Tests, 2006.
This paper explores the meaning of intelligence, how it is defined and assessed while examining how well intelligence tests measure current and future performance of students.
3,267 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that there is no one definition of intelligence as the approach can cover many aspects of human potentiality. This paper also considers how intelligence testing discriminates between children in different racial and ethnic groups as well as special education groups. The author also discusses whether intelligence tests predict equally well for bilingual or limited English speaking groups when compared to English speakers.
Topics covered in this report include:
Importance of Statistical Significance and Base Rate
Clinical Relevance of Sub Test Configurations
Face Validity
Concurrent Validity
Predictive Validity
Construct Validity
Weaknesses
Strengths
From the Paper
"There are several considerations to be studied in questioning the validity of intelligence tests and the research that has been done on all of these. What is the importance of statistical significance and base rates? Is univariate, linear profile analysis less valid than multivariate, nonlinear profile analysis? What subtest configurations are unusual or clinically relevant? Do intelligence tests measure the model specified by the test developer? Do two or more intelligence tests measure similar models of intelligence? Do these tests measure the same model across different groups and races of people? What is the nature of genetic influence on intelligence? Do measures of intelligence demonstrate any type of diagnostic validity? How well do intelligence test measure current and future performance of students? Do subtest scores on intelligence tests discriminate between children in different racial and ethnic groups, as well as special education groups? Do intelligence tests have adequate subtests or total test floors to use with young children and what are the limitations of these tests with language delayed children or very young children."
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The Nature and Validity of Relativism, 2002.
Discussion of the philosophy of "Relativism" as viewed by Protagoras and Plato.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, £ 24.95
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Abstract
Relativism, although it contains several variants, can be succinctly defined as the viewpoint that no objective standards of good and bad, right and wrong, can be discovered by mankind, and that, furthermore, no objective knowledge of the world is available to us either. This paper explores the validity of relativism by looking at the Philosopher's Protagoras' definition as well as his beliefs on the topic. Plato's views are also discussed on this topic.
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Examining the Validity of Repressed Memories, 2002.
A paper which explores the role of gender in suggestibility and memory elaboration.
3,228 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
The repressed memory controversy has spawned numerous debates in a variety of fields, from clinical psychology to legal studies, from the utility of repressed memory testimony in the courtroom to the nature of memory storage and recall. This paper reviews the research literature around the concept of repressed memories and proposes that, despite its emerging salience as a factor, one area not elaborately researched is the role of gender in repressed memories. The paper proposes an experiment designed to test whether gender may affect the creation of false memories in undergraduates and postulates an outcome based on the hypothesis that the social acceptability of a suggested memory increases how readily participants assimilate new memories (and this can be correlated with gender socialization). The experiment's goal is to work toward understanding the role of gender in the occurrence of repressed memories.
From the Paper
"Given the predominance of repressed memory in females, the problem begs the question: does gender affect cognition? The full answer to that question is complex beyond the scope of this paper, but the general summary is that the evidence is inconclusive. From the popular view, it is generally believed that females are better at certain tasks such as facial recognition, color recollection, emotional recognition, and verbal memory; while males are better at tasks such as visuospatial reasoning, chronology, and number memory. At the same time, despite these persistent stereotypes, the evidence to support them is not conclusive (c.f. Caplan, 1997; Halpern 1986). We can say that there is some evidence indicating females may be more suggestible than males (McFarlane, 2002), which might account in part for of the difference in repressed memory, given that a predominance of clients are in therapy (under the influence of a therapist) at the time of the recovery (Freyd, 1999)."
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Liberalization: The Validity of Established Methods, 2004.
An analysis of the necessary and neglected conditions for successful liberalization.
736 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the success of the liberalization thesis depends upon the enforcement of stability and control and how strengthening both institutions and regulation is important to the development of a robust securities market. It looks at the current liberalization and globalization methodology set down in the liberalization thesis and the Washington Consensus. It also investigates the neglected pre-conditions for successful liberalization.
From the Paper
"The development of strong securities markets is of great assistance to successful financial liberalization. A strong stock market provides capital which requires no repayment thus lowering a firms? cost of capital. Such equity financing alleviates the illiquidity and repression prevalent in many liberalizing countries- for example; Switzerland had a 1997 market capitalization and repression index of 226.0 and 84.2 respectively, compared to Armenia?s scores of 1.0 and 48.1 . Of further importance is the implementation of accountability and value creation- when coupled with the removal of government directed lending, firms become accountable to stock holders for capital; enforcing value creation and the productive use of capital."
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Validating Late Mover Advantages in e-Commerce, 2008.
Presents a proposal and methodology for validating late mover advantages in e-commerce oriented businesses.
4,003 words (approx. 16.0 pages), 20 sources, APA, £ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the early mover advantage within conventional business. It then focuses on the late mover advantage for business that are heavily involved with e-commerce and it focuses on the relationships between suppliers, buyers, channel partners and customers. The paper specifically presents hypotheses and a methodology for validating late mover advantages.
Table of Contents:
Summary
Hypotheses and Methodology Summary
Methodology
Empirical Evidence
Summary
From the Paper
"Compounding the best practices of late movers have in penetrating existing markets often many times dominated still by early movers, pricing and its integration across websites and across order workflows especially is critical. Pricing is in fact the most critical link in the entire systems synchronization and integration strategy that in effect forms a systems level of innovation diffusion across late movers. In fact the level of systems integration across both pricing, order capture, order management, and order fulfillment has a direct influence on the Return on Investment (ROI) that is attained by both fast followers and late movers (Askegar and Columbus 2002). The researchers found that late movers into electronics distribution who relied on the combination of enhanced functionality of applications for online customers that provided more information than competitors, only accessible from internal pricing, supply chain, order management, and fulfillment systems, was a major competitive advantage. An example of this is the use of order status throughout the late mover sites, and its emergence as the most popular online application in the research completed was that despite early movers adopting a transaction standard, RosettaNet, the majority of late movers still relied on Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) as the dominant trading protocol over and above the use of websites' applications. Integration then was found by (Askegar and Columbus 2002) to be a relative indicator of innovation diffusion of late movers who successfully challenged early movers and were able to gain market share."
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Do Aliens Exist?, 2000.
This paper examines the possibility of other life out there.
1,580 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 0 sources, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper is an argumentative exercise based on the thesis that the first processes that led to life on earth have taken place elsewhere thereby making it valid to believe that we are not alone in this universe.
From the Paper
"Today we know that Galileo was right. Throughout history, people have been ridiculed, harassed and severely punished for their views that didn?t seem to fit in with the currently accepted cultural beliefs. Is it arrogant to assume that we are the only life in the universe? Almost everyone has caught himself or herself looking up at the sky wondering what that flashing light in the sky is. Almost everyone has wondered if we are alone in the world. And almost everyone has wondered about the truth in all the television shows and movies portraying aliens. Extraterrestrials are alive and well in our universe. They might not reveal themselves to us, but they do exist."
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Mansfield Park: Stasis Validation or Social Critique?, 2001.
A critical analysis of 'Mansfield Park" by Jane Austen. The author gives a brief outline of the main themes of the book and provides an analysis of the criticisms by various writers.
4,070 words (approx. 16.3 pages), 5 sources, £ 74.95
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Abstract
An examination of the criticisms of Jane Austen's "Mansfield Park". The author gives a brief outline of the main themes of the book and provides an analysis of the criticisms by various writers.
From the Paper
"Most critics seem to agree that the novel Mansfield Park is somehow alien to both Jane Austen?s personality and the tone of her other works. Lionel Trilling remarks that it is not possible for him to observe how different Mansfield Park is from Austen?s works both before and after, particularly from Pride and Prejudice, without supposing that she had undergone a spiritual crisis in the intervening period between the two novels. He postulates that ?fatigue? must have played a part in that crisis, apparently suggesting that Austen wrote the novel during a profoundly depressed state of mind (Trilling 433). Trilling further asserts that Austen?s other works are essentially ?modern novels,? but that Mansfield Park ?scandalizes modern assumptions about social relations, about virtue, about religion, sex and art? (Trilling 426). Trilling?s presumption is that Austen wrote Mansfield Park as a sort of atonement for the levity she had exercised earlier and that the book is to be read as a primer of behavioral attributes, without irony."
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The Validation of the Totalitarian Theory, 2000.
An examination of totalitarianism under Joseph Stalin, leader of the Soviet Union in the 1920's until 1953. Extensively researched.
5,945 words (approx. 23.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 96.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether totalitarianism is a reality or a concept which is purely fictional. The author discusses the concept and development of totalitarianism in Soviet society and the state, the development of totalitarian ideology, the power of the Communist Party, NKVD and their effects on society, political infrastructure and daily life. Stalin's reign is the most oft-cited example of totalitarianism and is extensively analyzed.
From the Paper
"From 1928 to 1945, a system of government developed in the Soviet Union which many scholars have termed totalitarian. Josef Stalin, the General Secretary of the Communist Party, initiated policies and campaigns throughout this period which provided him with an unprecedented amount of control over such a large nation as the USSR. The first step was taken in 1928, when the forced collectivization of the countryside was begun. Rapid industrialization followed, mobilizing the urban population, so that the entire nation was put to the task of building a socialist utopia. In December of 1934, the Leningrad Party leader, Sergei Kirov, was assassinated. Whether Stalin was involved in his death or not, it is undisputable that he took advantage of his comrades death by initiating a purge which affected all levels of society, from the poor to the privileged, those in and out of the government, the military, and even the secret police, which was the main tool of carrying out the purges. Purging continued to some extent in 1939 and afterwards when the Soviet Union went to war with Poland, Finland in 1940, and Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1945. In this time Stalin's control over the government bureaucracy and the people came to a climax, at which it remained until his death in 1953."
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