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Nuclear Waste Storage, 2006.
A look at the pros and cons of a proposal to store nuclear waste in Nevada.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at a proposal to store nuclear waste in Yucca Mountain in Nevada. It examines the supposed advantages of such a proposal as well as its disadvantages and points out that, while the residents of Nevada may benefit economically from an arrangement with the federal government to bury nuclear waste in their state, the benefits would be negligible, especially in comparison to the potential health risks that such a proposal poses.
From the Paper
"The power of nuclear reactions was demonstrated in the most conclusive and drastic way possible in 1945, when the United States dropped atomic bombs on both Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan. But nuclear reactions can be harnessed for peaceful, no-military uses, as well. Namely, nuclear power can be used as a source of energy. One side effect of energy generation by nuclear fission is that waste is produced and this waste is itself radioactive. The storage of the radioactive waste is, therefore, a problem, and one, in fact, with both scientific and political aspects. One state which has been repeatedly mentioned as a place within which radioactive waste could be stored is Nevada. Storing nuclear waste in Nevada has both positive and negative aspects for the state's population. Although Nevada would receive many benefits from storing nuclear waste, in actuality it poses many possible threats to the people living there."
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Nuclear Waste Storage, 1996.
Examines alternatives, safety, types of waste, regulations, costs, technology, reprocessing, natural & human hazards, examples.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 6 sources, £ 93.95
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From the Paper
"Although the nuclear waste storage problem has not yet reached crisis proportions, it is a chronic, complex issue that defies societal consensus, even within the scientific community. Each category of nuclear waste--high-level, low-level, and transuranic (TRU)--presents unique challenges for containment. All are potentially dangerous; at issue is the selection of the best options for long-term storage.
High-level nuclear waste is comprised of spent fuel from private sector and military reactors, as well as the liquids remaining from fuel processed for atomic weaponry. Used reactor fuel is considered intensely hot and irradiated. High-level nuclear wastes have long half-lives and are considered permanent hazards. (Half-life describes the amount of time required for 50 percent of a reactor fuel's original radioactivity to decay.)"
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Nuclear Waste Disposal, 2005.
This paper discusses why the disposal of nuclear waste is a contentious issue that is often the subject of heated debate.
3,421 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problem of nuclear wastes and how it presents a particular dilemma on various fronts including health and security issues. Nuclear energy and technology has become an endemic part of modern society. The paper points out that concomitant with the significant advances in the production of nuclear energy as well as its application to the areas of medicine and defense has been the escalation of the problems of nuclear waste disposal.
Includes several graphs and tables and diagrams.
1. Introduction
2. Classification of Types of Nuclear Waste
3. Sources of Nuclear Waste
3.2. Storage of Low Level Waste
3.3 Long-Term Storage of High Level Waste
3.4. The Storage of Plutonium
3.5. Transmutation
4. Conclusion
From the Paper
"This debate emphasizes the dilemma and the importance of finding a permanent and less environmentally hazardous solution to the problems of nuclear waster. All of the methods discussed above provide some solutions to the problems - but they do not as yet present a permanent and fully acceptable means of waste disposal and many of the methods have significant drawbacks and are often manpower intensive and open to the vicissitudes of human error. The answer to what to do with nuclear waste has not yet been adequately answered."
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Nuclear Waste, 2005.
This paper argues against the proposed nuclear waste repository to be located at the Yucca Mountain, less than one hundred miles from Las Vegas, Nevada.
1,295 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the proposal to ship nuclear waste from across the country by train to a proposed nuclear waste at a repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada, is strongly rejected by not only Nevadans but also the rest of the country. The author points out that the reasons for this rejection is not only the fear of radiation but also for Nevadans economic issues such as the decrease in property values and tourism, the cost of accident cleanup and the problems associated with short- term employment are extremely troublesome. The paper stresses that, although there is plenty of information available stating that there is no threat associated with building a repository at Yucca Mountain and shipping nuclear waste across the country, the majority of this information comes from the Department of Energy (DOE) and their reputation and motives are suspect.
From the Paper
"A possible benefit to Nevada with the building of a nuclear waste repository is the additional jobs that would be available to Nevada residents. This benefit, however, would be small and would not outweigh the economic drawbacks already mentioned. If even one hotel/casino project were not built in Nevada due to negative images or fear associated with the repository, the jobs lost from that business would not be made up by the number of jobs gained by building the repository. Because of direct and indirect employment, if one major hotel/casino was not built in Nevada, the loss could be as many as 14,200 jobs and $500 million annually for the local economy."
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Nuclear Waste, 2002.
An analysis of nuclear waste.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This is a paper that discusses nuclear waste. By analyzing what it is, we can see how it is stored, and why it can be a dangerous, but useful source of energy for the world. Also in this paper is a study of certain accidents that have occurred involving nuclear waste such as the Chernobyl incident that devastated Russia in the last decade. All of these points are revealed in the information that has accumulated on nuclear waste.
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Nuclear Waste Disposal, 1997.
Provides background of the problem and discusses issues such as spent fuel rods & liquid waste, storage containers, laws, health & environmental threats, site selection, transportation, costs and public views.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 15 sources, £ 77.95
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From the Paper
"NUCLEAR WASTE DISPOSAL
Introduction
This research considers the issue of nuclear waste disposal in the United States. The nuclear waste present in the United States is a combination of spent fuel rods from commercial nuclear power generators, high-level liquid radioactive waste from government-owned nuclear reactors uses in the production of nuclear weapons, and miscellaneous low-level nuclear wastes.
While the way in which nuclear waste should be disposed is a volatile issue, one issue that has not been adequately considered is the separation of the spent fuel rods from the commercial reactors from the high-level weapons production-related nuclear waste with respect to disposal of the materials. Currently, policy calls for all nuclear waste to be placed in long-term storage at..."
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A Call for Safer Methods of Nuclear Waste Disposal, 2001.
A call to action for safer methods of disposal of nuclear waste and other radioactive material.
665 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
An argumentative paper, exploring the chemical make up of uranium, showing that it is extremely difficult to dispose of this material in a complete way. It looks at current disposal practices in the world and analyzes their pros and cons.
From the Paper
"Radioactive material is defined as having atoms with extremely excited outer electron shells. This makes them unstable, excitable and an efficient means of providing energy to a population that can afford a nuclear power plant. The main source of this energy is Uranium. This is a naturally occurring element found in rocks and seawater. It is the most heavy element in the periodic table, having 146 neutrons and 92 protons in its stable form. The instable form has 143 neutrons and this is the kind that is used in cores to create energy (UIC website)."
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Nuclear Waste and Powers, 2002.
A look at whetther the Super Powers care about the environment.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 11 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This ten-page paper looks at the soviet unions response to the environmental issues of nuclear waste and armaments, coupled with the use of biological weapon burying such as anthrax spores. Also discussed is a comparison with the united States of America and areas of there waste productivity.
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Dumping Nuclear Waste at Sea, 1994.
An examination of the practice and ecological effects of radioactive dumping by the former Soviet Union with alternatives and international responses.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, £ 49.95
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From the Paper
"The oceans are, and will continue to be, an important source for the world?s food supply. However, no dramatic changes in exploitative methods or dramatic increases in supply are foreseen by experts in the near future. Methods to use plentiful underutilized species, such as krill, will still be searched for, but the most significant increases in fishery productivity will come from more efficient use of current catches. Progress in biotechnology, especially improved larval development, will increase human capacity for cultivating the oceans. Still, it is debatable whether or not mariculture activity to provide food for the world?s hungry will succeed. More realistically, aquaculture activities will continue to guarantee the production of higher.priced species, such as salmon.
Yet something threatens to ruin the fish that can be..."
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Dealing With Radioactive Waste, 1997.
Examines the aspects surrounding the nuclear waste problem. Discusses the dimensions of the problem, waste disposal issues and potential solutions.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, £ 54.95
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From the Paper
"Dealing with Radioactive Waste
Introduction
The problem of disposing of radioactive waste has existed for over 50 years now and the country is not much closer to a universally acceptable resolution. Initially there was almost a laissez faire attitude on the part of scientists and the government. More recently the public has become so mistrustful that anything less than a near 100 percent risk free solution might be rejected. The amount of nuclear waste keeps growing, yet no one has suggested that we stop producing the things that create this radioactive waste.
Dimensions of the Problem
Radioactive waste is the residue from the production of ..."
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Sustainability, Waste Management and Incineration, 2008.
This paper discusses the issue of waste management and waste incineration as a way to manage waste.
2,573 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that waste is a non-avoidable result of high-technology industrialized economies, as more things are produced and more waste is generated. Environmental, economic and social factors involved are examined and waste incineration is compared and contrasted with land filling and the 3Rs: reduce, reuse and recycle. The writer discusses that the growing concern for the environment, a constant increase in the amounts of waste produced, economic, land and social costs involved in developing new landfill sites and public opinion have brought about the need to approach waste management in a new way. The writer maintains that the use of waste incinerators does provide certain advantages to landfill, particularly in terms of waste reductions as well as through waste-to-energy schemes. The writer concludes that the 3Rs method of waste management has the greatest potential for growth and improvement and is a sustainable way of approaching waste management.
From the Paper
"A waste incinerator involves burning waste at high temperatures inside a specially engineered and purpose-built incinerator facility. Some of the positive impacts include the reduction of the volume of waste, less fossil fuel use and less land required for disposal of leftover solid residue as well as the potential of energy-from-waste incinerators. For example, by incinerating waste, its weight and volume are greatly reduced, often by as much as 90% . Pitchtel also stated that a third, albeit unintended benefit of incineration is detoxification - the destruction of microbial and other pathogenic organisms - of the waste . Waste-to-energy incinerators boil water to make steam for heating spaces or for production of electricity."
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Hazardous Waste, 2008.
A discussion on how to treat, handle and dispose of hazardous waste.
1,773 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
The research presented in this paper closely examines hazardous waste, its production, transportation and storage, and any issues arising out of those processes or events that will help lend insight and understanding into this very important subject. The paper explains that hazardous waste is any product which necessitates a special process or treatment for disposing of the waste, or, if mishandled, the waste, such as asbestos, poses a threat and health hazard to people who come in contact with it. The paper points out that there were no international rules or laws governing the transfer of hazardous waste from one country to another, and in some instances the transfer was negotiated privately, without making the government of the receiving country aware of the transfer. The paper suggests that it is perhaps more important than ever, and a very good time to look at the issues of hazardous waste when people are concerned about issues such as global warming and preserving the natural environment. The paper concludes that the issue of hazardous waste is one that must be addressed, and addressed in a way that relieves third world countries and future generations of people of the burden of dealing with that problem.
Outline:
What is Hazardous Waste and Who Makes It?
From the Paper
"Third world countries are targeted as dumping grounds for hazardous waste because those countries are badly in need of cash. It becomes very unsettling from a safety and humanitarian perspective when one thinks of the little island of Haiti contracting to receive hazardous waste when that country is already dealing with the squalor of human waste and disease for which there are no adequate infrastructures like sewer systems, water delivery systems, housing, and other infrastructure that would facilitate the adequate and proper handling and treatment of hazardous waste."
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Storage Tanks, 2004.
An analysis of two types of tanks used for storage of liquids, above-ground storage tanks (AST) and underground storage tanks (UST), with a focus on the need for maintenance.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the maintenance required for the upkeep of liquid storage tanks. The paper explains that these tanks need to be inspected, repaired, and tested prior to usage. In the U.S. for example, the Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), along with the American Petroleum Institute (API), determine the guidelines by which tank farms have to be managed. The paper contends that fear of leaks and contamination of the ground water and the subsequent ground water, oil clean-up has resulted in the creation of extensive and detailed guidelines by which these tanks have to be maintained to prevent any failures.
From the Paper
"Ever since crude oil was first successfully drilled in the U.S. in Titusville, Pennsylvania, in 1859, the demand for oil has only been increasing over the years in countries all over the world. (Camden, 1883) Crude oil is not used in the extracted form; but it is refined to obtained products such as gasoline, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), naphtha, kerosene, gas-oil and fuel oil. Secondary products during the purification of crude oil are obtained are lubricants, asphalt, perfumes and insecticides. There are, approximately, more than 4,000 different petrochemical products obtained from refining of crude oil that have commercial value. All these products have to be stored for consumption. (DOE, 2000)"
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Waste Disposal in the U.S., 1993.
Examines public policy, laws, recycling, municipal solid waste, hazardous materials, landfills, waste-to-energy plans, industrial pollution, radioactive waste and sewage treatment.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 18 sources, £ 93.95
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From the Paper
"The more developed a country is, the more waste it produces. Waste, therefore, is an excellent standard-of-living indicator. The abundance of waste, however, is also a significant source of pollution, and this has become a major concern of governments all over the world.
The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) drew up the following categories for waste classification: municipal (mainly household) waste; industrial waste; residue from the production of energy; hospital and agricultural waste, mining spoil and demolition debris; dredge spoil, and sewage sludge--nuclear wastes were regarded separately (3:28). In the industrialized member countries of OECD, where 90 to 100 percent of garbage collection is carried out by municipal authority, people do not seem to worry about what happens to their household ..."
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