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Nuclear Fusion, 2002.
A thorough overview of nuclear fusion reactor construction.
5,596 words (approx. 22.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 94.95
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Abstract
Nuclear fusion is the process by which nuclear reactions between light elements form heavier ones, up to iron. Significant amounts of energy are released in cases where the interacting nuclei belong to elements with low atomic numbers. Fusion reactions comprise the fundamental energy source of stars, including the Sun, and represent an alternative energy source in a energy-starved world. This paper provides an overview of nuclear fusion reactor construction, typical costs associated with nuclear fusion research and development, the types of energy that would be replaced by nuclear fusion, and a comparison of nuclear fusion energy and hydrogen energy. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"Practical efforts to achieve fusion energy involve either of two basic approaches to contain and sometimes sustain a hot plasma of elements that undergo nuclear fusion reactions: magnetic confinement and inertial confinement. Late in the 1960s, major advances were made in efforts to harness fusion reactions for practical energy production: when the Soviets announced the achievement of high plasma temperature (about 3,000,000 K), along with other physical parameters, in a tokamak, described as a toroidal magnetic confinement system in which the plasma is kept generally stable both by an externally generated, doughnut-shaped magnetic field and by electric currents flowing within the plasma itself."
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The Development of Nuclear Fusion Reactors, 2001.
This paper tries to externalize the feasibility and optimality of the development of a nuclear fusion reactor as a source of energy for future consumption.
2,760 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the inevitable need for developing alternative sources of energy in order to bridge the gap between the rapidly increasing fuel demand and the depleting resources available. This paper tries to analyze the potentials of nuclear fusion reactors as a reliable alternative to overcome this energy crisis. Though the theories propounded are still in the state of infancy, they hold relevance for satisfying the fuel demand in the future in both on earth as well in space stations. Fusion, explains the author, is a source of the sun?s energy that offers a clean, potentially limitless source of electricity and power. Hence a magnetic fusion reactor by using plasma would manage to bring about the nuclear fusion reaction in a controlled way.The author shows how plasmais a new state of matter in which most of the atoms are ionized due to some sort of 'violence' and breaking away of the originally bound electrons. Within the plasma, colliding deuterium and tritium nuclei fuse into helium nuclei and release energy to be converted into electricity.
From the Paper
"The concept of generation of usable energy from the nuclear fusion reactor is still at its state of infancy. Though both Bose and Einstein , in 1925 predicted the condensation of atoms into super dense states but still even after 76 years of extensive research the idea of a nuclear fusion reactor has not been physically implementable. Though nuclear fusion is the primary governing factor in the nuclear reactor design but a number of complex systems and their analysis need to be incorporated for its success. Currently, a number of significant projects are being pursued individually by the developed nations like the SST project, the Magnetic Mirror project and the combined efforts of scientists and governments from all over the world pooling their intelligence and resources to develop the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER)."
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Nuclear Fusion, 1990.
This paper discusses ucelar fusion: Process, effects, applications and problems. Diagrams.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, £ 38.95
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From the Paper
"Process--Energy has always been an important ingredient in the development of civilization. Large amounts of energy are necessary for sustaining industrial nations and bringing forward Third World countries. An adult human requires approximately 2500 food calories or about 100 watts of power, to sustain life (3:1). In the United States, the per capita consumption of all forms of energy is approximately 100 times this basic sustenance rate. For the entire world population, energy consumption is about 15 times the basis rate (3:1). A number of questions continue to arise. Is enough energy available? How long will the energy supply last? When will new sources be required? What world events will disrupt the flow of raw energy material, and what countries will suffer? Clearly, an inexhaustible supply of energy is required. This inexhaustible supply of energy may be ... "
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Nuclear Energy, 2005.
A discussion on the future of nuclear energy in Europe.
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 26 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the future of nuclear energy in Europe. It explores the need to expand nuclear energy use by capitalizing upon new developments in nuclear fusion technology. The author identifies future developments. The paper concludes it is unlikely that solar energy will be sufficient to replace nuclear energy and drive the much need economic growth.
From the Paper
"The European Economic and Social Committee (EESC) advised the European Union (EU) policymakers on the need to maintain the use of nuclear energy in Europe and to expand nuclear energy use by capitalizing upon new developments in ..."
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Nuclear Energy, 2002.
This paper explores and examines the uses of energy resources. It provides scientific calculations and compares nuclear energy as an alternative source of energy. This paper also has a few excerpts on new technologies and Fission/Fusion technology.
1,464 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper addresses the question of whether the world?s energy resources are becoming scarce with the impending increase of the human population. This paper analyzes the current energy resource uses, provides calculations of energy output and compares them with each other. A background of the various energy resources is given as well as an introduction to Nuclear Energy. Fission/Fusion technology is also brought up throughout the paper. An explanation of the Fission/Fusion theory is provided on how this renewable resource works.
From the Paper
"With man?s leap into technological advances, one would think that the boundaries are endless. The human race has allowed to progress for over hundreds of thousands of years. Especially in the late centuries of history, mankind has excelled immensely in achieving technological success. From the discovery of electricity, to the creation of the internal combustion engine, modern society has come to a time where ceaseless change exists in everyone?s lifetime. Everyday man takes another step into the ladder of intellectual evolution. These advances still cannot guarantee happiness among society. For all of these things are dependent on one thing, energy. Energy is needed to maintain life in all things, from the plants of the Amazon forest, to the fuel burning inside of a Toyota Camry. Without it, all living things would cease to exist, including the humans who created this ever growing technology. One might speculate that with the extreme rate at which the population is increasing, all the resources on earth would become scarce. But an energy crisis is hardly anything for a person to worry about, for humanity has taken a step into the discovery of nuclear power."
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Nuclear Families, 2002.
A comparison of nuclear families vs. non-nuclear families in society.
2,343 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed comparison of nuclear, traditional families with non-traditional families. The writer explores the differences and similarities between each type of family. Using a literature review and an analysis process, the writer details for the reader the things that set each type of family apart from the other.
From the Paper
"It used to be the majority of families had a mother, a father and several children. If a child in a classroom came from a single parent household it was the exception and not the norm. Over the past few decades there has been a shift and there have been more single parent households created than ever before. Today there is an almost equal mix in the nation of single parent homes and two parent homes. ?The past 20 years has seen a dramatic rise in the percentage of single-parent households in the United States. In 1970, single parents represented 12.9 percent of all families with minor children present. By 1988, the percentage of single-parent households had increased to 27.3 percent, with the vast majority being single mothers (U.S. Bureau of the Census 1989).
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American Relationship To Nuclear Power, 1988.
Analyzes how the Americans' relationship with nuclear power & nuclear energy evolved from the end of World War Two through the end of the Cold War.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, £ 27.95
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From the Paper
"Mary W. Shelley's classic novel Frankenstein is a cautionary tale about the excesses of science in which a being is created and then turns on his creator. In the 1950s and into the 1960s, America passed through what might be called a Frankenstein-moment as nuclear power burst on the scene first as a wonder that had been harnessed by American scientists in time to end World War II and to make America a leading world power and then was perceived more and more as a threat because our enemies also had this awesome power. Americans quickly learned about the dangers posed by nuclear energy, dangers in the form not only of unimaginable destructive power but of radiation sickness and death. Science had been the promise of the future, producing marvels and improving the economy for over a century, but now science was suspect because the future it had promised was threatened by one of it (...)"
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Comprehensive Test Ban Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty, 1996.
History & 1995 permanent international ratification, negotiations, nuclear & non-nuclear states, principles & provisions, review conferences, U.S. public opinion, unresolved problems.
4,275 words (approx. 17.1 pages), 14 sources, £ 93.95
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From the Paper
"The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) was made permanent in May, 25 years after it entered into force and nearly 50 years after the United States wrought devastation on Hiroshima. The four-week NPT Review and Extension Conference, held in New York April 17 to May 12, was the largest arms control conference ever held, with 175 of the treaty's 178 parties participating ("How to," 1995, p. 28). No state got all it wanted, although the weapon states had more reason to be satisfied than the non-weapon states.
The United States, Russia, Britain, and France wanted the treaty extended indefinitely and unconditionally. Only the first part of their..."
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Russian Nuclear Weapons: The Threat Remains, 1999.
This paper details the ?disturbing truth about the safety of Russian nuclear weapons and the risk of an accidental nuclear war.
2,683 words (approx. 10.7 pages), 16 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper details the four threats of nuclear annihilation that the Russian nuclear program has created: accidental launch due to a malfunction, failure of the Russian early warning system, a launch of a nuclear weapon because of a rogue commander, the detonating of a stolen nuclear warhead that has been smuggled out of Russia, and the detonation of a nuclear weapon that was built with Russian fissile material. The paper also describes the meager steps that Russia and the United States have taken to prevent a nuclear catastrophe. Most importantly the paper stresses that public awareness of this critical situation is imperative to prevention of such a disaster.
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Nuclear Proliferation, 2008.
A discussion of the pros and cons of nuclear proliferation in modern society, focusing on the argument against nuclear proliferation.
1,782 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the problem of nuclear proliferation in modern society. It describes the historical purpose of nuclear proliferation and the positive uses of nuclear proliferation. The paper then looks at both sides of the argument of whether to continue with nuclear proliferation or not. It discusses the benefits and the associated problems with nuclear proliferation and argues against nuclear proliferation.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Body
Counter Argument
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In conclusion it is clear that nuclear proliferation will remain one of the most significant issues of the modern world, as many nations North Korea, India, Iran and some unknown organizations through secretive or diplomatic means wish to continue in their bid to gain such weapons and there is really not that much that can be done to stop it, especially idealistically and despite the social and physical cost. Additionally, though nuclear proliferation serves a purpose in history, as a deterrent it is very difficult to say this is still the case as most are aware that responsible nations are even less likely to use such weapons today than they ever have been. Lastly, the utilization of nuclear technology for peaceful means, as the energy crisis grows in the world will further complicate the reality, despite the destructive capacity, even of these technologies. Peaceful use of nuclear technology can also seriously impede the ability of regulatory commissions and review boards to investigate, as nations have been deceptive in the past with regard to development."
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Nuclear Energy, 2005.
This paper discusses that the risks of nuclear energy and its uses can be complicated and frightening; however, there are clear benefits as well.
1,380 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the explosion of Chernobyl nuclear reactor in the Ukraine in 1986, has left a legacy that the risks of the using of nuclear power are so negative and so intense that it is often overlooked as the powerful tool. The author points out that the public concern about the use of nuclear power is that an uncontrolled accidental nuclear chain reaction can create so much heat that it resembles some of the most destructive bombs ever made. The paper relates that, although nuclear weapons are certainly the most commonly perceived use of nuclear power, nuclear science also is used to power nuclear vessels and for medical uses such as tumor treatment and tracer techniques.
From the Paper
"Of course, there are other medical uses. The benefits must be weighed in relation to the risks when deciding whether to use these medical tools. Although these benefits are clear to some, the effects of nuclear power and their resulting health hazards cause confusion for others. For example, radioactive waste is extremely toxic and is so poisonous that it can affect people 1,000 years into the future. It can damage the kidneys or lungs, and children are especially vulnerable because their cells divide rapidly as they grow. In pregnant women, it can cross the placenta into the bloodstream of the fetus. In plants and animals, the effects can be passed through the food chain. Humans take in these radioactive materials chiefly from drinking water and from plant and animal foods, including milk. Many fallout isotopes that reach the sea and inland waterways eventually end up in concentrated form in the bodies of waterborne animals and plants, becoming a source of concern when they are part of the human food chain."
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Nuclear Energy, 2002.
An indepth overview of nuclear energy and its uses.
4,609 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 82.95
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Abstract
This paper examines one of the most promising energy resources being currently explored, nuclear energy. It shows that the idea of using nuclear energy is being used to scare mankind, because at the time the only connection one had with nuclear energy was nuclear weapons. In recent years however, there have been efforts to explore the use of nuclear energy for the purpose of sustaining life. While there are questions about its safety and use, it is quickly becoming evident that nuclear energy is going to be the wave of the future. This paper takes the reader on an exploratory journey of the issues surrounding nuclear energy and the positive as well as negative aspects of the topic.
From the Paper
"The first alert came by way of Three Mile Island, in Pennsylvania (Siegel, 1991). The threat of a melt down that occurred there caused a nationwide panic and a first time anger at the fact that law makers had allowed nuclear energy to be used(Siegel, 1991). Just as those concerns finally were laid to rest the incident at Chernobyl occurred. If Three Mile Island was the cake, the accident at Chernobyl was the frosting and after it killed dozens of people, destroyed countless miles of land for the next few centuries and exposed millions to fallout symptoms for the next several generations America firmly put its foot down and began to demand the slow and stopping of all nuclear power activity in the states."
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Sociology of the Nuclear Family and Societal Stratification, 2000.
The nuclear family is defined, its decline is discussed, and social stratification is also examined.
1,320 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 8 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the nuclear family and discusses its role within society. The author also discusses how the breakdown of the nuclear family is blamed for social dysfunction. The stability and structure of society is examined in the light of the declining prevalence of the nuclear family.
From the paper:
"The nuclear family consisting of two adults, 1 male, 1 female, and children is the most common form of family in Australia according to 1996 census figures published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics. Talcott Parson?s cited in Jureidini & Poole, recognizes the nuclear family as the ?normal? family structure. While statistics show the nuclear family still being the most common family form in Australia they also show a decline in it?s predominance of approximately 10% over the last 20 years. It is for this reason that the functions and benefits of the nuclear family must be recognized before dysfunction alters the stability and structure of society."
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India and Nuclear Energy, 2006.
This paper discuses extensively the global use of nuclear energy, especially in India.
6,995 words (approx. 28.0 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 109.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, over the last fifty years, the most significant shift in India's energy consumption was the replacement of non-commercial energy with commercial energy, generated frequently
from oil, which is being compromised by the ever-increasing cost of oil. The author points out that India's nuclear power program is poised to take off rapidly because of the accelerated rate of growth of India's economy and its ever increasing need for reasonable priced energy. The paper relates that the Indo-U.S. agreement on the Nuclear energy is largely a result of President Bush's strong commitment to reducing dependence on fossil fuels, to cutting back emissions of greenhouse gases and to cutting radioactive nuclear wastes, which marks the beginning of a new era of geo-politics to rebuild a balance of power in Asia vis-a-vis China and Pakistan. Many charts and tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Current Global Nuclear Energy Scenario
Nuclear Energy in India and Its Economics
The Economics of Nuclear Power in India
Indo-U.S .Nuke Deal: Opportunities and Challenges
Implication at Home
The Impact on Nuclear Nonproliferation Policy
Regional Issues
Impact on the Middle East and Israel
Impact on Brazil, Libya, Argentina, Ukraine and South Africa
China
Proliferation Crisis in North Korea
Pakistan
Perceptions of India about Non-Proliferation
Issue of Separation of Civilian and Nuclear Facilities
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"India, however, breached the international taboo on "going nuclear" in 1998, by testing a series of nuclear explosive devices on May11 and 13 and officially declaring itself a new "nuclear weapons power". These events triggered Pakistan's nuclear explosive testing response two weeks later. Thus, suddenly emerged two self-declared, non-NPT nuclear weapons states radically changing the efficacy of the nuclear non-proliferation regime. This was followed by economic sanctions on both the countries. The problems in the US-India relationship arose from the 1994 Glenn Amendment to the US Arms Export Control Act. The Glenn Amendment requires that the US respond to the Indian nuclear tests with seven steps that are almost automatic in their application to India and Pakistan."
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