| Papers [1-14] of 30 :: [Page 1 of 3] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 —> | Search results on "NEUROTRANSMITTER DOPAMINE": |
|
|
The Neurotransmitter Dopamine, 2000.
This paper examines the neurotransmitter dopamine.
1,500 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, £ 34.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper examines one particular chemical, dopamine, to determine its role in the regulation of mood, as well as its effects in cases of chemical imbalance. This paper is intended to provide a scientific look at the molecule. Several scientific tests are examined and cited. The author, in examining dopamine, also covers a wide variety of related topics, including alcohol and drug addiction.
From the Paper
" Feeling well is important to everyone. Countless books, lectures, and small groups exist only to help people feel good about themselves. The state of happiness is controlled by many different factors, some that are external to an individual, and some that are internal. External factors would be any of those that occur outside of the individual, such as career related stress, status of relationships, and even the realization of some goal or accomplishment. Internally, or biologically, there are also many things that influence happiness and well-being. These biological factors can respond to external stimuli, or in the case of chemical imbalances, have configurations that are not controlled by any stimuli, but seem to act on their own. "
| |
|
Dopamine and Wake/Sleep Cycles, 2008.
This paper explores the role of dopamine in human sleep/wake cycles.
912 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 22.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper analyzes dopamine's chemical application and explains the neurochemistry aspects of the brain. The paper looks at recent drugs that act upon dopamine receptors to inhibit sleep and examines their cost and effectiveness.
Outline:
Role of Dopamine in Human Sleep/Wake Cycle
Chemical Application of Dopamine
Recent Drugs that Act upon Dopamine Receptors to Inhibit Seep
Cost and Effectiveness
From the Paper
"Dopamine is a biogenic amine, catecholamine (an amine derived from the amino acid tyrosine, hormone and neurotransmitter that plays a critical role in the CNS (Central Nervous System) to manage and/or organize emotion, cardiovascular, hormonal, renal, locomotion and cognitive processes. Dopamine was discovered by two great scientists: Arvid Carlsson and Nils-Ake Hillarp at a Heart Laboratory in Sweden. Arvid Carlsson won a Pulitzer Prize for his discovery. Dopamine is synthesized in the hypothalamus of the brain as this controls every endocrine gland in the body. Many changes occur in the neurotransmitter levels of the brain, which evolves wake/sleep cycles."
| |
|
Dopamine, 2005.
An overview of dopamine and the role it plays in human physiology and psychology.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 1 source, £ 18.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the role dopamine plays in pleasure and motivation, thinking, schizophrenia, psychosis and Parkinson's Disease, all of which are related to insufficient or overabundance of dopamine in the brain. L-Dopa and its role in crossing the blood-brain barrier is also briefly mentioned.
From the Paper
"Dopamine is a chemical compound found in the brains of all humans, produced naturally by the body. It is a neurotransmitter produced by the hypothalamus and plays a major role in several important physiological and psychological aspects of human development. Dopamine has at least five different receptors and four major pathways through the brain, all of which indicate different functions in the body (Blum; "Dopamine"). This paper will look at some of those functions and roles that dopamine plays, and discuss some of the more important aspects in psychological development and pathology. One of the more recently understood roles of dopamine is that it plays an important role in the creation of desire and motivation, the wanting something or wanting to do something, not just sexual desire, although it does affect that as well. "
| |
|
Dopamine System, 2006.
A review of Bruce G. Mockett's report "Dopamine D1/D5 Receptor Activation Fails to Initiate an Activity-Independent Late-Phase LTP in Rat Hippocampus".
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses a report by Bruce G. Mockett on research that focused on some key issues of the problem of the dopamine system. The paper describes the purpose of the research, theoretical assumptions underlying the research, the methods used in the research, the main findings of the research and its contributions.
From the Paper
"As it is well known catecholamines play an important role in the regulation of the vital functions. Understanding the mechanisms of the neuromodulation is a crucial point for the modern psychopharmacology, behavioral sciences, neurophysiology. One of the most urgent questions is clarification of the cellular mechanisms of the principal mental functions: memory, cognition and emotions. Explanations for multiple receptors with similar ligand specificity include subtype-specific differences in distribution or developmental expression (Lezcano N., Bergson C., 2002). Thus, dopamine transmission is mediated by G-protein-coupled receptors. They mark them out into five groups: D1-like (D1 and D5 subtypes) and D2-like (D2-D4 subtypes). The D1 subtype is the most prevalent dopamine receptor in brain. Recent researches gave evidence that the D1-like receptors take part in modulating motor, cognitive and reward behavior is well established. There is evidence that D1-like receptors can modulate various forms of synaptic plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD), in the various cerebral structures including neocortex, hippocampus and striatum."
| |
|
Neurotransmitter Transporters, 2004.
An analysis of neurotransmitter transporters and related diseases.
3,923 words (approx. 15.7 pages), 27 sources, MLA, £ 73.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper identifies two kinds of neurotransmitter transporters: Vesicular transporters that package transmitters into synaptic vesicles; and plasma membrane transporters that remove transmitters that have been released and then recycle them. The paper focuses on the present research status of both vesicular and membrane transporters. Special attention is paid to their anatomical and cellular localization, pharmacological properties and involvement in the physiology of the normal and pathological neural system.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Transporters in Vesicle Cycle
Vesicular Transporters(VNTs)
Plasma Membrane Transporters
Related Diseases
Summary
From the Paper
"Neuron is a highly specific cell for its important function, which served as intercellular communication. Nerve cells communicate with each other and with target cells by transmitting electrical signals and by releasing neurotransmitter. At a chemical synapse that releases neurotransmitter, the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells are separated by the synaptic cleft, then neurotransmitter will naturally be the agent to contact both sides. The information neurotransmitter past on depends on the nature and strength of specific neurotransmitter and different target receptors at the postsynaptic cell. This complex procedure is vital to an organism; actually, they not only affect basic functions such as the coordination of muscles and the endocrine system, but also cognitive functions such as learning and memory. Additionally, almost all neural system diseases are highly concerned with neurotransmitter, so as to transporters. The study of transporter in anatomical and cellular localization, pharmacological properties, and involvement in the physiology of the normal/pathological neural system is necessarily to be part of neural disease research."
| |
|
The Role of Biogenic Amine Reward Pathways in Happiness and Sadness, 2002.
A neurobiological essay focusing on the biogenic amine reward pathways and biogenic amines, namely those of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline (norepinephrine).
3,175 words (approx. 12.7 pages), 19 sources, APA, £ 63.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper looks at the anatomical origins of the neurotransmitters dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline and their associated pathways, as well as the basic anatomy of the limbic system and its associated structures. The essay then goes on to explain that our brain is structured such that certain environmental stimuli can cause us to have positive or negative reinforcing experiences based on how our neurochemicals react in response to the situation. The reward pathways in our brain help to determine much of our everyday behaviour, whether it may be the urge to eat, the drive to have sex or the addiction associated with mind-altering drugs. As such, we must receive appropriate stimulation and positive reward in order to function as individuals and be happy, or we are at risk of a reward deficiency resulting in negative emotions such as sadness or depression. There is also a discussion of how addictive behavior can be due to positive reward systems which have a very strong influence on the way we act.
From the Paper
"Happiness and sadness are two primary human emotions, and whilst more often than not caused as a result of external stimuli, they are largely determined by neurobiological processes that occur in the brain ? namely that of biogenic amine reward pathways. We have to stimulate these pathways adequately every day if we are to function well mentally, physically and emotionally. The experience of emotion is integral to who we are as humans. Darwin (1872 in Ekman, 1973) defined emotion as essential to the welfare of group-living species. Without emotion, we would be unable to be attracted to one another, reproduce, or interact socially, amongst other things. Emotions also have distinct motivational properties (Izard, 1971) and understandably, the reward system and its close association with pleasure plays a large part in determining our actions. "Pleasure is unquestionably a key factor in controlling the motivated behaviours of humans." (Kandel et. al., 2000 p.1007) Emotions are known to lead to specific behavioural patterns that determine the way in which we live our lives and influence the experience of consequent emotions, for example, happiness or sadness."
| |
|
Internet Gaming Addiction, 2005.
This paper discusses internet gaming addition focusing on three genre: MMORPG (Massively Multiplayer Online Role Playing Games), RTBS (Real-Time Battle Strategy) and FPS (First Person Shooters).
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that, when someone thinks of an addiction, internet gaming doesn't generally come to mind first but it is dangerous. The author points out that some of the indications of addition are worsening school grades or work performance, becoming obsessed or preoccupied with being on the game even when not connected to the internet and choosing to play video games over socializing with friends. The paper relates that MMORPGs are crafted to reward quickly the player in the beginning, allowing the player to level up in a very short amount of time, quickly developing talents and skills thus increasing the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is associated with addictions.
From the Paper
"My roommate, Jason, has suffered from addictions to multiple games, including "Red Alert 2", a RTBS, "Counter-Strike: Source", a FPS, and most recently "World of WarCraft," a MMORPG. Each game is completely different, and very involved, requiring months to learn how to be a good player. During the time in which Jason was addicted to Red Alert 2, he would play over the networks against only one or two different people. He wasn't playing for the social aspect, rather, just for the rush he got from winning. At the time when he was addicted, he was working the graveyard shift as a security guard, from midnight to eight in the morning. His girlfriend at the time was working full time, as well, nine in the morning until five in the afternoon. As such, they had very little time to spend together. Almost an hour in the morning, and only a few hours in the evening, Jason spent this time on Red Alert 2."
| |
|
Schizophrenia, 1997.
Definition, symptoms, types, conflicting theories on causes (dopamine, double-bind) and research.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 13 sources, £ 27.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
" Definitional Criteria and Symptoms
According to the American Psychiatric Association (DSM-IV, 1994), a diagnosis of schizophrenia may be given if patients meet the following criteria:
A. At least two of the following symptoms lasting for at least one month in the active phase (exception: only one symptom if it involves bizarre delusions or if hallucinations involve a running commentary on the person or two or more voices talking with each other):
1. Delusions
2. Hallucinations
3. Disorganized speech (incoherent or frequent derailment)... "
| |
|
Serotonin, 1996.
Examines possible role of this neurotransmitter in fight against depression.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 11 sources, £ 32.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"Is Serotonin a Shared Chemical Pathway for Depression?
Serotonin, scientifically termed 5-hydroxytryptamine or
5-HT, was first discovered in research and crystallized 40 years ago. Neuroscientists have determined that 5-HT is a major neurotransmitter involved in a number of physiological processes such as sleep, thermoregulation, appetite control, sexual behavior, cardiovascular function, endocrine regulation and muscle contraction. Additionally, it is implicated in the "mechanism of action of various pharmacological agents (anxiolytic agents, antidepressants, hallucinogenic agents)" (Cannon, 1991, p. 132). After studying 5-HT for over 25 years Page concluded that "no physiological substance has been discovered that has such diverse actions in the body as serotonin" (Cannon, 1991, p. 132). The question which..."
| |
|
Diagnosing and Treating Psychotic Syndromes, 2006.
This paper examines the diagnosis and treatment of psychotic episodes and syndromes while focusing on the use of anti-psychotic drugs also known as neuroleptics.
1,179 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 27.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper focuses on the use of anti-psychotic (neuroleptic) drugs which are an essential treatment method in controlling psychotic behavior. The writer of this paper examines how and when certain types of neuroleptic medications are used. Psychotic behavior is qualified as the persistent manifestation of hallucinations, delusions, agitation or disorganized thinking. Psychotic syndromes are characterized on a chemical basis by faulty neurotransmitter production, emission and uptake. Neuroleptics, now known as old or traditional anti-psychotics, work to inhibit the excess dopamine in the brain which result in psychotic behavior. This paper discusses the diagnosis and various treatments currently available for psychotic behavior, as well as their success rates. Despite the often unpleasant side effects and the chemical limitations of neuroleptics, despite their inability to truly end psychotic syndromes, they are a necessary part of treatment.
Table of Contents:
What Are Neuroleptics?
Why Are They Used?
How Do They Work?
How Are They Used?
Bibliography
From the Paper
"When a patient has established a level of efficacy along with stable, manageable side effects, secondary drugs are often prescribed to help manage those side effects. The most common combination is neuroleptic, antiparkinsonian agent, and anti-depressant. Antiparkinsonian agents are far and away the single most common, as 70% of all known neuroleptics cause extra-pyramidal symptoms. Diuretics, anti-inflammatories, and mild stimulants are also common to counteract the more physical discomforts of neuroleptic use. Of particular interest when prescribing and using narcoleptics is the prevention of tardive dyskinesia, which was a nearly inevitable side effect from prolonged use of anti-psychotics."
| |
|
Mental Disorders, Physical Causes, 1994.
A genetic, biochemical and anatomic research into psychological problems. Includes neurotransmitters, schizophrenia, depression and medical intervention.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 7 sources, £ 49.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
From the Paper
"Mental Disorders: A Medical Problem?
In recent decades, medical research has begun to delineate some of the physiological phenomena associated with the various mental disorders. Genetic, biochemical, and anatomic investigations increasingly indicate that psychiatric disease is a medical problem resulting through physiologic mechanisms. Of the different processes that could be involved, neurotransmitter imbalances have received considerable scrutiny. Altered levels of norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin may be responsible for such diseases as schizophrenia and depression. This obviously emphasizes medical treatments as the most appropriate therapy for these disorders. Regardless though, psychiatric health care providers continue to widely utilize psychological interventions. One such treatment, dynamic psychotherapy, dates back to the..."
| |
|
Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 2004.
This paper discusses that drug and alcohol abuse and addiction can be viewed as behavioral issues with psychological and physiological consequences.
2,790 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper explains that it is important to recognize how the more known and dangerous drugs influence neurochemistry. For example, heroin increases the release of dopamine by increasing the firing of dopamine neurons. The postsynaptic neuronal receptors are then inundated to levels far higher than normal; therefore, heroin usage is associated with the feelings of mood elevation and euphoria. The author points out that drug and alcohol metabolites, which are residual substances of drugs that remain during the drug and alcohol metabolism that takes place in the liver, are implicated in problems during withdrawal, remission, and craving. The paper recommends that treatment modalities should include pharmacotherapeutic as well as psychological and emotional support structures, including family involvement and 12-step programs such as AA (Alcoholics Anonymous), NA (Narcotics Anonymous) and CA (Cocaine Anonymous).
From the Paper
"From the above therefore, a new motivational perspective of drug abuse emerges. It can be classified as two fold: extreme motivational strength and extreme motivational toxicity. Motivational strength is associated with the extent to which addiction can replace other basic motivations such as food, sex and the need to maintain a career. Motivational strength is also associated with to what lengths an addict will go to procure drugs. The psychosocial ramifications (as mentioned above) are a consequence of motivational strength. Motivational toxicity, on the other hand, can be defined by how it can be disruptive. Cocaine affects the user differently than heroin and methamphetamines. Typically, addiction can be towards anything. Most people are addicted to mild sedatives, cigarettes (though some aver that it is more addictive than cocaine), coffee, shopping, chocolate and gambling. Any of these addictions can be measured based on motivational strength and motivational toxicity."
| |
|
Doperminergic Neurotransmission, 2004.
An analysis of the manipulation of doperminergic neuro-transmission in the treatment of neurological and neuro-psychiatric disorders.
990 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper looks at the imbalance of dopamine in neurological disorders and attempts to explain why they occur and the treatments that are used to combat them. It also examines how it is specific to disorders caused by imbalances in dopamine levels such as schizophrenia.
From the Paper
"Antagonism of dopamine receptors leads to interference with normal functioning of these pathways, bringing about unwanted side effects as well as the desired antipsychotic effect. By dopaminergic antagonism (blocking the dopamine receptor sites) of the mesolimbic mesocortical pathway it is thought that typical neuroleptics exert their antipsychotic effects. The side effects of mesolimbic and mesocortical dopaminergic inhibition are sedation and impaired performance."
| |
|
A Neurobiological Basis for Bipolar Disorder, 2000.
A discussion of the physiological roots of bipolar disorder, common treatments and the effect of medication.
2,170 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 10 sources, £ 46.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the physiological roots of bipolar disorder (commonly known as "manic depression") including neuroanatomy and neurotransmitters. It also discusses common treatments of bipolar disorder, and how medication available affects neurotransmitter levels and so inhibits symptoms.
|
|
|
