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National Security Before 9/11, 2003.
A look at what occupied American leaders in the Summer before the Towers fell.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the issues that concerned America the summer of 2001 before the World Trade Center towers fell. It shows how a survey of stories reveal few that were connected with the defense of the nation and many concerned credit card fraud and identity theft and increased security for businesses in gang neighborhoods.
From the Paper
"When the terrorist from Al Quaeda hijacked the commercial airlines on September and flew them into the World Trade Center and the Pentagon and into a field in Pennsylvania ,the nation was duly shocked. One of the great myths ..."
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Security in a Post-9/11 World, 2002.
A description of the measures taken to address the new security concerns in America.
1,770 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
The paper describes the measures that have been taken in order to secure the lives of Americans in the new reality of world terrorism. The paper describes the USA Patriot Act signed by President George Bush and discusses its problems and flaws. The paper offers further recommendations as to how to prevent future terrorist attacks.
From the Paper
"On September 11, 2001, America was changed forever. From out of the ruins of the World Trade Center, and over the unmarked graves of nearly three thousand innocent people, a new world took shape. It was a world in which the citizens of the United Sates found themselves suddenly vulnerable to the murderous plots of a handful of fanatics. A trip to the mall, a drive over a bridge, a meeting at the office: an everyday event could spell disaster. Americans were discovering for the first time what so many around the globe had known for years, that the scenes of daily life could become the settings of terror. "
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Post 9-11 Security and Privacy in IT, 2005.
Examines whether privacy and security in information technology have any future after September 11, 2001. Presents an EU and non-EU perspective.
21,000 words (approx. 84.0 pages), 300 sources, MLA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper examines not only the data protection instruments but also encompasses various breaches, recognitions and provisions for the interests of national security that over-weighs/surpass dangers to individual privacy in information technology. Chapter 2 deals with the erosion of privacy rights due to Sept 11, and amounts to probably the most significant issue in recent history, as information privacy rights have been recognized for controlling the dissemination and use of data. Chapter 3 has a comprehensive analysis that everyone has the right to be protected under the law and no one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his privacy, family, home, or correspondence. Chapter 4 studies means of private communications without the consent of the sender or receiver and deals with breaches of privacy. Chapter 5 reviews data protection instruments in EU and non-EU horizons. Chapter 6 elucidates shocking revelations against terror and a flurry of virus activity resulting in personal data of Arab males being made available to the police to protect data against the war on terrorism. Chapter 7 states the balance between privacy and security risks and suggests that privacy-invasive measures adopted have not been as effective in enhancing security as originally intended. Hence they should not be construed as rivals but rather two sides of the same coin. In Chapter 8, systematic surveillance of the citizen in both the physical and virtual worlds after September 11, 2001 is discussed in detail. In Chapter 9, the war on terrorism by the United States and its allies as well as the discussion and measures about the ways in which the world has changed is dealt with. Chapter 10 details the cooperation and mutual assistance in EU-US law enforcement, namely human trafficking, immigration, and refugees, visas, biometrics and passports, etc.
Chapter 11 addresses security concerns raised in the aftermath of the September 11 attack and interrelated issues involving the movement of people, security at the border and in the skies and various security models/gadgets as well. Chapter 12 gives details of how and why a fund was created for the compensation of victims of Sept 11. Chapter 13, last but not least, wraps up various issues discussed earlier and answers unanswered questions from the introduction.
Table of Contents:
1. Introduction
2. Individual Privacy and Personal Information
3. Legal Recognition of Privacy
4. Infringements of Individual Privacy
5. Data Protection Instruments in EU and non-EU Horizons
6. Data Protection and War against Terror
7. Privacy-Security Analysis
8. Improvement in Technologies in US and in EU
9. Provisions of National Security, EU-Non EU Measures
10. Cooperation and Mutual Assistance in EU-US Law Enforcement
11. Crime and Security in the Aftermath of Sep, 11
12. September 11 Victim Compensation Fund (VCF)
13. Conclusion and Suggestions
14. Bibliography
From the Paper
"Privacy rights have always been something of a stepchild in the family of constitutional rights. Although interpreted by the courts to be one of our fundamental rights, it is not mentioned by name anywhere in the Constitution or its amendments because it is a passive right. Felt only when absent, it tends to get less attention. This is why it became the first constitutional right in the post-September 11 execution line. Whatever the case, we should all be concerned that what has happened to privacy can also happen to other rights. There is always tension in the system, but it was designed that way, and generally we do a good job of balancing the desires of the state with the liberties of the people."
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Security Costs For Airlines Post 9/11, 2002.
An analysis of the effects of extra security expenditure and security measures on airlines.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the rising cost of security and how it is hurting airline business in the United States. The writer describes how the price tag attached with extra security measures is bringing down major airlines that were already facing a dearth of business passengers and rapid cuts in the number of flights after September 11.
From the Paper
"United States government is not only anticipating more terrorist attacks in future, it is also asking its people to pay a huge price for this fear. While the government rightly wants to beef up security in order to protect its people from terrorist activities in future, the people are unfortunately being made to pay for these governmental plans. The price tag attached with extra security measures is bringing down major airlines that were already facing a dearth of business passengers and rapid cuts in number of flights after September 11. It is important to understand that airlines industry along with the rest of travel industry has suffered immensely after September 11 but the reason why it has failed to make a decent recovery is because government is consistently levying security surcharges, which most United States airlines cannot afford. "
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Homeland Security and Government Regulations after 9/11, 2003.
A look at the agencies that govern and implement homeland security in the United States.
2,058 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses mainly the agencies and regulations that deal with the aspects terrorism outlined in "Operation Liberty Shield," an initiative under the Department of Homeland Security that was initiated in March, 2003. It looks at the limitations of these agencies regarding Constitutional laws and basic human rights, but also discusses the necessity of such strict controls after 9/11.
From the Paper
"Homeland security is defined as a "concerted national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States, reduce America's vulnerability to terrorism, and minimize the damage and recover from attacks that do occur" (United States. Department of Homeland Security, 2). The nature of American society makes the United States an ever-evolving, ever-changing target (United States, Department of Homeland Security, vii). As the nation develops defenses in one area, terrorists are likely to exploit other weaknesses. Though the Department of Homeland Security falls under the federal branch of the government, to be effective the responsibility for carrying out the department's mission falls, not only on the federal government, but on Congress, state and local governments and on the American people. Therefore, in essence, the National Strategy for Homeland Security is an outline designed to help the federal government work with other entities and individuals to identify critical infrastructures, assets, detect terrorist threats and enhance defense systems. The coordination is complex, and even if all agencies and regulations follow the outline to the letter, Americans, who desire to maintain a freedom, must accept the risk terrorist attacks as a permanent addition to the American way of life (United States. Department of Homeland Security, vii)."
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National Security, 2005.
This paper discusses national security analyses and why they are conducted.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 7 sources, £ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper examines how national security analyses are conducted in the post-9/11 world. The paper maintains that it is important to note that this process primarily involves internal government debate over the use and accuracy of the information supplied by intelligence agencies and the defense establishment. The paper explains that national security analyses are conducted in order to help resolve issues of national security concern by providing data about foreign threats, terrorist activities and related security matters.
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Canadian National Security and Privacy, 2007.
This paper examines Canadian security and privacy issues following the events of 9/11.
2,406 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of issues surrounding borders and customs in Canada following the events of 9/11. The writer explores changes that have taken place and the impact of those changes on the privacy of Canadian citizens. In particular, the writer uses the Canadian Constitution and the Charter of Rights to examine this issue. The author concludes that since the events of 9/11, it has become necessary to re-evaluate national security measures in Canada, while at the same time ensuring that the privacy of Canada's citizens is protected as well.
Outline:
Introductions
Customs and Borders
Charter Issues
When All is Said and Done
From the Paper
"Since the events of 9-11 the two most important areas of concern for Canadian officials have been customs and border issues. Because the terrorist who committed the attacks on the New York City World Towers used commercial airplanes to commit those attacks the Canadian officials along with the rest of the world has moves toward increasing air travel safety and border regulations to insure terrorists do not have access either by land or by air."
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National Security and the President, 2005.
An examination of what national security issues the American president should be concerned with.
1,054 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that in this post-9/11 world, the President of the United States has more concerns than ever regarding national security. Not only are the war with terrorists, but recent events have shown this to be a much more dangerous world than was previously thought. In this paper the writer addresses the two major national security issues on which the President should be focused - terrorism and homeland security and proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
From the Paper
"The other major national security issue facing the US today is the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (WMD), particularly nuclear weapons. A nuclear club that once consisted of only several nations now seems to be increasing daily. Many of the nations now known to possess WMD are those with interests contrary to those of ours. Iran and North Korea are the two newest members of the club, and we must have a clear and consistent policy of how to deal with them. Some have suggested that we should engage these countries by giving them part of what they need, such as Iran's public desire for a civilian nuclear program. "The interests of every nation will be served by an arrangement that gives Iran the civilian nuclear program it says it wants and the international community the insurance it needs." Efforts in the past have focused on controlling the specialized material needed to build the weapons. Some have argued that we should take a more proactive approach to dealing with this problem. "The best idea so far is the proliferation security initiative (PSI), in which America and other countries are trying to plug the loopholes through which much nuclear material seems to have passed. The PSI includes the interception of suspect shipments.""
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America's Post 9/11 Self-Image, 2005.
This paper discusses the effect the events of 9/11 and post 9/11 measures on America's view of itself in terms of its own might, its ability to secure its own citizens and to detect new kinds of enemies.
3,275 words (approx. 13.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 64.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, as much as America would like to believe that its own self-image has not changed as a result of the events of 9/11, Americans, who saw themselves as the supreme force in the world, are now forced to acknowledge that their might has significant limitations. The author points out that, in the aftermath of the destruction, the United States came to realize that it had prepared for the wrong war by having anticipated another conventional war in which enemies with uniforms from specific nations would square off against U.S. military personnel in armed combat. The paper contends that the manner in which the US attempted to garner support for the war in Iraq is evidence that America's vision of itself has been modified as suggested by President Bush's frequent inclusive of other countries and the U.N. and his moderate tones with international diplomacy.
Table of Contents
Introduction
American Dominance
Attacking the Image
Image Altering Changes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Prior to the bloody and vicious attacks against the United States on that bright September morning in 2001 the American self-view of superiority, might and some may even say invincibility, were as solid and as unshakable as the World Trade Towers themselves. Americans saw their own might in the context of previous victories during the prior century and in the light that that was naturally cast by the sole super power in the world. Hence, the Americans viewed their own status as nearly incapable of being challenged let alone defeated. Symptomatic of this self-aggrandizing view was the almost complete ignorance and utter lack of understanding regarding the hate that was directed at the West and in particular directed at the United States. Indeed, the sleeping giant seemed wholly unaware of the growing anger and resentment toward the country. However, with the destruction of the Twin Towers and the resulting actions that were taken after the terrible events of that day, it has been incumbent on the American people to compulsorily revaluate themselves and to make serious changes in the way the nation viewed its own levels of strength that had clearly been at least partially complicit in facilitating the terrorist attacks against the U.S."
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Carl Jung and 9/11, 2006.
An explanation of 9/11 in the eyes of Carl Jung.
987 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
In this article the author looks at the events of 9/11 and its aftermath through the eyes of Carl Jung. He examines how Jung would have reacted to the events of 9/11. He points out that Jung believed very strongly in coincidence. But, would he have thought that 9/11 was a coincidence, something hidden in the collective unconsciousness. Maybe the unconscious beliefs of government officials, the CIA and FBI who knew that there was something going to happen, but didn't know when or where or even how. The paper goes on to describe how Jung would have categorized the different reactions of the American people after 9/11 in his terms of introvert and extrovert personalities. The author examines the different archetypes that Jung proposed in terms of 9/11. The paper concludes with the statement that even Jung would have not have been able to explain the "why?" of the terrorist attacks and what they hoped to accomplish.
From the Paper
"Jung dreamt a great deal about the dead, the land of the dead, and the rising of the dead. These represented the unconscious itself -- not the "little" personal unconscious that Freud made such a big deal out of, but a new collective unconscious of humanity itself. It would be interesting to assume that the thousands who died at the World Trade Center, the Pennsylvania field and at the Pentagon were somehow part of a Jungian dream. But, while we might think of Freud and Jung as seeing psychosis in dreams, Jung was more realistic. "Jung felt that, if you want to understand the jungle, you can't be content just to sail back and forth near the shore. You've got to get into it, no matter how strange and frightening it might seem" (Boeree 1)."
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The 9/11 Commission Report, 2004.
An assessment of the 9/11 final report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks upon the United States.
1,038 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center towers and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001 represented an event of such enormity that it demanded a full and timely investigation and the U.S. government's Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States ('Final Report') attempts to do just that. This paper provides the background of the events of September 11, 2001. The paper discusses what the significant impacts of the report are to the nation and what lessons have been learned from the report. An assessment of the Final Report's effectiveness in addressing the issues it identified is followed by an analysis of what role Homeland Security authorities should play in the future to prevent a recurrence of the barbaric attacks of 9/11. The author's personal views on the report and a summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks drastically changed attitudes about personal freedom in the United States; fears that a terrorist could strike at anytime, anyplace made individuals more willing to endure personal inconveniences, such as longer lines at airport security and baggage checks in subway stations. This fear also compelled the U.S. government to implement measures that it believed would help track down terrorists and prevent future attacks (Schaffer 2003). The 9-11 Commission's Final Report purports to provide a full and complete account of the circumstances surrounding the September 11th, 2001, terrorist attacks, including the level of preparedness for and the quality of the immediate response to the attacks; the report also includes recommendations designed to guard against future attacks (The 9-11 Commission Report 2004). The report states that authorities in the United States knew, or should have known, that Islamic fundamentalist terrorists would attack the U.S. at some point, and that the World Trade Centers represented a favorite target, having been attacked once before already. "
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After 9-11, 2008.
Looks at attitudes and events leading up to 9-11 and the changes in the U.S. after this terrorism.
3,220 words (approx. 12.9 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper states that 9-11 should not have been such a surprise because the country really should have expected that something like this would happen especially given the World Trade Center attack in 1992. The paper relates several reasons for 9-11, including the U.S. support for Israel, the U.S. failure to understand Islam and the first Gulf War. The paper also identifies responses to 9-11, such as attacking the terrorists wherever they can be found, the Patriot Act and other powers that the Bush administration have taken. The paper then examines the Patriot Act as the primary legislation designed in part to correct perceived lapses in law enforcement, to fill holes in security, to stop terrorists from getting the funding they need, and to alter certain laws in order to make the job of law enforcement easier in terms of fighting terrorism.
From the Paper
"The attitude that McAlister (2001) identifies is orientalism, the image of the "Orient" expressed as an entire system of thought and scholarship and as seen in popular media during any given era. McAlister writes well and has shaped her argument in a logical and chronological fashion at one and the same time. In the popular media, such an attitude serves as a kind of shorthand that also has pernicious effects. The use of the Arab as a villain seems to have increased in recent years in a way that shows that Americans have an antipathy to Muslims, fueled, no doubt, by certain events on the international scene."
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"The 9/11 Commission Report", 2006.
A chapter by chapter analysis of "The 9/11 Commission Report".
2,645 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
"The 9/11 Commission Report", formally titled "The Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States", is the official report on the events that led up to the September 11, 2001 attacks. This paper examines the report chapter by chapter and contends that while the report is generally informative and seems truthful, the commission seems hesitant to assign blame to the U.S. government. It also shows that although the report criticizes both the Bush and Clinton administrations and the performance of the government agencies responsible for intelligence, national security and emergency response, the commission blames all of these failures on incompetence and poor management.
From the Paper
"One of the best observations made in this report is that U.S. intelligence did not use much imagination before the 9/11 attacks (Rovner, 2005). This made it difficult for most analysts and policymakers to understand the looming terrorist threat. If they were able to accurately gauge the danger of al Qaeda, they might have been able to improve security and intelligence and possibly expose the network of terrorists that planned and executed the attacks. However, a lack of imagination meant that U.S. intelligence agencies were not prepared to paint an accurate picture of what was to come. "
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Changes Since 9/11, 2006.
This paper discusses changes in the U.S. society following 9/11.
759 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses three changes in the U.S. society present following the horrifying terrorist attacks of 9/11. The writer examines the subject of new airline security measures. The writer concludes that the changes post-9/11 have been profound, both in a political and a cultural sense. The writer notes that the only marginally acceptable changes among the three types discussed in this paper are those involving air travel. Even so, the writer maintains that while they make travel safer theoretically, they have also made it less convenient and more costly, and the jury is still out on whether the added layers of security are really useful or just psychologically comforting.
From the Paper
"Airport security seemed to be the most visible venue for implementing new 'security' measures post-9/11. It must be said; both the USA Patriot Act and the airport security measures seem a lot like shutting the barn door after the horse has already escaped. Moreover, in the case of airport security, the additional measures were both too late, and necessary.
That they were too late is obvious. Had there been reinforced cockpit doors in all aircraft pre-9/11, perhaps the hijackers could not have taken over the planes and crashed them. However, in the 1970s, hijackers were content to simply threaten passengers and pilots and kill off one or two while sitting on the tarmac in some developing nation until their demands were met. Without the free and easy access that had returned to aircraft after the heyday of 1970s hijackings had passed, perhaps the hijackers on 9/11 might have returned to the modus operandi of those earlier days."
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