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OCD and Cognitive Behavioral, 2006.
A review of psychology and career counseling in relation to OCD and cognitive behaviour.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how cognitive behavioral therapy suggests that the individual has learned negative thoughts or behaviors over time and has ultimately applied these thoughts and behaviors to life. These cognitive and behavioral processes may occur because of a specific event in life this is recalled through associations with like stimuli during other events. According to the paper, as time progresses the individual may distort these concepts which leads to detrimental cognitive or behavioral approaches to existence. The paper further discusses how in therapy the counselor works with the individual to first identify what the negative thoughts or behaviors are and allow the individual to comprehend how they began. What is significant in this process, is the patient then learning new thoughts or behaviors that will replace the negative ones over time.
From the Paper
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Traumatic Brain Injury and Cognitive Rehabilitation, 2002.
Research to determine how effective cognitive rehabilitation is as therapy for TBI (traumatic brain injury).
10,988 words (approx. 44.0 pages), 57 sources, APA, £ 150.95
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a principal cause of death and disability in young adults with consequences ranging from physical disabilities to long-term cognitive, behavioral and social disorders. Cognitive rehabilitation is a term used to refer to that branch of rehabilitation aimed at patients who are disabled primarily as a result of impairments in memory, judgment and other cognitive functions. This paper critically explores existing literature regarding cognitive rehabilitation for treatment of TBI patients to determine what types of cognitive rehabilitation are used, what the strengths and weaknesses of these types are and whether or not there are specific cognitive impairments that are more amenable to cognitive rehabilitation.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Background of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Significance of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Research Questions
Definition of Terms
Limitations of the Study
Review of Literature
Overview of TBI
Cognitive Impairments: Conditions Linked to TBI
Costs of Cognitive Rehabilitation for TBI
Cognitive Rehabilitation: Strategies and Practices
Variables Influencing Cognitive Rehabilitation Outcomes
Conclusions to the Chapter
Research Design
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Inclusion Criteria
Occupational Therapy/Physical Therapy Rehabilitation
Holistic/Home-Based Therapy Studies
Computer-Assisted/Virtual Reality Studies
Research Questions and Hypothesis
From the Paper
"Whitlock and Hamilton (1995) suggest, however, that even the most severely brain damaged patient can recover cognitive functioning to a remarkable degree if admitted to an acute rehabilitation program as early as possible after the initial injury. Age, severity of injury, pre-TBI educational and/or functional level, and type of treatment provided were among the most significant variables influencing outcome. Several other studies of a similar nature - i.e., Katz and Alexander (1994), Lubusko, Moore, and Stambrook (1994), and Carney, Chesnut, Maynard, Mann, Patterson, and Helfand (1999) - found further support for the effects of these variables on the outcome of cognitive rehabilitation."
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Social Cognitive Theory on Personality, 2007.
An analysis of the different cognitive factors that affect personality.
2,497 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the study of social cognitive theory and personality. It describes the different cognitive factors that affect personality beginning with children and continuing into old age. The paper analyzes the processing of social and emotional information, whether it is looking at people's faces, their nonverbal communication or the way people gain and access information about others.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Social Cognitive Theory in Relation to Personality
Social Cognitive Theories in Relationship to Personalities
Looking at Children's Cognitive Knowledge and Personalities
The Effects of Age on Social Cognition
Social Cognition Theories on Social Cognitive Processes
From the Paper
"The social-cognitive knowledge an individual has is used in different ways and often this cognitive knowledge is used to decide if a person wants to associate with someone based on the type of personality the person has and the knowledge of this type of personality schema that is stored in the individual's mind. Social-cognitive psychologists believe that simple things such as posture, faces, attitudes, or motor behavior of an individual can conflict with the cognitive knowledge of an individual and make them not like another person who has similar features. "A second property of knowledge that may be important in this inference process of judging whether an attitude is an informative guide to behavior is the complexity of the knowledge underlying the attitude" (Fabrigar, Smith, Petty, and Crites 2006, 556). Both children and adults use cognitive knowledge and experience to decide whether a person is worthy of trust or if they do not like a person based on the individual's personality."
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The Cognitive Aspects of the Aging Process, 2005.
Describes the effects that aging can have on the cognitive functions of the brain.
1,924 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 73 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper defines cognition and explains the effects of aging on the brain in relation to memory, attention, metacognition, effects on language and the effects of aging on the executive function and finally cognitive function in very old age.
Introduction
Causes
Overview of Findings in Relation to Cognition and Aging
Cognitive Aging and Working Memory
Long-Term Memory
Environmental Support Indications
Health-Related Cognitive Function Impairment
Changes in Hormonal Levels Associated with Cognitive Decline
Medical Treatments Available
Dietary Changes
Lifestyle Changes
Nutritional Aids in Combating Cognitive Dysfunction
Summary
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Manifestations of the age-associated cognitive disorder may be in various forms including senility, loss of memory, Alzheimer's disease and dementia. Dementia is inclusive of diseases that involve nerve cell deterioration with loss in two complex behavior areas including language, memory, visual abilities, spatial abilities, and judgment."
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Cognitive Dissonance, 2006.
This paper discusses cognitive dissonance in tobacco users.
2,177 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This study examines the effects of cognitive dissonance on tobacco users whose aim is to quit smoking. Hypothesized predictions were generated from cognitive dissonance theory, which suggests that creation of dissonance may contribute to the likelihood that users will attempt to quit smoking and will successfully do so. The writer maintains that the results of the preliminary literature review suggest that cognitive dissonance is most likely to occur in tobacco users when the user has to choose between beliefs and actions that are not compatible. The exact nature of cognitive dissonance to tobacco use is examined in this research article.
Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
The Nature of Cognitive Dissonance Theory
Selective Exposure and Post Decision Dissonance
Theories of Minimal Justification
Reducing Cognitive Dissonance
From the Paper
"Cognitive dissonance theory can be used to describe the discrepancy users feel between what they know to be true regarding tobacco use and their interpretation or the relative weight they give to this information. Cognitive dissonance suggests that while many users may acknowledge reports from the Surgeon General that tobacco use leads to death or cancer, they may reinterpret this information in a more positive light to reduce the conflict that results from acknowledging they are voluntarily engaging in a habit that is not health promoting. Cognitive dissonance however may also lead to enough discomfort or dissonance in the user to encourage more users to quit permanently, not on the basis of reward but rather to alleviate the dissonance occurring between their attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. Dissonance is more likely to be evident in users who acknowledge that tobacco use is bad for them, yet continue to purchase and smoke to assuage their cravings for nicotine."
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Cognitive-Behavior Therapy, 2004.
A review of the article, "Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation", by M.R. Goldfried.
755 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the article, "Cognitive-Behavior Therapy: Reflections on the Evolution of a Therapeutic Orientation" by M.R. Goldfried, which presents an account of the evolution of cognitive-behavior therapy over the past 35 years, since it began with the introduction of cognition into behavior therapy in the mid-1960s. It examines how, as cognitive-behavior therapists became more experienced clinically and recognized that clients did not always engage in clearly reportable internal dialogues, the schema construct was used to understand more about clients? implicit meaning structures. The distinction between cognitive-behavior therapy and cognitive therapy is discussed, and the importance of activating emotional experiencing in the clinical change-process is underscored.
From the Paper
"Goldfried discusses many justifications for the addition of cognition in behavior therapy and even discusses situations of therapy sessions that institute them. Psychologists came to realize that patients might not have the capacity to store, encode, and retrieve information needed for participation in therapy with a clear ?internal dialogue?. Thus, establishing an information-processing model, called a ?schema?, helped therapists understand the problematic functioning of patients having difficulties such as inaccurate classification of events, selective attention, and so on. Goldfried goes on to define a schema as ?a cognitive representation of individuals? past experiences with other people, situations, and themselves, which helps them construe events within that particular aspect of their life?."
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The Impact of Cognitive Function on Hearing Impairment, 2008.
This paper provides a critique of the research paper "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?" by van Hooren et al.
1,773 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the main hypothesis of the study, "Does Cognitive Function in Older Adults with Hearing Impairment Improve by Hearing Aid Use?", can be stated as follows: while hearing aids show significant results in terms of auditory improvement, there is no proof to suggest a related improvement or increase in cognitive ability as a result of the application of a hearing aid. The writer explains that the study refers to cognitive functions such as memory, attention, executive functioning, and processing speed. The writer also explains that it should be noted at the outset that this hypothesis presupposes a connection, albeit based on prior research sources, between hearing or hearing enhancements and cognitive functioning. Thus, this is an aspect that forms part of the critique in this analysis of the paper. The writer points out that it is also suggested that the methodology used to ascertain cognitive correlation is to some extent not adequate in terms of the complexity of determining quantitatively a definite link between hearing aids and improved cognition.
From the Paper
"The methodology used in this study was comparatively simple and conventionally straight-forward. In essence a relatively small number or participants were used in this study - which is also a point of contention with regard to the results and conclusion of this research. In total there were fifty-six participants (mean age 0/72.5) who were fitted with hearing aids were compared with 46 control participants (mean age 0/74.5) with an equivalent impairment, but who were not fitted with a hearing aid. The study took cognizance of a number of variables and factors that could influence the results of the experiment. These included neurocognitive tests after 12 months. However, it is also possible that these tests in terms of personality and individual psychological components were not sufficient. This aspect is possibly one of the reasons why the study did not return the expected correlation between hearing aids and cognitive improvement."
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Cognitive Psychology and Aircraft Technicians, 2006.
Examines how cognitive psychology applies to the occupation of aircraft technician.
4,447 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 23 sources, MLA, £ 80.95
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Abstract
How does cognitive psychology apply to the real world, most especially how does it apply to a specific occupation, that of the aircraft technician/mechanic? To answer these questions, this paper examines the meaning of cognitive psychology and the various psychologists who shaped this theory. The paper then explores the skills and duties required to be an aircraft technician.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
What is Cognitive Psychology
Early Twentieth Century
Reemergence Of Cognitive Psychology
The Aircraft Technician's Skills and Duties
How Does Cognitive Psychology Apply toward Understanding the Aircraft Technician's Job?
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Not only must an airplane mechanic know about airplanes, but also he or she must be able to multi-task on a regular basis. An airplane mechanic may be a specialist in airplanes or even certain types of airplanes but the occupation itself requires that the individual have a number of skills and be able to use any one of them at a moments notice. For instance, an airplane mechanic must be able to start and run aircraft in order to perform operational tests using live aircraft engine power. He or she must be able to both tow and service the aircraft. In order to do this, the mechanic must have passed specific licensing requirements."
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Cognitive Decline, 2004.
A critical examination of cognitive decline in late adulthood.
1,698 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses cognitive decline in older people. The paper contends that understanding the correlation between aging and cognitive decline requires in-depth research taking into account the numerous variables and theoretical perspectives. The paper agrees that while there is certainly a parallel between the onset of late adulthood and cognitive changes, these changes need not always be severely negative. The paper examines various factors that affect cognitive change.
Outline
Introduction
Overview
Methodical Issues
Retardation of Cognitive Decline
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cognitive decline in older people is most likely to be measured and seen in terms of declarative or episodic memory. (Wilson et al., 1997. pp 7-14).This refers to the ability to learn and retain new information. Other factors that are measured in this age group, and which show evidence of decline, are mental processing skills and perceptual speed. This refers to simple perceptual comparisons which are unusually measured with accompanying time-related tasks. (ibid) People, who are diagnosed as having ARCD or Age Related Cognitive Decline normally are perceived as suffering from deterioration of memory and learning abilities as well as limited language attention span and concentration problems."
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Cognitive Differences In Mathematical & Verbal Ability, 1996.
Examines the achievement scores of a sample of college freshmen & discovers clear evidence of a cognitive division between verbal & mathematical cognitive functions.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 5 sources, £ 49.95
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From the Paper
"Individual differences in learning and memory abilities have long been a topic for social science research. However, little basic research has been done concerning the possibility of a dichotomous split between verbal and mathematical cognitive functions. This study examines the achievement scores of a sample of college freshmen and discovers clear evidence of such a cognitive division. Limitations of the study are noted, and possibilities for future research are proposed.
Introduction
Individual differences in learning and memory abilities have long been a controversial topic among researchers. Psychologists, sociologists, educators, and even politicians have struggled to either make sense of or denounce such differences. While most such..."
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Vegetable Consumption and Cognitive Performance, 2007.
This paper studies the association between past vegetable consumption and cognitive performance.
2,931 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that cognitive impairments and decline are often considered commonplace characteristics of aging. The writer points out that the aged population is increasing in America, and it is important that attention and research be directed at how certain age-associated phenomena, such as cognitive decline, could be reduced. The writer examines research that have determined that dietary intake of certain foods and nutrients have a significant impact on cognitive performance. The writer concludes that high dietary intake of vegetables was determined to be associated with higher cognitive performance scores among the aged population under investigation. Further, the writer maintains that the overall health benefits offered by diets high in vegetable intake need to be factored into interventions aimed at the prevention of all age-related illnesses, including cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease.
Outline:
Method
Participants
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Limitations
Future Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Since the process of aging is inevitable, what can individuals do to prevent cognitive decline and possible Alzheimer's disease as a result of aging? It is important to focus on prevention and primary care as the most optimal approaches to healthcare for an aging population. Preventative approaches to healthcare result in reduced costs for individuals as well as the healthcare system, as well as increased responsibility and self-reliance on behalf of aging individuals."
"One factor which has the potential to greatly affect overall health, including cognitive performance, is diet. How do the foods consumed by individuals affect cognitive performance? Since mild cognitive impairment has been demonstrated as a significant risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, is it possible to alleviate this risk through dietary intake? Several research studies have determined that dietary intake of certain foods and nutrients have a significant impact on cognitive performance."
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Social Cognitive Theory, 2006.
This paper discusses the history and application of the social cognitive theory (SCT).
1,665 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory defines human behavior as a triadic, dynamic and reciprocal interaction of personal factors, behavior and the environment and emphasizes strongly the role and power of the mind as an active force. The author points out that Bandura's social cognitive or learning theory is the most common theory used in public health to study various health problems, such as immunizations. The paper relates that, based on cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which is an extension of SCT, the therapist also is a diagnostician and educator who applies performance-based and cognitive interventions to produce changes in the depressed patient's thinking, feeling and behavior.
From the Paper
"Male and female socialization experiences and environments have been viewed as leading to the prototypical female sex-role through social devaluation of the role and women's abilities, women's powerlessness and the chronic environmental stressors unique to women. CBT, which has been the most prominent approach for the treatment of depression, has been seen as providing little relief or solution to the issue, as it does not address gender differences. Clinicians may have informally discussed the issue but it will not make a difference until it is incorporated into theory and treatment manuals. It thus becomes the concern of CBT researchers and clinicians to address and investigate sex differences as an aspect in depression and to confront how they understand and treat women, who comprise 2/3 of clients."
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Beck?s Cognitive Therapy, 2002.
This paper defines, applies and evaluates Aaron Beck?s cognitive therapy.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The author states that cognitive therapy relates to how a person thinks and attempts to resolve the patients? problems by changing how they think. The author believes that the strengths of cognitive therapy is that it is a comforting process and an action-oriented approach focused in the present. The author continues that the weakness is it may not work in extreme cases.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Applications of Cognitive Therapy
Listening to Internal Dialogue
Dream Therapy
Conditions Treated by Cognitive Therapy
Depression
Suicide Prevention
Strengths and Weaknesses
Ellis?s Rational-Emotive Therapy (RET)
Strengths and Weaknesses
From the Paper
"Beck believed that problems resulted from cognitive distortions, that is, were based in a person?s thinking. Beck believed that a person?s thought, beliefs, attitudes and perceptions were the basis for what emotions they would experience and how intense those emotions would be and that by changing the thinking a person could change their experience."
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Cognitive-Behavior and Reality Therapies, 2007.
An analysis of the background of the theories and practice of cognitive-behavior and reality therapies.
1,343 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the theories behind cognitive-behavior and reality therapies. It begins by discussing the combination of behavior therapy and cognitive therapy termed cognitive-behavior therapy. It also discusses the background of the philosophy behind reality therapy. The paper then goes on to discuss the practice of the two approaches in a therapy environment.
Table of Contents:
Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Reality Therapy
From the Paper
"Reality Therapy was founded by Dr William Glasser in the United States in the 1960s, who set up the Institute of Guidance Counselors in Ireland, in 1985. Glasser believed that changing how we behave is the key to changing how we feel and to getting what we want. Based on a broad range of theories and therapies, Glasser said that Reality Theory was based on "Choice Theory," that is, based on internal motivation to try and fulfill the wants and needs outlined by other theories, but behavior is "total" and made up of the interlocking components of acting, thinking, feelings and the physiology, (acting and thinking being voluntary). The wants and needs of other theories are outlined as Power (which includes achievement and feeling worthwhile, as well as winning), Love and Belonging (which includes groups, families or loved ones), Freedom (which includes independence, autonomy, and having one's own "space"), Fun (which includes pleasure and enjoyment) and Survival (which includes nourishment, shelter and sex). (Glasser, n.d.)"
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