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The History of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 2002.
Examines OPEC's mission, organizational and political structure and its policies and their outcomes from its inception to the present.
1,684 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 0 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960 as an intergovernmental organization with five oil producing and exporting member states. The essay examines the states' reasons for forming the organization and the common interests that directed the organizations policies. The political structure is also discussed, stressing the shifts in power from one member state to the next. Important policy changes through to the present have led to the strength of the organization as an oil cartel, because production levels and sales quotas are monitored closely and distributed equally among the member states.
From the Paper
"The five founding members of OPEC, therefore, found themselves in a classical dependency relationship with the powerful multinational oil companies that held a virtual stranglehold on the crude oil resources in the five countries. The catalyst for the five countries to form OPEC was a decision by the seven multinational oil companies in 1960 to lower the so-called posted price for crude oil. The posted price was the price that each of the seven oil companies would pay the host nations for the crude oil extracted from their resources. The five nations had no say in establishing this price. In effect, the "Seven Sisters" themselves acted as a cartel. By establishing their own cartel, the founding five OPEC nations were demonstrating their resolve to gain control over their own crude oil resource."
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OPEC, 2005.
This paper is a micro-economics assessment of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 11 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper evaluates the future of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) as an export cartel. The author indicates the significance of OPEC as a price setting export cartel. The paper discusses the importance of OPEC to non-oil producing countries.
From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to assess the likelihood that the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPEC will be able to function efficiently as a cartel in the future."
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OPEC and the United States, 2004.
An analysis of America's dependence on the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC).
2,037 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes the topic of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Specifically, it examines how the United States deals with OPEC and oil prices. The paper also explores how the United States has failed to create a viable energy policy that will allow the country not to depend on OPEC's control of the oil market. The paper contends that the United States heavily depends on oil from the OPEC nations, which is one reason that the country's oil prices have risen so dramatically in the past year or so.
From the Paper
"OPEC was formed in 1960 by the oil-producing countries primarily in the Middle East as a reaction to fluctuating oil prices by oil manufacturers, which were predominantly owned and operated by American and British firms. The first group of nations to initiate and form the consortium were Venezuela, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq and Iran (Reuda). Forming OPEC was a reaction to foreign oil interests, and they felt they would have more control over the development and management of their own oil reserves. As time went on, membership grew to include Algeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela. However, Ecuador and Gabon suspended their memberships; Ecuador in 1992 and Gabon in 1994. Headquartered in Vienna, Austria, the group has historically been dominated by Saudi Arabia, because it has the largest oil reserves of any of the member nations. OPEC has dominated world oil prices almost since its inception, and has caused inflation in oil-importing countries like the United States."
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OPEC, 2001.
Examines the Oganization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Basic purpose, functions, policy- making, structure, role of divisions; power of Saudi Arabia. Two Charts.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 10 sources, £ 70.95
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From the Paper
"OPEC: The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) was founded in 1960 as an intergovernmental organisation with five member states. Membership in the organization was and remains voluntary, in that a member state may leave the organization at any time. Joining the organization, however, requires the approval of other member states. In early 2000, OPEC has 11 member states.
The essential purpose of the organization has not changed since it was founded. That purpose is to (1) unify and co-ordinates the petroleum policies of the member states, and (2) safeguard the general interests of the member states.
Knowledge of the enduring purpose of the organization does not address the underlying issue of why the five original member states of OPEC .."
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History of OPEC, 1998.
A look at the history, purpose, and goals of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries.
1,187 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 6 sources, £ 20.95
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From the Paper
"OPEC was created at the Baghdad Conference of September 10-14, 1960. The five founding members were Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela. OPEC was formed in response to the over production of oil in the late 1950's which in turn caused the price of oil to drop drastically (Encarta). The objective of OPEC as stated by the member countries is "to co-ordinate and unify petroleum polices among member countries, in order to secure fair and stable prices for petroleum producers; an efficient, economic and regular supply of petroleum to consuming nations; and a fair return on capital to those investing in the industry (OPEC 1)."
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Is OPEC A Cartel?, 1991.
This paper examines the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies (OPEC) to determine if its actions constitute cartel-like activity.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, £ 41.95
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From the Paper
"OPEC, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, was formed in 1960, when a buyer's market existed for oil, and before member governments came to own and control their respective production.1 Indeed, in the 1960s, the price of oil had steadily declined despite the oligopoly of the dominant international companies, called the "seven sisters." A number of factors were behind this drop in price, the first being the beginning of Soviet petroleum exports to the non-Communist world, whose price generally undercut that of the major oil firms. Secondly, the 1960s saw the emergence of state-owned companies in the producing countries, which often entered into joint ventures with the international firms in order to lessen dependence on them."
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Exporting a Ready-to-Drink Cold Coffee Product, 2002.
A market plan to export a drinking coffee product to Australia.
3,167 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
The paper is presented as market plan to export a ready-to-drink cold coffee product to Australia. The product is named Elixa and the aim is to manufacture it and sell it to America as well as export it to Australia. The paper covers issues such as Australia as the export country of choice; Elixa as an export product; profile of the industry; marketing issues; exchange rates and distribution issues.
From the Paper
"The advertisements will focus on the social and lifestyle issues, such as showing a group of young people sitting drinking Elixa at the beach. This presents the summer image and the social image. It also implies a comparison between sitting with friends at a cafe having a coffee and sitting around informally with friends. The cafe scene is one that has meaning for people and suggests the social side of the coffee drink. Having this scene recreated but in a more relaxed setting puts the focus on Elixa as being a friendly addition to a lifestyle. Showing the beach represents the coastal living of Australia."
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Growth and Modernization in Developing Countries, 2006.
This paper examines the methods and strategies used in developing and modernizing poor and underprivileged countries post-WWII and up to the 1960s.
2,404 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
The writer of this paper discusses the basic tools needed for the economic development of poor and underprivileged countries which include: Capital accumulation, industrialization, foreign aid and development planning. This paper focuses on the years after WWII and up to the 1960s and the economic problems facing poor and under-developed countries. After WWII these countries could not rely on international trade. The less developed countries needed substantial capital and resources to start the industrialization process which would result in more jobs and an increase in productivity which in turn would increase the income of the working class citizen. The writer of this paper discusses the methods and strategies that were utilized to increase productivity in various Latin-American countries. This paper also touches on the World Bank's involvement in assisting these same countries while committing to end poverty and social injustice.
Outline:
Theories of Growth and Modernization
Structuralist Theories
Critique of the Growth and Modernization Models
A Shift to Basic Needs Approach
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Latin American experience with import substitution together with the fact that a large segment of the population did not get sizable benefits from the growth in the modern industrial sector and the limitation imposed by the domestic market led structuralists to adjust their approach beginning in the 1980's. Among the adjustments were: emphasis on developing the entrepreneurial class to lead in the export thrust without abandoning their basic proposition that development must come from within; redefine the role of the state by deemphasizing control-centered interventions in favor of a more facilitating kind."
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The Development of Underdeveloped Countries, 2002.
This paper disagrees with the assumtion that the progression of less developed countries will mirror those of already developed countries.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 13.95
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Abstract
This is a paper that invalidates the hypothesis that progression of Less Developed Countries will mirror that of already developed countries.
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Exporting Arabica Coffee from Brazil to the US, 2006.
A review of an export plan to export Brazilian Arabica coffee to the USA.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, £ 69.95
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Abstract
This export plan details the requisite steps that need to be undertaken in order to facilitate the export from Brazil of Brazilian Arabica coffee under the brand Brazilia Arabica and the importation of this product into the United States (US) market. The US market is the largest coffee consuming market in the world measured per capita although these figures have declined from previous highs. The plan further discusses how the US remains such a huge and profitable coffee consuming market since companies such as Starbucks, Seattle's Best, McDonalds, and Dunkin Donuts pushing overall sales of coffee to more than $10 billion. It is estimated that the US market contains more than 100 million consumers of coffee in one form or another.
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Rapid Population Growth in Underdeveloped Countries, 1996.
Studies effects of rapid population growth in urban areas in underdeveloped countries. Focus is on Indonesia & other southeast Asian countries.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, £ 24.95
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From the Paper
"Statistical evidence gathered by the World Bank indicates that Indonesia, along with other low and middle income South East Asian countries, is experiencing a steadily expanding population. The World Development Report calculates that Indonesia's population as of 1995 was just over 178 million (World Development Report, 1992, 218).
The average rate of population growth for Indonesia between 1980 and 1990 was 1.8 percent. Between 1990 and the year 2000, this percentage is projected to be 1.6 (World Development Report, 1992, 268). By comparison, Cambodia's percent of population growth in the same time periods are 2.6 and 1.9 percent. Cambodia's present population is calculated at 8.5 million...."
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Globalization and Developing Countries, 2005.
A thorough look at the effects of financial globalization on developing countries.
6,258 words (approx. 25.0 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 75.95
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Abstract
This report uncovers some of the trends in financial integration through globalization do in fact help developing nations grow faster and how financial integration affects macroeconomic volatility. The paper also suggests some benefits of financial globalization and how these scenarios could, if used properly, be fully harnessed. Through an examination of variables such as fixed and floating exchange rates, macroeconomic volatility and the roles played by governments, this report hones in on effects of financial globalization on developing countries. Includes several graphs and tables.
Introduction
Brief History of Globalization and Financial Globalization
Summary and Main Theme of the Paper
Organization of the Paper
Necessary Elements for Successful Financial Globalization
Benefits from Successful Financial Globalization
Conditions of Developing Countries for Accepting Financial Integration
Risks of Financial Globalization for Developing Countries
Does Financial Integration Help Developing Countries Grow Faster?
How Does it Affect Macroeconomic Volatility in These Countries?
How Can the Benefits of Financial Globalization be Fully Harnessed?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another way to harness globalization is to have sound government operations that promote strong and positive investment inflows from the international mutual funds. This government must be fully cognizant that they may have to relinquish some internal power so as to enhance the communication with the established global powers to be. Developing countries also can not overlook the risk factors that come along with the financial globalization. "Capital controls are advocated both as a way of preventing and managing this latter type of crisis, and as a regulatory remedy to mitigate excess borrowing in the first place, when financial regulation is too weak to address the moral hazard incentives of explicit and implicit government guarantees. (Little & Olivei, 1999)
Their independent macroeconomic policies and domestic governance does affect the entire process and an overvalued exchange rate or overextended domestic lending boom could create a global crisis. Developing nations must grasp that transparency entails dealing with international investors who may destabilize a developing country's financial markets if they are allowed to run free. Thus, to best harness and derive the benefits from financial globalization, developing nations must establish a foundation that is based on the volatility of international capital flows, macroeconomic policies and a sound governmental base."
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East Asian Newly Industrialized Countries, 2002.
Outlines the economic growth of East Asian newly industrialized countries and discusses the effects of globalization on these countries.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 11 sources, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by briefly outlining the astronomical pace of economic growth in the East Asian NICs. It then explores the course of development's relationship to development theory. It asserts that the neo-liberal link between economic development and democracy and greater equality is dismissed by the experience of the NICs. However, the dependency/world system approach, currently expressed in globalization, is affirmed by the recent history of the East Asian NICs and the present situation.
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Multinational Enterprises and Developing Countries, 2003.
Examines whether developing countries should fear multinational enterprises (MNEs).
2,703 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This essay shows why developing countries should not fear MNEs. This essay discusses economic factors pertaining to this issue. Following a detailed analysis of the impact of MNEs, the writer demonstrates the case of South Korea, which is one of the 'Four Tigers'. The South Korea case forms an excellent example of the point made here above, namely, that MNEs and their investments need not to be feared but rather be encouraged by developing countries.
1. Introduction
2. Analytical Framework
2.1. The Nature of MNEs and Proposed Investment
2.2. Host Countries' Attributes
3. The Impact of MNEs on Developing Countries
3.1. Resource Transfer Effects
3.1.1. Capital
3.1.2. Technology
3.1.3. Management
3.1.4. Criticisms
3.2. Competition
3.3. Balance of Payments Account
3.4. Employment
4. The Case: South Korea
5. Conclusion
6. Reference List
From the Paper
"Today's global economy characterized by free trade, free flow of capital and to certain extent free flow of management and technical personnel, is embodied by multinational enterprises (MNEs). Since the end of World War II, MNEs have made substantial investment for operating business in many developing countries. History has shown that MNEs, which undertook foreign direct investments (FDI) in developing countries, strongly contributed to the economic growth of these host countries, hence to the improvement of their living standards. The advantages of FDI generated by MNEs outweighed by far the disadvantages of FDI and the presence of MNEs in these countries, respectively. This is exhibited especially in the case of the four Tiger States in Asia, but also in Latin America and partly in Africa. In the end, the free market system has always proved itself as the major catalyst for economic growth."
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