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The League of Nations and the United Nations, 2005.
This paper discusses the participation of the U.S. in the League of Nations and the United Nations as an element of the American national interest.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the U. S. failed to support the League of Nations, America supported the United Nations because the supreme national interest of America was to obtain a world atmosphere in which the United States could grow its inner social values devoid of undue commotion or danger from the outside. The author points out that collective action via the United Nations instead of unilateral action was considered politically viable on key political issues. The paper concludes that the League of Nations and the United Nations disappointed hopes the following the two world wars because, in no way, can they be an autonomous political power; at best, the U.N. is a mirror image of the opposing interest of autonomous states.
Table of Contents
Introduction
America's Rejection to Support the League of Nations
The Historical Background
The Fundamental Principals that Lead to the Rejection of the League of Nations
America's Support for the United Nations
Using United Nations to Achieve the Goals of American Foreign Policy
The Fundamental Goal of Military Security
The Fundamental Goal of Political Security:
The Fundamental Goal of Stability and Welfare
The Fundamental Goal of World Order
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the United States of America the major disagreement on both the groundwork venture and the refined Covenant of the League of Nations had been on the base that the League would function as an intrusion with the sovereignty of America and with the Monroe principle, that it concerned desertion of the traditional American policy, which had not been in favor of entrapped coalitions, and that the government did not have the power, within its Constitution, to insert such an agreement . Independence has revealed to be just so much freedom of action on the behalf of countries as is coherent with their responsibility, within international law and principles, to authorize the application of uniform independence or freedom of action by their sister countries. The League agreement had assured all States in their application of this sovereignty free from coercion by other Countries, and he who desires more is actually in search of the authorization thoughtlessly to ignore these commitments -- to refuse, for instance, the fair rulings of a properly established tribunal -- which is the German perception of independence."
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Nationalism and the Founding of Nations, 2007.
A discussion of whether it is nationalism which engenders nations or the opposite.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper argues the case in favor of the stance that nationalism engenders nations, and not the other way around. The paper points out that there has yet to be any real consensus reached among historians regarding this question. It asserts that a large proportion of this debate relies on the context in which the argument is made, i.e. the time-frame and historical references used. Furthermore, definitions of the terms "nationalism" and "nation" vary from one source to another. The paper attempts to define these key terms. The interaction between nations and nationalism is analyzed using the nationalist movement of eighteenth and nineteenth century Germany as a reference point. The paper concludes that analyzing the origins of the nationalist movement illustrates how nationalism preceded the nation.
From the Paper
"It has already been said that a nation is not something overly definitive, so how can we justify its existence? It is generally accepted that any nation of people exists because that certain group of people have something or some things in common; race, language, culture, history etc. But it is inadequate to define a nation by describing it as an entity in which all individuals share common characteristics, because there will always be exceptions to the rule. Yet, if we try to define a nation using only a single rule, e.g. the necessity of a shared culture, then we narrow it down to too fine a focus, and potentially exclude a large number of people who identify themselves as being part of that nation. Renan, for example, championed heritage and the shared "heroic past" of a people as the only required component of a nation."
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League of Nations and the United Nations, 2005.
This paper compares and contrasts the League of Nations and the United Nations.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer compares and contrasts the League of Nations and the United Nations as international organizations formed to maintain peace and international cooperation. The writer discusses the League's role in reducing international tensions and its limited effectiveness. Further, the writer discusses the complexity of the United Nations as an organization.
From the Paper
Inis L. Claude stated that 'One World' is in some respects an idea land an aspiration born of modern interpretations of ancient moral thoughts and of rational estimates of the requirements for human survival. Both the League of Nations and its successor the United Nations were created as international organizations with a vested interest in maintaining the peace, preventing war, creating a mechanism or set of mechanisms for international cooperation and diplomacy and otherwise serving as trustees of ... "
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Nation - Nation State, 2002.
Defining the difference between a nation and a nation-state.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
Even though these concepts seem very similar, this paper uses contemporary examples to show the difference between a nation and a nation-state. It discusses the history of Zionism, the "Nation of Islam" quest by African-Americans, and the ongoing wars in the Balkans. It also looks at different factors taken into account when defining these concepts - religion, history and culture.
From the Paper
"Defining the difference between a nation and a nation-state can seem more like a bit of philosophical hair-splitting than a useful distinction for a political scientist to make in analyzing the present global situation. However, to better understand the assumptions that underline the terms of ?nation? and ?nation state? it is useful to unpack such concepts before passing judgement on what is a nation or a nation state in the real world of lived political existence."
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Nationalism and the Modern Nation State, 2004.
A comparison of Umut Ozkirimli?s work, entitled "Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction" and Stuart J. Kaufman?s "Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War".
842 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper examines these two writers' views on nationality and concludes that, although Kaufman is more inclined to speak of ?hatreds? rather than ethnic identities, Kaufman also, like Ozkirimli, stresses the importance of understanding the emotional significance of ethnic and national identity when constructing a nation state, rather than the idea that ethnicity exists as a linear, enclosed historical trope within definable and easily recognizable boundaries;ethnicity is ?felt,? rather than historically in evidence, for both authors.
From the Paper
"The overview present in Umut Ozkirimli?s analysis is a warning not to dismiss the importance of nationalism, and also a caution not to accept certain groups? claims to nationhood wholesale and at their face value, as the concept of what constitutes ethnicity shifts and changes, depending on individual?s particular political alliances in a particular historical context. Ozkirimili?s work has a far more dispassionate tone, in contrast, to Stuart J. Kaufman?s Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Kaufman?s work, in contrast to Ozkirimli, is more stridently prescriptive in nature. However, Kaufman is also more rigorous in his use of international political theoretical frameworks to justify his suggestions to policymakers."
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Quebec Nationalism vs. Canadian Nationalism, 2006.
A discussion on why nationalism is stronger in Quebec than it is in the rest of Canada.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
It is very clear that nationalism is stronger in Quebec than it is in the rest of Canada. While Quebec remains a province of federal Canada, the question of seceding from Canada and becoming an independent country is never far from the agenda of most politicians in Quebec, and generates immense patriotic fervor throughout Quebec. This factor makes Quebec entirely different from other Canadian provinces. For example, we never hear talk of British Columbia seceding from Canada and becoming the Republic of British Columbia. In order to understand this peculiar situation, this paper investigates Canada's past and, specifically, the history of Quebec with Canada.
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Two Nations Within a Nation, 2002.
A justification for slavery.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that slavery was good for blacks. The author explains that the moral justification to slavery used by Southerners was that there was an inherent 'inferiority' in dark-skinned peoples. This meant that 'superior' races had a legitimate right to control them as they saw fit.
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American National Security, 2001.
An examination of the meaning and origin of "national security," the absence of geographical limits in defining national security, and a critical examination of the historical impact of American foreign policy during the Cold War (cites Chomsky extensivel
1,336 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 3 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that although the term national security, as a Cold War construct, is new, the application of power abroad, as needed by the state, is recorded even in Biblical times. The paper looks at US foreign policy throughout the 20th century, around the time of the world wars and during the Cold War. Some of the questions looked at are: How the state defines the goals that compose its national interest, the means the state selects to pursue those goals, and the state?s identification of others as friend or foe determine how the promotion of the inherently ambiguous concept of ?national security? parlays into actual policy. The paper proves that promotion of national security is the logical means by which the state?s preferences are realized.
From the Paper
"Instead, maintenance of a subservient client role for such states was sufficient; the United States would enjoy the benefits of its clients acceding to American preferences for their economic and foreign policies, without being burdened with the chore of actually administering British-style colonies. The international capitalist order, which allowed free mobility of capital, made control of large swaths of territory and people irrelevant to increasing wealth."
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National Security Strategy, 2008.
An analysis of the US National Security Strategy (NSS-2002) and the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68).
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on analyzing a particular aspect of the National Security Strategy, that is, NSS-2002. It uses the National Security Council Report 68 (NSC-68) as a reference point to understand the difference in the perceptions of threat facing the United States and the difference between the two policies. The connection between the two policies highlights some political, economic, and cultural realms that have been affected by the dimensions of the policy. Overall, it is clear that US foreign policy is reactive rather than preventative, since both NSS-2002 and NSC-68 were devised to counter, rather than to prohibit actions that were seen as harmful to the United States. The paper concludes that even domestic policies necessarily affect global economy, due to the integration of societies, thus careful consideration of foreign policy on use of power is imperative.
Outline:
Introduction
National Security Strategy (NSS-2002) and NSC-68: A Critical Review
Conclusion
From the Paper
"What are the similarities and differences between the NSS-2002 and the NSC-68? There is the common misconception that the NSS-2002 is simple about combating terrorism. As can be clearly seen from the eight principles outlines, the NSS-2002 surpasses combating terrorism, but has an overarching aim of promoting free trade and combating all aspects of terrorism. It is necessary to distinguish between state-sponsored and non-state sponsored terrorism, so as to understand how the NSS-2002 integrates all aspects of threats irrespective or origin and devises mechanisms to combat these issues."
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The Augusta National Controversy, 2002.
Discusses the media war between the National Council of Women?s Organizations and the Augusta National Golf Club over the club's policy of excluding women.
2,890 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses why the prestigious Augusta National Golf Club excludes women from its membership roles. It discusses whether it is legal and, moreover, ethical, for a private club to exclude an American citizen based on gender. The paper focuses on the public relations battle which took place between the club's chairman, Hootie Johnson, and chairperson of the National Council of Women's Organizations, Martha Burk, over the club's exclusion of women from the club and the Masters Tournament which takes place each year. The paper explores Augusta National's public image following the confrontation and looks at how Burk threatened to turn one of America?s most esteemed sporting events into a public relations nightmare for its sponsors. The paper looks at how successful her very public made-for-media strategy to challenge corporate America?s commercial support of The Masters Tournament really was.
From the Paper
"Meanwhile, in the past few months, everyone of any stature in golf (Tiger Woods was most prominent among opinions expressed; he declined to take sides), in civil rights (Jesse Jackson announced he would lead the charge against the discrimination of women), and it seems, in the media, had an opinion on Augusta?s refusal to admit women. Sandy Grady, writing in USA Today, noted that Augusta?s power elite were ??so petrified that feminists will infiltrate their boys club, they announced this rule, according to the Augusta Chronicle: ?Patrons will be asked to return to their cars and remove buttons, hats, or T-shirts that express any opinion, pro or con, on a social or political basis?.? That would appear to be unconstitutional at the worst, and, at the least, blatant paranoia."
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US National Security Documents, 2005.
Comparison of two documents: The United States Commission on National Security for the 21st Century and The Bush Administration's First National Security Strategy (NSS).
3,200 words (approx. 12.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
Countries have become unsure of their security and about their relationships with the countries that surround them. Since September 11th, a large number of scholars, scientists and political thinkers have started to analyze and provide their own theories on the U.S. and Iraqi war and state relations. One of these groups of political thinkers is the U.S. Commission on National Security of the 21st Century. This Commission discusses and analyzes the problems in the world, specifically concerning the United States and the concerns of the changing world. The Commission has strove to provide critical theories and interpretations of what the United States should do in response to the changing world security environment. This essay addresses the Commission's response, as well as the response provided by President George W. Bush's administration of national security strategy by comparing both documents and noting the merits and criticisms of them. A final wrap-up summary is also provided.
From the Paper
"The three primary concerns of the introduction are: defence against enemies, cooperation with other nations in curtailing others from gaining dangerous technologies, and lastly, the encouragement of democracy and economic openness in all nations. It concludes by insisting that other nations should respond to terrorism and threats in the same offensive manner as the United States, calling for collective responsibility and "accountability." On the other hand, the CNS's introduction for Phase I suggests the same problems are facing the United States and the world, and calls for a similar approach as the NSS, emphasising "economic growth, regional integration, and global political cooperation." A key line for distinguishing the languages in each document is the CNS's suggestion that "active American engagement cannot prevent all problems," while the NSS is much more optimistic with regard to that idea."
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The National Park Service, 2007.
A critical look at the US National Park Service (NPS) and the National Parks under their jurisdiction.
3,271 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how national parks in the US have various problems, including pollution stemming from inside and outside the parks and a present management that is seen as insufficient and contradictory. The paper discusses the structure, history and mission of the National Park Service (NPS). The paper looks at park system powers and the politics surrounding them. The paper concludes that a restructuring in the administration of the NPS might be in order, if only to gain more protection for the parks against 21st century environmental problems.
Outline:
Structure
History
Mission
Powers
Politics
From the Paper
"Since 1916, more than 370 parks of great natural beauty and grandeur from Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands to the Hawaiian Islands have been managed and preserved by the National Park Service (NPS) which is a bureau of the United States Department of the Interior. Such great historic and natural treasures as the Grand Canyon and Yellowstone; are now parks that preserve the pristine animal habitats or echo the nation's history, such as the Gettysburg Battlefield or preserve such notable landscapes as Mesa Verde and parks along seashores, lakeshores, and river-ways. They also provide opportunities for outdoor activities, such as at Assateague Island and Lake Mead. (National Park Service 2006)."
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National Emergency Management, 2007.
This paper examines national emergency laws in Japan, the United States, Canada, China and India and what they reveal about national concerns and agendas.
3,678 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, with regard to national emergency laws, Japan, the United States and Canada focus on man-made disasters, whereas China and India emphasize naturally-occurring events. The paper shows how, while all five countries adhere to the same basic approach of contemplating mitigation, vulnerability and recovery, the United States and India have produced extensive and impressive bureaucratic responses to recent events while other nations have lagged behind. The paper discusses how different nations' plans are a direct reflection on what they feel are most threatening to their future security and well-being.
From the Paper
"Japan is the first of the nation's whose national emergency management will be reviewed and it does indeed provide an interesting case. Specifically, it is appropriate to look at Japan's recent national emergency legislation - legislation designed specifically to give that country greater military freedom in the event of external attack or even threat. To begin with, 2003 saw the Japanese Parliament or Diet approve three contingency bills - the Bill to Respond to Armed Attack, the Bill for Revision on the Law Governing the Security Council of Japan, the Bill for Revision on the Self-Defense Forces (SDF) Law. Essentially, these bills - which are quite complex pieces of legislation - permit the Japanese government to disavow the "abandoning war" commitment delineated in Article 9 of the national Constitution; in a closely-related vein, injunctions against strengthening or broadening the country's military operations and development have now been cast aside."
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A National Healthcare System, 2005.
This paper discusses the ethics of a national healthcare system in the U.S..
6,360 words (approx. 25.4 pages), 37 sources, APA, £ 102.95
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Abstract
This paper asserts that the U.S., being such a rich nation with so many
uninsured individuals, makes national healthcare and national health insurance a major ethical issue: National health insurance is a political idea which must be resolved. The author points out that the proponents of national healthcare tend to emphasize, in different shades of reasoning according to the cost proposed, the argument that the right to free or affordable healthcare is inalienable; whereas, people in opposition state that the current healthcare system barely works; moreover, it worked better before the current move toward affordable healthcare systems such as Medicaid, Medicare and HMOs became widespread. The paper suggests that the present managed care system will most likely be expanded, but there still will be application-based and ethical imperatives about government controlled healthcare programs as supplementary services and their position in a dynamic healthcare economy, which is becoming increasingly privatized.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Pros and Cons of National Healthcare
Socio-Economic and Ethical Issues
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another way of simplifying the current system which confuses so many with its complexities is to look at the ways in which we as a society define health. Health may be conceptualized either as a state of being free from disease or as a constant striving for physiological, psychological, and spiritual wellness. The former approach is a relatively
narrow one and has as its counterpart in ontology, whereby disease is a specific thing external to the individual which must be warded off. There are approaches that are more holistic in addressing the needs of the whole person. Among other things, rather than seeing disease as the negation of health, this simplified point of view envisions the possibility of living a healthy lifestyle even with a chronic condition like diabetes, high blood pressure, or HIV."
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