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Community Notification Laws, 2008.
This paper looks at the use of community notification laws.
861 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that keeping children safe from sexual predators today includes the use of community notification laws to inform the public when sex offenders move into a neighborhood or region. The writer points out that these laws may include direct notification of people in a neighborhood or more general notification by posting names and addresses on a website accessible by all. The writer argues that such laws can help reduce the incidence of sexual abuse of children by putting parents on notice so they can take greater care, though such an approach is not a panacea and will not completely eliminate the threat, only reduce it. The writer concludes that community notification creates an opportunity for parents to become more informed and to exercise greater caution regarding the safety of their children.
Outline:
Introduction
The Argument
The Approach
Another Provision
Problem of Notification
Efficacy
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This sort of response has been extended to other violent felons as well, with more and more communities fighting the placement of parolees in their area and seeking laws involving everything from notification to the right to refuse entry to a released offender to enhanced incarceration beyond the original sentence. Local groups across the country are trying to block former convicts from settling in their communities and are pressing their state assemblies for tougher detention laws and parole conditions. As a result, more and more states are enacting laws that put the interests of the community before the rights of ex prisoners. The most vociferous demands are for notification laws to alert citizens when a sex offender is about to be released into their community. At this time, many states require that local police be notified when a release is imminent, and now the New Jersey law calls for authorities to notify community members as well. In the U.S. Congress, members approved a provision which requires certain offenders to check in with police every 90 days for the rest of their lives. The New Jersey proposal only requires police to notify neighbors, schools, churches, youth groups and the media within 45 days of an ex offender's moving into a neighborhood."
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Notification Laws, 2002.
A discussion of the laws that allow the neighbors of a released sex offender to be told that the offender is living among them.
1,977 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of habitual sex offenders and what to do with them when they are released from prison in order to protect the community. It provides arguments for and against laws such as Megan's Law (named for a year-old girl named Megan Kanka, sexually assaulted and killed by a known pedophile that was her neighbor), which allow notification to the community of known sex offenders living in the neighborhood. It argues how although these laws may seem appealing, they raise numerous issues of privacy which, while applying only to sex offenders today, could apply to others tomorrow. They also carry the potential for adverse community action outside the law and can prevent any chance of real rehabilitation.
From the Paper
"Once the federal government passed its version of this law, the idea spread and was taken up by states across the country. The federal statute called on states to enact registration and notification laws by September 1997 or lose part of their federal law enforcement funds. In effect, this imposed the idea of a Megan's Law on all states, since none wants to lose this funding. The last of the states to do so was New Mexico, which missed the deadline but which had a law pending in 1998. These laws have been popular, and one poll showed that 89 percent of adults favored such laws. Observers note that these laws are flawed, for they vary greatly between states because Congress did not specify "how, how much, or to whom states must release registration information" (Johnson 9)."
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Megan's Law; Problems Associated with Implementation, 1996.
A paper about Megan's Law; laws concerning community notification if convicted sex offenders are being allowed to live in an affected community.
6,420 words (approx. 25.7 pages), 80 sources, £ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the problems in implementing Megan's Law also known as community notification laws for sex offenders This paper lays out in great detail the problems this law presents to law enforcement officers. The author argues that Megan?s Law has a lot of flaws and questions that must be addressed.
From the Paper
" In the wake of the murder of seven-year-old Megan Kanka by a convicted sex offender, the State passed a series of bills designed to toughen the states handling of sex offenders. These bills Senate No. 13-1994 and Assembly No.85-1994, commonly known as Megan?s Law, range in scope from requiring convicted sexual offenders to provide blood specimen?s to a DNA database, to studying the effectiveness of the state?s treatment center of sexual offenders. These bills address the danger of recidivism by sex offenders. It requires the registration of sex offenders to their local police. If their municipality does not have a local police department, they must register with the State Police. They must verify their address with the police every three months. The most controversial provision of Megan?s Law is the community notification provision that provides notification when a sex offender will be let out of prison at least 45 days before they are released. The bills passed both houses by an unanimous vote. It was signed into law by Governor Whitman on October 31, 1994. (Dougherty)"
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Sex Offender Notification, 2002.
This paper looks at the issue of sex offender notification, making the claim that the rights of potential child rape victims take precedence over the rights of convicted sex offenders.
2,358 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that community notification of the presence of sex offenders in their neighborhoods should be required. Some of the points the writer emphasizes are that a sex offender's right to privacy is surrendered when he commits his first offense and that the rights of normal law-abiding citizens must in the case of sex offenders outweigh the rights of criminals.
From the Paper
"In recent years the issue of the safety of potential victims versus the privacy rights of convicted sex offenders has been debated hotly in the media. Emotional reaction runs high when a child is brutally assaulted and murdered. Public outrage multiplies when a repeat offender is the perpetrator. In 1994 Megan Kanka, a 7 year old new Jersey girl was raped and strangled to death by a twice convicted sex offender living in her neighborhood. Shocked response resulted in the passing of what has come to be known as Megan?s Law. Since Megan?s Law was passed in 1996 all states are required to enact sex offender notification statutes. States have complied in various ways, instituting laws and registries. Databases for at least thirty four states can now be accessed via the internet. The constitutionality of Megan?s Law has been argued and re-argued as activists contest violation of individual rights of released perpetrators. Publicity has made it difficult for parole boards and social workers to place discharged offenders. In a few instances neighborhood groups have responded to notification with unprovoked vigilante action. It is the argument of this paper that justification for the notification of communities to the presence of sex offenders far outweighs any counter argument. People should most definitely be notified of sex offenders in their neighborhoods. This notification should not only be attempted but should me aggressively pursued to assure total coverage."
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Abortion Parental Notification, 2005.
A debate on the advantages and disadvantages of a constitutional requirement that would require that a minor have parental consent before getting an abortion.
707 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 17.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the U.S. Supreme Court is currently reviewing the case of Ayotte v. Planned Parenthood. This is a case out of New Hampshire regarding a law that would require parent notification before a minor could receive an abortion, even if it is a life threatening situation.
Outline:
Introduction
The Law and its Controversy
Benefits of the Law
Disadvantages of Law
Conclusion
From the Paper
The law originated in the state of New Hampshire from a woman in the legislature by the name of Phyllis Woods. She was a former credit bureau manager prior to being elected to the legislature. Her decision to enter politics was based on the issue of abortion as in 1997; New Hampshire repealed some laws which removed some restrictions. She was quoted as saying, "I felt the legislators were doing something wrong."
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Public Notification of Sexual Offender Release, 1996.
Legal, ethical, social & practical aspects of debate over notification laws.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
" The problem of what to do with the habitual sex offender has become a major issue in American society today and of vital interest in a society where the pictures of missing children adorn milk cartons, where more and more offenses against children are being reported in the media, and where the issue of repeat offenders has become a scandal. A number of children have been killed in recent years in media-featured cases where a sex offender who has been released from prison at the end of his sentence takes and kills another victim. Different states have imposed new laws and restrictions on sex offenders as a result, and one of the issues that has developed is the question of notification, whether the neighbors of a released sex offender should be told that the offender is in their midst. Traditionally, parole or release from prison has been a matter.."
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Federal Pre-Merger Notification Program, 1993.
A look at the background, law, antitrust issues, guidelines, successes, roles of the government, business and consumers and enforcement.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, £ 43.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
In order to help insure economically competitive domestic markets, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Department of Justice have established certain procedures designed to facilitate the analysis of proposed horizontal merger transactions before they are consummated and thus before they have real-world effect. This paper will examine the premerger notification program from several perspectives, including an overview of the background to this problem, a discussion of the major players involved, an analysis of the new guidelines, and finally a brief note on expected enforcement changes.
BACKGROUND
Title II of the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 (referred to herein as ? 7A of the Clayton Act)..."
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Megan's Law in Hawaii, 2002.
This paper reviews the history of Hawaii?s Megan?s Law, laws aimed at people convicted of sex-related crimes that require community notification of the release of offenders and the establishment of a registry of offenders.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Hawaii's laws regarding sexual offenders have nothing in particular unique about them as they are modeled on successful laws passed in other States, including California, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The paper states that the Hawaii?s Supreme Court struck down Megan?s Law, as enacted by the State of Hawaii, on November, 21 2001, because they ruled that it violated due process, right to privacy and equal protection under the law. The author believes that Hawaii made an error in its original version of Megan?s Law when it did not contain provisions for allowing convicted sex offenders out of the requirements of registering in a meaningful amount of time.
Table of Contents
History of Registering Sex Offenders in Hawaii
Registering Sex Offenders and Public Access
Known Problems with Offenders Not Registering
Problems with Offenders Housing
Legal Statues
Unique Provisions of the Law
Current Stats
Where does Megan?s Law Stand in Hawaii / Opposition to the Law
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The State maintains a database that citizens can access from any county police station headquarters in their area. The database contains information on all those convicted of any crimes, as well as sex crimes. The weak point of the database seems to be that if your sexual crime was not committed in Hawaii, there seems no provision for accessing information about the person or the crime. The computers are accessible during normal business hours Monday through Friday. The State used to have a website that could be accessed but because Megan?s Law, as it was written by the Legislature in Hawaii, was struck down by the Hawaiian Supreme Court that web site has go off line. The Legislature has sense rewritten the law. According to the State?s official governmental website you can still access the information on line but when you click on the link you go to a page that says it is still under construction."
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Megan's Law, 2007.
An overview of Megan's law and discussion on whether it can be considered fair.
2,346 words (approx. 9.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
Megan's Law requires known sex offenders to register their address with the state in which they live. The basis for the law was Washington State's 1990 Community Protection Act. However, it was the rape and murder of 7 year old Megan Kanka that prompted public demand for comprehensive community notification. This paper looks at how since that time the law has come under debate due to its potential violation of first amendment laws and the denial of the right to privacy of the sex offenders. It explores both sides of the issue and supports the thesis that Megan's law is necessary and that notification should not only be pursued, but that it should be pursued aggressively.
Outline:
Elements of the Law
The Controversy
Parents vs. Law Enforcement
Where Do We Draw the Line?
From the Paper
"The number of known sex offenders in the United States is staggering. The state of New York alone has more than 14,000 sex offenders on its registry (New York Attorney General). The first portion of Megan's law that requires registration is not the source of controversy in recent debates. The law is relatively clear on the registration process. This process is largely under the control of law enforcement. Under the first portion of Megan's Law the types of offenders are divided into three types. They are classified as Level 1 (low risk), Level 2 (moderate risk), and Level 3 (high risk) (New York Attorney General). This portion of the law is uniform across the country. "
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Megan's Law, 2002.
A paper which analyzes the issues surrounding Megan's Law, a reform in the law regarding sexual offenders.
1,054 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how law is a powerful cornerstone of society, establishing both an orderly set of rules and regulations as well as serving as an impetus for social change. Over the past few decades, the law has brought many advances in society, from preserving a woman?s right to choose an abortion (Roe v. Wade), ordering public schools to desegregate (Brown v. Board of Education), and from increasing awareness regarding sexual offenders. The paper shows, however, before these social changes could occur and laws could be enacted, a tragic event (such as a murder, racial tensions, etc.) frequently had to occur. In the case of Megan?s law, a little girl had to be violently raped and murdered before legislators decided to reform the laws concerning sexual offenders. This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to Megan?s Law. Part II provides an overview of Megan?s Law. In Part III, the pros and cons of sex offender registration and public notification are outlined and evaluated. Lastly, this paper concludes with recommendations for improving Megan?s Law.
From the Paper
"While there are numerous advantages to Megan?s Law, there are disadvantages as well. Critics of Megan?s Law call it a ?modern-day scarlet letter,? a probation that in effect never ends. (Pitts). As such, Megan?s Law arguably contradicts the notion that after an individual has paid his/her debt to society, he/she is entitled to a second chance without fear of vigilantism. (Pitts, BBC). Opponents of Megan?s Law argue that it is not highly effective, especially given that only 80% of pedophiles comply with registration requirements in the United States, compared with 97% in the United Kingdom. (BBC). Additionally, opponents of Megan?s Law point out that most cases of child abuse occur within the family, and suggest that victims may remain silent if they believe a family member will be denounced. (BBC)."
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Death Notifications, 2008.
This paper discusses death notifications as another side of police work.
2,942 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses suggested protocol for officers to consider when death notifications become a part of their responsibility. The phases of death notifications are identified and include what the officer should not do. The writer notes that requiring an officer to make any death notification is difficult but the problem is compounded when the deceased victim is an officer. The writer maintains that line-of-duty deaths are by far the toughest for any law enforcement to deal with. This paper briefly covers the unique circumstances officers must consider when notifying a next of kin after a line-of-duty death. Finally, suggested training techniques conclude this paper. The writer includes personal experiences in the paper.
Outline:
Abstract
From the Paper
"One late night around 11:00 am, I was radioed in my patrol unit and asked to telephone police dispatch. During this phone conversation, I was told that our agency was notified by a neighboring state agency in reference to a major vehicle accident in that state. The dispatcher was informed that the mother in the vehicle died at the scene and the father was almost certain to die at the hospital. The daughter of the occupants lived locally and the out of state officer wanted me to make the notification of such a tragic event. The only instructions given to me were to withhold the information about the father's almost certain death.
"Although this event took place over one year ago, I can remember vividly making that phone call, receiving my instructions and making a short drive to the daughter's location that seemingly took an eternity."
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Mandatory Sex Offender Registration, 1999.
Ethical analysis, in context of Megan's law, which includes community notification of offender's presence. Argues law is important, necessary & effective.
5,850 words (approx. 23.4 pages), 26 sources, £ 93.95
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From the Paper
"MANDATORY SEX OFFENDER REGISTRATION
Introduction
The purpose of this paper is to discuss mandatory sex offender registration, taking an ethical stand on this criminology/criminal justice issue. It must be noted here that the ethical position that is taken is formulated within the most current legal context of the issue, namely the context of Megan's law, stipulating that there not only be mandatory registration but also community notification. This law has wedded the two issues and to discuss one without the other would be to provide an incomplete assessment of the registration issue.
The discussion and formulation of an ethical stance on the selected issue is presented in five discrete categories. These are: (a) a historical overview of the issue; (b) a description of.."
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Megan's Law, 2001.
An argumentative paper addressing the issue of notification regarding sexual offenders living in one's area.
2,470 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
It is the argument of this paper that justification for the notification of communities to the presence of sex offenders far outweighs any counter argument. People should most definitely be notified of sex offenders in their neighborhoods. This notification should not only be attempted but should be aggressively pursued to assure total coverage.
From the Paper
"To hear on the news of a brutal rape and murder of a small child somewhere across the country is disturbing enough. To hear of such an outrage in your own neighborhood can bring, fear provoking agony. Imagine the reaction of the mother of 7 year old Megan Kanka when she found out that the man who lived across the street and murdered her daughter had two previous convictions as a sex offender. Why hadn?t she been informed? The perpetrator had paid his debt to society and had his right to privacy. But what about Megan?s right to life? What about her right to an innocent childhood free of the horrors of sexual molestation? A value judgement must be made on this issue. Protecting the life of an innocent child must be valued more highly than the privacy rights of a convicted felon. People have not only a right to be notified of sexual offenders living in their neighborhoods, but they have a right to demand that officials make an aggressive effort to notify them. The nation as a whole overwhelming seems ready to make this judgement."
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Individual Rights vs. Public Order, 2004.
An examination of the conflict between an individual?s right to privacy and the public?s need for safety in the context of sex-offender notification rules.
2,037 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the United States is a country that prides itself on the level of freedom afforded to its citizens and how freedom and the rights of the individual are two concepts that helped shape the very backbone of the country. It also discusses how the concept of public order provides a framework by which most citizens can operate. In particular, it looks at what happens when there is a clash between individual rights and public order in the context of sex-offender notification rules. It concludes that the safety of the community should and must take precedence over the sex offender?s individual right to privacy.
From the Paper
"Many cities have sex-offender notification laws on the books. These laws mandate that a convicted sex offender must notify the local police in the community in which he (most sex offenders are male; in fact the Department of Justice [1996] has determined that all but 3 percent of offenders who commit violent crimes against children are male) decides to live upon being released from prison. He is required to provide to the police information such as his place of residence, his place of employment, if he moves and where he is moving to, and other basic information. The police then make this information available to the community in some form, whether it be through a Web site, mailings, announcements in the newspapers, announcements at neighborhood meetings, and so on."
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