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The Nuremberg Trails, 2007.
A discussion on the Nuremberg trials and the International Criminal Court (ICC).
2,223 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the impact of the Nuremberg trials on the United States and the US attitude towards human rights violations. The paper examines the influence of the Nuremberg trials as it relates to the development of the Declaration of Human Rights. The paper further examines the International Criminal Court (ICC/Rome Treaty), including the U. S. involvement in the ICC and why the U.S. initially supported it. The writer proposes that the U.S. has been hypocritical in not supporting the ICC, and explores the use of torture at Guantanamo, and Abu Ghraib.
From the Paper
"The author further explains that during 1944 when it was evident that the War would soon be over President Roosevelt requested that the War Department develop a strategy for bring those responsible for war crimes to justice (Linder 2000). Prior to the plan created by the War department the Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau had developed a strategy that entailed shooting the Nazi leaders that were responsible for these crimes and forcing other that were involved to live in exile in various places around the world (Linder 2000)."
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Nuremberg Laws vs. Jim Crow Laws, 2008.
A comparison of the practical differences between the Nuremberg Laws in Germany and the Jim Crow Laws in the United States and the racism upon which each of these legal systems was based.
8,467 words (approx. 33.9 pages), 46 sources, APA, £ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Nuremberg Laws in Germany with the Jim Crow Laws in the United States. It discusses each of these areas of racial regulation in turn and then further examines the subtle distinctions and clear practical differences between the dangerous racism upon which each of these legal systems was based. The paper includes APA style footnotes but does not include a bibliography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Jim Crow Laws in the United States and Nuremberg Laws in Germany
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Similarities in Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws' Regulation of Interracial Relationships and Underlying Legislative Intent
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Contrast within in the Nuremberg and Jim Crow Laws on Interracial Relationships
Segregation in Education: Further Parallels in the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
Segregation in Education: Contrasting Aspects of the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: Similar Laws and Practices Causing "Civil Death" of African-Americans in the United States and Jews in Nazi Germany
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: The Final Solution and the Purely Aryan State, and Further Examples of Where Nuremberg and Jim Crow Differ
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This huge disparity can be best explained by referring back to one of the most predominant differences in the purposes of the racially hierarchical systems in place in each country. The Jim Crow laws were passed because Southern state lawmakers were struggling to protect and preserve the white supremacy that they had always lived with, and prevent African-American advancement as a necessary part of this objective. Yet in Germany, the Nazi party's goal was always the total extermination of all undesirables, including Jews, and the legislative deprivation of citizenship was at least in some respects merely a means to that end. Finally, to go along with this fundamental difference, there is one last similarity between the racial laws of these countries: the painful memories of both the Holocaust and the Jim Crow era, and all of the violations of rights, liberties and freedoms that comprised both of these experiences, are certainly still fresh in the recollection of all nations involved, and are still highly prominent historical issues today even as those who lived through these events are increasingly no longer with us."
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Cherokee History: The Trail of Tears, 2002.
This paper discusses the background, detail and the aftermath of the foreceful eviction of the Cherokee tribe from its ancestoral lands in 1838, an event known as the "Trail of Tears."
2,075 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper introduces the Cherokee - one of the largest tribes of Native Americans in the United States. It shows how their survival is a tribute to their remarkable resistance since in the harsh winter of 1838 and 1839, the entire Cherokee tribe was threatened with extinction during an event that is known as ?The Trail of Tears.? The paper examines one of the darkest moments in American history, when the Federal troops under the orders of the United States government forcibly evicted the entire Cherokee tribe from their ancestral lands in Georgia to Oklahoma during a cruel 1000 mile forced journey. Out of a total of 16,000 Cherokee people, over 4000 men, women, and children died of hunger, disease, and exposure to the elements on the trail. The paper discusses how "The Trail of Tears" symbolizes the callousness with which the United States government treated the Native Americans due to greed and prejudice inherent in human nature. It covers the background, events and aftermath of the "Trail of Tears."
From the Paper
"The Cherokee tribe bravely suffered their ordeal on the Trail of Tears setting to work in their new home. They built homes, schools and churches. They set up a government and named their capital ?Tahlequah? that is still the cultural center of the Cherokees and the source of documented evidence of their history. The Indians were on the way of recovery from their ordeal when another devastating event intervened: The American Civil War. The Cherokees aligned themselves with the Confederacy since the South had promised that when the war was over they would be permitted to form their own state. After having supported the British during the American War of Independence, the Cherokee had again chosen the wrong side. So when the North won the Civil War, the Indians, were duly penalized. Most of their lands guaranteed by previous treaties were taken from them and their sad plight continued."
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The Kokoda Trail, 2007.
An analysis of the hardships and bonding experienced by the Australians while fighting war on the Kokoda Trail.
1,318 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper provides accounts of the hardships faced by the Australians while fighting war on the Kokoda Trail. After describing the horrific conditions on the trail, the paper seeks to reveal that a strong sense of mateship between the Australians is what enabled the soldiers to keep fighting and proved to be the difference in defying the invading Japanese. The paper also investigates the applicability of this to today, showing that the trail is still used to encourage mateship within sports teams.
From the Paper
"Captain Phil Rhoden of the 14th battalion recalled: "We warmed ourselves around the fire and we sang and we sang and we sang. We sang a lot of rugby songs. The morale was high. It was great. You felt you were a member of something good."
It was a time when mateship was not contrived or cliched; it was real. Laurie Howson, a soldier of the Australian militia recalled that, "Your mate alongside you became your mother, father and God all rolled into one."
Mateship was, essentially, the advantage and the binding force of the Australian militia, a far cry from the Japanese troops whom, it is recorded, were plagued with inter squadron quarrels."
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The Trail of Tears, 2002.
An overview of the events where the United States government forced the Cherokee on a "Trail of Tears" which ultimately led to the death of thousands and the downfall of this Native American tribe.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
In 1838, the Cherokee nation was effectively removed, in its entirety, by the government of the Unites States of America. The forced removal was part of an effort to both neuter the Cherokee, one of the strongest native Nations and to grab all of the land upon which it had lived for, in various forms, thousands of years. The forced march was named, The Trail Of Tears, for a variety of reasons. It forced the natives from their ancestral home, it was a death march and it placed the Cherokee in an alien land, virtually devoid of anything which would allow them to continue living in their traditional manner. The Trail of Tears resulted in thousands of deaths, the separation of families and has been considered in hindsight as an attempt at genocide. The eviction and forced march, which came to be known as the Trail of Tears, took place during the fall and winter of 1838-39 and was badly mismanaged. Inadequate food supplies led to terrible suffering, especially after frigid weather arrived. About 4,000 Cherokees died on the one-hundred and sixteen-day journey, many because the escorting troops refused to slow or stop so that the ill and exhausted could recover. It is the purpose of this paper to examine the motivations for the forced exodus from the point of view of the U.S. government, the timeline of the march and the impact it had before, during and after on the Cherokee people. The point of this examination is to, hopefully, develop for the reader a clear understanding of one of the most tragic episodes in the enforcement of Indian Policy by the United States Government.
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Film: "Judgment at Nuremberg", 2007.
This paper argues the broader implications of Stanley Kramer's 1961 film "Judgment at Nuremberg" not only in the context of its original release at the height of the Cold War but also in the milieu of the 21st century War on Terror.
1,965 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that "Judgment at Nuremberg" is remarkable for its willingness to consider the collective guilt of the German people and, even more troubling, of people from other countries. The author points out that the power of this film lies in the complexity with which it represents such issues as responsibility, accountability and guilt in the context of a Hollywood social problem film and within the conventions of courtroom drama. The paper concludes that the film also reflected the events of the early 1960s, at the time "Judgment at Nuremberg" was made, which included the trial of Eichmann in Jerusalem and the enduring injustices in the United States that would become the Civil Rights struggles. The author believes that this film still has implications in the 21st century social, legal and political debates over the treatment of terror suspects in the War on Terror and the extent to which elected representatives should be held accountable.
From the Paper
"From a theatrical perspective, the casting of prominent Hollywood stars on both sides of this question is significant. It can be cynically said, as critic Pauline Kael quoted in her review, that this film is "an All-Star Concentration Camp Drama" given the number of stars involved. However, the casting of such an "heroic" leading man as Burt Lancaster as a prominent German leader can be read as a theatrical "sign" to the audience from the outset of the drama that "judgment" in this film will be more complex than if the Germans were stereotypical villains."
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The Trail of Tears, 2001.
This essay discusses the Cherokee Indians, and the Trail of Tears they trekked across to reach the Indian Reservations that the United States government placed them in.
1,520 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper talks about the background of the Cherokee Indians, the Indian Removal Act, the removal forts they were put into, and the trail of tears they trudged on, and symbols that symbolize the trail of tears and the pain the Cherokee Indians endured. The author includes several maps in the paper.
From the Paper
'In the 1800s, the Cherokee Indians were forced off their ancestral lands in Georgia and coerced to march the long, bitter journey to Oklahoma, where the government had decided they should live. This journey became known as the ?Trail of Tears? for the grief it caused the Cherokee. It was called ?Nunna dual Tsuny? by the tribe, which literally meant the ?Trail Where They Cried?. The Cherokee were a friendly tribe, but were stripped of justice as they were made to trudge hundreds of miles in bad weather; many were treated brutally, and many died either in concentration camps or on the trail itself."
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"Judgement at Nuremberg", 2006.
An historical review of the 1961 film "Judgement at Nuremberg".
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the historical veracity of the 1961 movie "Judgment at Nuremberg", a fictionalized account of the post-World War II Nuremberg Trials. The film focuses on an actual trial of judges who carried out the laws promulgated by the Nazi State. The paper provides an extremely detailed outline of the movie's plot development, delving into an analysis of the characters and their actions and motivations. The paper concludes by examining how the movie parallels -- and deviates from -- history.
From the Paper
"Assigned to the trial as Chief Judge is Dan Haywood (Spencer Tracy), a low profile justice, who by his own admission, was not the original or subsequent choice. The prosecutor is Col. Tad Lansing (Richard Widmark) an "army man" who vows to convict the four ex-German Judges. Defending the accused is Hans Rolfe (Maximilian Schell) who must convince the court that the defendants were acting only for the love of their country. Among the defendants are respected Judge Ernst Janning (Burt Lancaster) who has written several books on law accepted the world over. Lawson accuses the defendants of signing orders for the sterilization of innocent men and the execution of those who opposed to the Reich and the extermination of the Jews. He puts Rudolph Peterson (Montgomery Clift) on the stand as a victim of sterilization. Rolfe manages to expose the pitiful Peterson as mentally challenged. Later Irene Hoffman (Judy Garland) is put on the stand to explain her alleged affair at the age of 16 with an elderly Jew. As his coup de grace, Lawson shows a film depicting the horrors of German concentration camps.
In between the sessions, Judge Haywood strikes up a friendship with Madame Bertholt (Marlene Dietrich) the widow of a former German general, in whose former home the judge is staying. In spite of their differences they begin to grow fond of each other."
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The Nuremberg Trials, 2007.
A comparison of the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the Nuremberg trials.
1,073 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the connection between the Declaration of Human Rights, the ICC and the Nuremberg trials. The research presented throughout this review is significant to the existing body of knowledge about this subject because it demonstrates the progression of various international laws. The paper discusses how the Nuremberg trials which laid the foundation for the Declaration of Human Rights and the International Criminal Court. The paper addresses the hypocrisy of the United States for not supporting the formation of the ICC.
From the Paper
"As a result of the Nuremberg trials and the holocausts the United Nations believed it necessary to establish the Declaration of Human Rights. The literature review explores that different articles established by the declaration. The literature review emphasizes the articles that discuss that human rights are for everyone regardless of race, sex or religion. This point is significant because the declaration of human rights was actually established before America established its own civil rights laws. The review also emphasizes that slavery and servitude should not be the condition of any human being. This article was designed to dissuade governments/institutions from instituting policies by which people are subjected to servitude or slavery."
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The Nuremberg Trials, 2004.
An overview and discussion of the long-term impact of the Nuremberg trials for Nazi war crimes against humanity.
1,788 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, after World War II, judges from Great Britain, France, the Soviet Union, and the United States tried twenty-two Nazi leaders, primarily Holocaust perpetrators, for crimes against humanity, violating long-established rules of war, and waging aggressive war, and how these trials would eventually become known as the ?Nuremberg Trials.? It looks at how many have argued that the long-term impact of these trials is that they were able to establish a stigma against governments that engage in genocide. It also discusses how the greatest lasting impact of the Nuremberg Trials is that, in the some 100-plus civil wars since 1945, no international body had been convened to try aggressor nations or individuals accused of war crimes.
From the Paper
"If we look back at Nazi war crimes, we may note that despite the reluctance of nations to unite in common cause and move swiftly toward a lasting road against aggression, the hope of a more lasting peace is likely to serve as a deterrent for all future warring factions. This was essentially the best that many judges and UN officials could hope for
as Nuremberg?s brightest promise. The world had a problem of what to do about the Nazi regime that had presided over the extermination of some six million Jews and deaths of millions of others with no basis in military necessity. Never before in history had the victors tried the vanquished for crimes committed during a war. Though, never in history
had the perpetrators been involved in a plot of such a mass destruction of the human populace."
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"Trail of Tears", 2006.
A review of the book "Trail of Tears" depicting the eviction of Cherokee Indians from their homes.
2,974 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses, in detail, the book entitled "Trail of Tears" and the events that it is based on. The book starts with a passage about the Cherokee Indians who trudged through the landscape of Georgia in the year 1838, during their travel from Georgia to Oklahoma. This was because they had, in fact been forced to vacate the homes that they had known for the past many years by the United States Government.
From the Paper
"Thus it was that the more than 16,000 native Indian people who were removed from their territories in Tennessee, Alabama, Georgia, and North Carolina and sent on to Indian Territory, today known as Oklahoma, reached the state and settled there, amidst large scale loss of lives and with almost no resources. (Military, Trail of Tears) One Cherokee says that according to Cherokee myth, when there is a curve in the rod, then it means that there will be a barn at the next turn, where one can seek shelter. However, for the Cherokees on their trail of tears, this did not happen, and they were forced to keep on walking and walking, until they either died or they reached their destination, finally. (Ellis, 2001)"
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Nuremberg War Crimes Trial, 2002.
An analysis of the Nuremberg War Crimes Trial.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper examines the Nuremberg trial, and discusses the crimes, the evidence the prosecution presented, the justification or defense offered by the defendants, whether the prosecution proved its case, and why.
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"Trail of Tears" and the Cherokee Nation, 2003.
Reviews the book, "Trail of Tears: The Rise and Fall of the Cherokee Nation", by John Ehle.
942 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews John Ehle's book, "Trail of Tears", which provides a thorough review of the Cherokee people, starting from their first encounter with Europeans. The paper presents the book's argument that the Cherokee efforts to adopt and adapt to the cultural achievements of whites, while advancing their own culture, fundamentally shaped their history.
From the Paper
"In Trail of Tears, John Ehle poignantly depicts the unique struggle of the Cherokee to defend against the onslaught of the advancing ?white storm.? As they initially realized the futility of violent resistance, the Cherokee enthusiastically devoted themselves to ensuring the societal advancements that would grant them peaceful and prosperous co-existence with the whites. Thanks to the visionary leadership of individuals such as Major Ridge, the tribe successfully fought off internal division, reactionary traditionalism, and white interference in order to forever disprove the fallacy that Indians were incapable of ?civilization.?"
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The Trail of Tears, 2001.
This paper centers on the Trail of Tears, a perilous journey by the Cherokee people.
1,417 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper centers on the Trail of Tears, a perilous journey by the Cherokee people. The author discusses the round-up of Native Americans in Georgia and the subsequent abuse suffered by them. Explanations for the expulsion of the Cherokees from the South are given.
From the Paper
"Herded like cattle, they left behind all of their belongings and the remnants of their past lives. Their land was given to their suppressors, and they were left with next to nothing. This is the story of the Cherokee removal, the Trail of Tears. 'Long time we travel on way to new land. People feel bad when they leave old nation. Womens cry and make sad wails. Children cry and many men cry, and all look sad like when friends die, but they say nothing and just put heads down and keep on go towards West. Many days pass and people die very much. We bury close by trail.' This quote by a full-blood Cherokee is the epitome of their journey."
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