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Pearl Harbor and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2006.
Examines how the gathering of information affected the outcome of these two events.
3,051 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
United States' history is full of events where the intelligence gathered was interpreted either well or badly, affecting the outcome of major events. The paper shows that two such events are Japan's bombing of Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, and the "Cuban Missile Crisis" of October 1962. Both events relied on a combination of information gathered in a variety of ways. The paper shows however, that the resulting body of intelligence helped prevent acts of war in one instance but failed to prevent acts of war in the other.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Pearl Harbor
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Another reason to withhold this information may have been Washington's hope that war with Japan could be avoided. Japan planned to conquer much of Asia and had invaded China, an action unacceptable to the United States. As a result, the United States froze Japanese assets in the United States and imposed a trade embargo that actually forced Japan to look to Asia for materials they could no longer get from the United States . In addition to a failure to share military intelligence with those who needed it to protect Pearl Harbor, we misinterpreted Japan's determination to acquire the natural resources of Southeast Asia even if it meant war with the United States."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
A look at the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis from a Soviet perspective.
3,833 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Soviet Union's role in the Cuban Missile Crisis between America and Cuba in 1962. The writer explores the crisis from the Soviet Union's perspective using documents from the Soviet Union archives and puts together a historical account from their view. The paper shows that the Cold War was triggered by the crisis and the eventual dismantling of the former Soviet Union was a result of the Cold War, therefore the Cuban missile crisis, while it scared the world for 14 days, set the stage for today?s friendly relations between the U.S. and the former Soviet Union.
From the Paper
"The Soviet Union placed the missiles in Cuba as a strategic military and political statement to the world about the actions of America. According to recently released documents pertaining to the crisis the idea came to then Soviet Union leader, Nikita Khrushchev, to use as a counter message to the US. He felt the United States had been flexing its muscles and some of the more recent decisions and actions by the states had countered what the Soviet Union had been led to believe(COLD WAR: CUBAN MISSILE CRISIShttp://www.loc.gov/exhibits/archives/colc.html). The crux of the disagreement was nestled in he direct actions of the United States. The problem as realized in retrospect was that the Soviet Union used deceit and lies to accomplish its point instead of holding discussions with the US powers about its concerns."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis and the Policy Forecaster, 2008.
An examination of the predicted outcome of the Cuban missile crisis using the policy forecaster model and whether these correlate to the actual outcome of events.
1,171 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Cuban missile crisis and explains that the discovery by surveillance planes of Soviet missile silos being built in Cuba was one of the major confrontations of the Cold War. The paper analyzes the Cuban missile crisis with the use of the policy forecaster model. It then looks at the predicted outcome using the policy forecaster model and whether it corresponds with the actual outcome of events.
From the Paper
"The next variable that I will discuss is that of salience. The United States had a high salience regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis. Almost immediately following the discovery of the Soviet missiles in Cuba, it became the most pressing issue to the country. The Cuban Missile Crisis was of great importance to every actor involved, and even those not involved, as a wrong move could have triggered a chain reaction of nuclear attacks. I believe that the issue was of added importance to the US because of the closeness of Cuba to the mainland. The issue was also of high importance to the Soviet Union, as the United States already had missile bases located close to their border. At the time, the US held the advantage over the Soviets in most areas. The salience variables I will use for the Policy Forecaster are ninety for the United States, and eighty-three for the Soviet Union."
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Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
The role of President Kennedy in the Cuban missile crisis.
1,752 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the Cuban missile crisis and how then President John F. Kennedy dealt with the issue. The writer believes that the 1962 Cuban missile crisis established JFK as a heroic and able president who was the first and only president to challenge the Soviets directly. The paper offers a brief background on the lead-up to the event and America's involvement in the near nuclear disaster. The paper includes a section on the memory of this event in American psyche today, evident through the many plays, movies and stories which can be seen throughout the U.S.
From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis teaches much about the nature of international relations during the Cold War and about such relations at any time between adversaries. It affirms the characteristics of the American political system that have helped the country succeed for two centuries in the face of considerable international opposition and numerous crises. Kennedy represented a change in the presidency, a youthful man rather than an older political leader, and his vibrancy affected the nation and made people ready to do more than they might otherwise have wanted to do."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis: The Unsung Leadership of Khrushchev, 2008.
An in-depth argumentitive report on the Cuban Missile Crisis and its implications as a result of the interactions between Kruschev and JFK.
1,379 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the importance of the challenges that arose between Kruschev and Kennedy during the Cuban Missile Crisis and the result of their actions and decisions.The paper endeavours to portray Kruschev as the person responsible for easing tensions in the area and not being responsible for causing the Cuban missile crisis and further shows that, in fact, as a result of Kennedy's actions in the area, Kruschev had no option but to assist Cuba as he did. The paper appends relevant source material.
From the Paper
"Those who want to rescue Khrushchev's reputation from the dustbin of history frequently note that the Soviet Premier was every bit as responsible in his thinking as was Kennedy during the height of the crisis and, in many respects, even before it began. For instance, whatever his failings, it was not Khrushchev who stepped up surreptitious assaults against Castro, launched the ill-fated Bay of Pigs invasion - those were all things initiated by the Kennedy Administration. Further, the aggressive American build-up under Kennedy was understandably worrisome for the Soviet Leader, who had to watch this unfold fully cognizant of the fact that NATO had missiles pointed at the heart of the Soviet Union from nearby Turkey (Meyer, 113). Seen in that light, Khrushchev's secretive military support of Castro during the summer and fall of 1962 was entirely understandable - even if he erred in deploying missiles by stealth to the tiny island. More significantly, Kennedy's clandestine and not-so-clandestine efforts to unseat Castro surely raised tensions between the Soviet Union and America inasmuch as the US President had to have known on some level that the Soviets would feel compelled to protect the embattled Cuban leader from US efforts to kill him. All in all, the blame for the escalation of the crisis prior to mid-October of 1962 cannot solely, maybe not even mostly, laid at the feet of Nikita Khrushchev."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An analysis of the events leading up to the Cuban Missile Crisis, the crisis itself and the way that President Kennedy handled the issue.
1,785 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Cuban Missile Crisis and President Kennedy's handling of this confrontation with the Soviet Union. First, the paper briefly examines the global events and Cold War conditions that precipitated the missile crisis. The paper then discusses the tensions between Moscow and Washington and why they had increased throughout the decade of the 1950s after the Soviet Union exploded its first atomic bomb, then its first hydrogen bomb and brutally invaded Hungary in 1956.
From the Paper
"In conclusion, President John F. Kennedy's ability to balance issues of national interest against the imminent threat of global nuclear war was the most important aspect of his leadership during the Cuban Missile Crisis in late October of 1962. Ironically, it was disagreement among Kennedy's advisors that ultimately produced a tough but measured response that compelled Khrushchev to remove Soviet missiles from Cuba and thus avoid an American invasion and likely escalation into nuclear war.
"By the narrowest of margins, World War III had been avoided. Despite the ill-considered decision of Premier Khrushchev to antagonize the United States by deploying nuclear missiles in Cuba certain to be discovered, and President Kennedy's ill-considered decision to authorize the Bay of Pigs invasion the preceding year, which antagonized Khrushchev into deploying those nuclear missiles to Cuba, both leaders managed to restrain their hawkish advisors and generals, and found a way to resolve the crisis through back-channel diplomacy and covert compromise."
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Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
An analysis of the significance of American and Soviet intelligence in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
3,506 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the thirteen days between the discovery of the missile sites and the final conclusion of the crisis known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Specifically, the paper looks at what the Americans and Russians knew in the lead-up to event and shows how the CIA and KGB definitely had information prior to the actual start of the conflict. The paper explores the historical significance of Russia's involvement in Cuba and the rise of Fidel Castro to power there. The paper also explains the economic and political consequences of the event.
From the Paper
"In 1945 American had demonstrated the unparalleled destructive powers of their nuclear weapons, and subsequently taken unconditional control of the Japanese nation and its culture. This was done during war-time, of course. It followed an unprovoked attack against America itself, was necessary to stop countless casualties, and may have been entirely justified. The justification of that act is somewhat irrelevant to its psychological impact on both sides of the cold war, however. America learned the lesson that atomic bombs gave them unlimited bargaining power. The Soviet Union learned that America was willing to use that power to wipe out entire nations. In 1958 the USA had threatened China with nuclear weapons in regards to a dispute over Taiwan. From 1959 to 1961 it threatened nuclear strikes whenever the Soviets agitated for control of the divided Berlin. America had proven at least rhetorically willing to use nuclear strikes for political rather than merely defensive purposes."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2006.
This paper discusses the question of how close to war were the United States and the Soviet Union during the 1961 Cuban missile crisis.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that, considering the information now available, it seems unlikely the Soviets would have attacked the United States over the Cuban missile crisis. The author states that it actually appears the United States was the aggressor: The missiles were placed in Cuba by the Soviet Union as deterrents in response to a real threat from the United States because the United States had been planning on attacking Cuba for years, going back to the Eisenhower administration. The paper concludes that the weapons did ensure a peace because (1) the United States government agreed not to invade Cuba if the Soviet Union agreed to remove the missiles from Cuban soil, which they did, and (2) the United States agreed to remove missiles from Turkey. Several long quotes.
From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis is one of the defining moments in twentieth century United States history. The Cold War was at its apex. The Cubans asked the Soviet Union to protect them against an American attack. In 1961, the United States sent troops into Cuba in an attempt to overthrow Fidel Castro. The attack failed and later became known as the Bay of Pigs fiasco. In 1962, Kruschev sent missiles into Cuba in order to deter an American attack. We were at the brink of World War III, both sides used verbal threats, and War was only averted when the Soviet Union removed the missiles in return for an American promise to not invade the island."
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Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2001.
This essay discusses the policies of President Kennedy and his administration during the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1,095 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 2 sources, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the possibility that President Kennedy had advanced knowledge of Soviet intentions to place missiles in Cuba, but did not or could not prevent it, and instead used the peaceful settlement of the crisis as a means of moving toward detente.
From the Paper:
"The Cuban Missile Crisis was precipitated by Soviet desires to overcome the strategic superiority that the United States had developed in order to continue an aggressive global foreign policy. President Kennedy then allowed the crisis to develop so that it could be used as a stepping stone toward detente and the new world order."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2006.
An overview of the Cuban Missile Crisis, looking at how it began and its aftermath.
2,104 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper describes the key players and events that led up to the Cuban Missile Crisis. The paper details the posturing that went on between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, the imminent danger posed to the world because of the crisis, how it was resolved and the resulting aftermath of the crisis.
From the Paper
"October of 1962 brought about one of the most important conflicts of the Cold War, the Cuban Missile Crisis. Perhaps the most studied international confrontation of the Twentieth century, the crisis was the closest that the world has ever come to a nuclear war. The Cuban Missile Crisis was a major confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union in which tensions ran high on either side as both countries struggled with intense negotiations. The missile crisis represents the one time that world leaders and the international community stared down what Kennedy speechwriter Theodore Sorenson called "the gun barrel of nuclear war," the death of history as we know it."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2008.
An analysis of the context, events and resolution of the Cuban missile crisis.
2,730 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the historical context which determined the Cuban missile crisis. It discusses the actual development of events, the climax and the resolution of the situation. The paper also underlines, when possible, specific issues and their contribution to the diffusion of tension between the American political parties. Finally, the last part of the paper presents the importance of the crisis in the Cold War environment.
Table of Contents:
Historical Context
Development of Events
Climax
Resolution of the Crisis
Importance
From the Paper
"The importance of the crisis has a series of different perspectives. On the one hand, it represented a test for the stability of the bipolar system. The fact that the two most important states in the world, having nuclear potential, managed to reach a non violent resolution of the crisis proved the stability of the system and the fact that, indeed, from the perspective of international relations theory, a bipolar system is the least vulnerable. (Nye, 2005) On the other, the event proved to be defining for reorienting the course of foreign policy during the Cold War. After the crisis, the Hot Line was established between the White House and Kremlin, to enable direct and unhindered communication between the two leaders of the world. Therefore, a certain awareness of the danger the world faced in 1962 led the political leaders to reconsider their intransigent position and be more open to cooperation in terms of international treaties and political talks. However, the changing of the leadership in Washington and the War in Vietnam slowed down the road to cooperation."
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Krushchev's Cuban Missile Crisis, 2006.
A discussion of the Soviet role in the Cuban Missile Crisis.
1,111 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that the Soviet Union, led by Krushchev, intentionally caused the Cuban Missile Crisis. The paper shows how Kruschev used Cuba as an indirect means to stop the United States from abusing power in international affairs. The paper describes the Soviet Union's strategies of taking advantage of the United States' political upheaval and turning Cuban leader Fidel Castro into a communist. The paper discusses how although Krushchev agreed to withdraw his missiles from Cuba, the United States had to pledge "never to invade Cuba again." The paper uses MLA style footnotes in place of a bibliography.
From the Paper
"One of the most dramatic events in U.S. diplomatic history, the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, led the world to the brink of nuclear war. The crisis began when U-2 reconnaissance planes illegally flew over Cuba and discovered new Soviet medium-range ballistic missile bases on the island. America's "formidable Cold War adversary" had installed the weapons within range of the U.S. in order to protect Cuba and threaten the U.S.; The Soviet Union, led by Khrushchev, intentionally caused the Cuban Missile Crisis and used Cuba as an indirect means to stop the United States from abusing power in international affairs."
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The Cuban Missile Crisis, 2002.
A study of the events surrounding the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962.
720 words (approx. 2.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962 which is widely regarded as the most dangerous moment of the Cold War. The paper shows that the successful resolution of the crisis led to an immediate improvement in relationship between the superpowers, and focused the world?s attention on the issues surrounding nuclear capability and deterrence, as well as led to the development of a new method of ?crisis management? known as brinkmanship - a diplomatic theory, which involves using the threat of war in order to coerce an opponent into backing down.
From the Paper
"In a wider sense, however, the overriding legacy of the crisis was to alert the world to the ever-present, and immediate, threat of nuclear war. This realization led the superpowers, and other nations, to reevaluate their policies of nuclear deterrence in the hope of learning how to avoid such a potentially disastrous situation happening again. The significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis is perhaps best highlighted in the words of President Kennedy?s national security advisor, McGeorge Bundy, who declared that, ?having come so close to the edge we must make it our business not to pass this way again? (462)".
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President Kennedy and the Cuban Missile Crisis, 2004.
This paper offers an analysis of John F. Kennedy's decision-making during the Cuban missile crisis.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer examines President John F. Kennedy's decision-making during the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. The writer provides a background of the crisis. In the article, the writer discusses dealings between Kennedy and Soviet leader, Khrushchev. The writer also covers the outcome of the crisis.
From the Paper
"The Cuban Missile Crisis occurred in October when the Soviet Union under the leadership of Premier Nikita Khrushchev began placing offensive ballistic missiles in Cuba, just miles off the U. S. coast. Traditionally, historians have contended that Khrushchev began placing the missiles in Cuba from a position of strength, intended to defy a weak foe, President John F. Kennedy. They emphasized the apparent resolve Kennedy showed in dealing with Khrushchev, essentially portraying Kennedy as a man who finally became presidential during ... "
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