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Music, Physiology and Performance, 2004.
A research paper on the relationship between music and human physiology.
5,336 words (approx. 21.3 pages), 29 sources, MLA, £ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that temporally, music?s structure has many determining characteristics, which shape affective properties (such as tempo and tonality). Throughout this paper these structural characteristics are explored, accompanied by an exploration of the ability of music to elicit emotions, the link between performance (both visual and manual) and emotions and the relationship between music and physiological response. Conclusions of this review involve general methodological considerations for future research and potential hypotheses to be explored.
From the Paper
"Music is a key element of everyday life; its role within society is divergent, and temporally, music takes on many forms. Such variation in temporal structure allows for diverse utilisation, thus permitting music to pervade all cultures and play a significant role in the majority of social and religious rituals, such as birthdays, weddings and funerals. The affective properties of musical stimuli upon behaviour appear as the source of much research throughout psychology with theories regarding its effects and emotive properties being recruited, and adapted, from non-musical literature (Ritossa and Rickard, 2004). With such apparent impact upon individuals throughout society, the profound effects of music deserve further exploration. This paper shall conduct such an exploration with the primary focus concerning the impact of musical exposure upon affective states, arousal, performance (both visual and manual), and physiological reactions."
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Negative Impact of Popular Music and Music Videos, 2003.
Investigates the negative impact of popular music and music videos on youth in the United States today.
3,623 words (approx. 14.5 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 69.95
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Abstract
The music industry spends enormous amounts of money to create music videos that will make a profit, and the one ingredient they have consistently found that helps sell their products is violence; this violence is usually directed toward women. The AAP notes that there is a paucity of research concerning the impact of such gratuitous violence on children and adolescents. To this end, this paper demonstrates this relationship through a critical review of the literature, followed by a summary of the research and recommendations in the conclusion.
From the Paper
"The definitions concerning what constitutes entertainment and what is protected by the 1st Amendment do not necessarily address the underlying problems of violence in the media and sometimes only serve to merely contribute to the statistical haze that surrounds an already complex situation. The recent appearance of national leaders on MTV attests to the importance and power of music videos in shaping the nation?s conscience. Further, while many non-black observers feel that rap music is just ?so much noise generated by angry black youths,? rap music or simply ?rap,? is in actuality a reflection of the current affairs within the communities in which it is performed. Rap is a ?genre of rhythm-and-blues music that consists of rhythmic vocals declaimed over musical accompaniment. The accompaniment generally consists of electronic drum beats combined with samples (digitally isolated sound bites) from other musical recordings? (Bowman, 2003). From this perspective, rap is an extension of the Black Power movement of the 1960s, and has embodied the essence of the young black culture. The first rap recording was made in 1979 and the genre rose to prominence in the United States in the mid-1980s. Although the term rap is often used interchangeably with hip-hop, the latter term encompasses the subculture that rap music is simply one part of. The term hip-hop derives from one of the earliest phrases used in rap, and can be found on the seminal recording ?Rapper?s Delight? (1979) by Sugarhill Gang. In addition to rap music, the hip-hop subculture also comprises other forms of expression, including dance methodologies, art, vocabulary (in the form of slang) and fashion affectations. Despite these contributions to the popular culture, many observers suggest a connection between the music and personification of violence evinced in music videos and rap as a factor contributing to the incidence of violence by young people in the United State today."
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Academic Achievement and Arts Performance, 2004.
A look at the effects of exposing students to arts education and training.
4,416 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 32 sources, MLA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the various aspects of music and arts participation and how exposure to and training in arts programs stimulates mental and intellectual abilities from the earliest years through high school. It also explores how arts education contributes to the overall enhancement of educational curriculum. Through a literature review, it examines three specific frameworks: physiological brain development; spatial and cognitive reasoning abilities; and improved academic performance based on participation in music and other arts programs. It also looks at scholastic performance enhancement through arts integration.
Outline
Literature Review
Physiological Brain Development
Cognitive and Spatial Reasoning Abilities
Improved Scholastic Performance
Scholastic Performance Enhancement
Methodology
From the Paper
"In other studies, Nisbet (1991) has pointed out that there is a close relationship between the musical symbolism used in arranging the time signature of a musical piece and the mathematical concepts used in fractional concepts. Numerous studies have focused on the relationship between formal training in a musical instrument and youths' achievement level. According to Wenger and Wenger (1990), neuroscientists suspect that when children exercise cortical neurons by being actively involved in music, they are engaging in activity which enhances their intelligence, specifically their mathematics capability, spatial reasoning skills, and the ability to handle complex reasoning tasks. In fact, Rayl (1995) and Martin (1995) have reported that adolescents with formal training in music tend to have higher achievement in mathematics."
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Guillaume Dufay Music from Medieval and Renaissance Music, 2006.
An examination of Guillaume Dufay's music and its origins.
34 words (approx. 0.1 pages), 6942 sources, MLA, £ 11.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author looks at what Guillaume Dufay's music meant in terms of music history. The author starts with a look at the Gregorian chant from Medieval times which was the main form of sacred music, how it developed and what it gave to modern music. The paper continues with a look at the other forms of music that have developed over the years and contributed to the work of Guillaume Dufay. In particular the author highlights the development of church music in the Renaissance period which, as he points out was the basis for Dufay's music compositions. The author discusses the life and works of Dufay's music as a move towards a clearly defined tonal and functional harmonic structure. The author believes that this helped prepare one of the most important stylistic developments in music of the following century. In conclusion the author reminds us that we are lucky to have the musical pieces that have been curated and restored. A number of Dufay's as well as other composers from that era had masterpieces destroyed because of the political climate.
Outline:
Table of Contents
Introduction
Gregorian Chant
Motet
Troubadour Influence
The Development of Musical Notation
Polyphony
Machaut
Guillaume Dufay a Biography
Dufay's Music
Dufay and Faux-bourdon
Dufay's Motets
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Dufay began composing at a time when musical style was in a period of relative stability and changing that style was not readily accepted. Dufay cannot be thought of as one of the great revolutionaries in Western music; the term 'originality' in the classic sense of the word was not familiar to him. This is not to say, however, that Dufay was in any way lacking of originality or he was in any way reactionary. Quite to the contrary, he played an integral role in the development of faux-bourdon and the cyclic mass. He was one of the first composers to handle four-voice texture with any kind of convincing skill before the end of the 15th century. Furthermore, his attempt to move towards a clearly defined tonal and functional harmonic structure helped prepare one of the most important stylistic developments of the following century. Dufay's works and compositions have come to be known as the supremely polished works of a long period of slow and serene stylistic change."
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African Music's Influence on Pop Music Culture, 2005.
An ethno-musicological study of African music's influence on western society's popular music culture.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 4 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper by examines various western artists, such as Paul Simon and David Byrne, and shows how African music plays an important part in how popular music is interwoven within the western musical tradition. The paper concludes that western music in North America has been greatly influenced by the music of South Africa and other traditional musical traditions from the African continent.
From the Paper
"This ethno musicological study will examine the various African music influences that have become imbued within western pop music culture. By examining various western artists, such as Paul Simon and David Byrne, one can realize how African music plays an important part in how pop music is interwoven within the western musical tradition. In essence, western music in North America has been greatly influenced by the music of South Africa and other traditional musical traditions from the African continent."
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G-force and Pilot Physiology, 2005.
A look at the effects of G-force on pilot physiology.
1,521 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the need to understand the relationship between G-forces and human physiology is greater now than at any previous time in the history of powered flight, since the phenomenon of G-force-induced pilot incapacitation was initially identified by the very first generation of military combat pilots during the First World War.
From the Paper
"Einstein demonstrated that linear acceleration and gravity are precisely equivalent forces. As a direct consequence of this principle, a 150-pound pilot with an eight-pound skull pulling 4 G's weighs (literally) 600 pounds and experiences his own head as weighing thirty-two pounds (Talleur, 2003). When one considers the importance of instantaneous 360-degree visibility, rapidly changing flight paths of multiple adversaries
in aerial combat maneuvers, and the necessity of quick hand and foot movements in the cockpit, the implications of G-force buildup are rather obvious. For the same reason,aircraft capable of producing high G-forces in departure from controlled flight have been equipped with explosive powered ejection seats, virtually since the dawn of the jet age
(Talleur, 2003)."
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Reproductive Physiology, 2002.
This paper deals with the culture of reproduction and reproductive physiology.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 15 sources, £ 98.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses premenstrual syndrome, post-partum depression and the practice of female circumcision or clitirodectomy. The author concludes that women's bodies and experiences, particularly in the realm of reproductive physiology have been appropriated by medical paradigms.
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Exercise Physiology--An Article Review, 2007.
This paper summarizes and critiques an article about exercise physiology entitled "Effects of Moderate Exercise on Metabolic Responses and Respiratory Exchange Ration (RER)" by Toda, et. al.
1,098 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews an article that describes a study on exercise physiology and its relation to insulin resistance. The review presents the aim and hypothesis of the article in Part I. Part II of the paper consists of a critique and evaluation of the scientific merit of the study. The review concludes that the rationale for designing a study to probe the question of how much exercise and at what level is required in order to facilitate fatty acid utilization, was well founded.
Outline
Part I: Summary
Part II: Critique
From the Paper
"The hypothesis of the study is that fatty acids are available for energy even following short-term exercise (109). In other words, the authors designed this study to test the notion that fatty acid utilization could be increased even following lower levels of physical exertion and exercise. If this proved to be the case, then it would open up an incredible wealth of exercise methods and regiments for counteracting insulin resistance."
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Human Behavior, Physiology and Freedom, 2002.
This paper is a personal essay which argues that human behavior is the result of physiology and the physical environment.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that it is difficult to ascertain whether behavioral changes are the result of purely environmental or worldly changes or more probably a combination of the worldly happenings and subsequent physiological changes that follow. The author believes that even if a perfect human being were to be formed, there is no guarantee that this individual will act ?appropriately? as designated by society. The author conjectures that the science of freedom would likely define freedom as the ability to decide mentally what is right and wrong, what is best and what is unworthy for any individual in particular.
From the Paper
"For example, take an average individual, with characteristically ?normal? behavior. A disaster occurs, a worldly event such as 9/11 where the person in question loses a loved one. The person, suffering a great loss and concern loses interest in every day activities, including working, taking care of the children and eating. The subsequent lack of nutrition that follows and the build up of stress hormones in the body results in physiological changes, which ultimately may lead to the person becoming depressed. Once depressed, further physiological changes may occur as medications may or may not be introduced that disrupt the chemistry of the body and result in variant behavior."
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Environmental Physiology, 1994.
This paper discusses environmental physiology: Negative effects of high altitude, diving and extreme temperatures, oxygen deprivation, acclimatization, endurance, shock, decompression and precautions.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, £ 60.95
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From the Paper
"Normal physiologic function depends on the maintenance of a uniform internal environment. This is achieved through a variety of adaptive mechanisms which enable the body to respond to changes in the external environment. Adaptive phenomena become most evident in environmental extremes. Three such situations include high altitude, diving, and extremes of temperature. These adverse conditions test the body's ability to maintain its independence from continuous changes in the external world.
At high elevations, barometric pressure is markedly decreased (5:462). This is due to the fact that the weight of the atmosphere is considerably less than at sea level. One result of the decreased barometric pressure is fewer oxygen molecules per unit volume. This lower oxygen partial pressure (PO2) is the primary factor ... "
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Program Music v. Absolute Music, 2006.
This paper examines the Verdi aria "Ave Maria" from "Othello," highlighting the debate between program and absolute music.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the importance the aria holds for the opera and for music in general. The paper then outlines the debate depicting how music ought to be considered. Finally it considers whether the aria better fits one or the other of the arguments. The conclusion of the paper is that program music better explains the piece.
From the Paper
"In Verdi's "Ave Maria," from "Othello," Desdemona sings what is perhaps the opera's greatest addition to the storyline already laid out so brilliantly by Shakespeare. In a lilting, soaring soprano, Desdemona presents this liturgical prayer for the humble, the innocent and the oppressed in such a beautifully supplicant manner that the listener feels her purity and honesty pouring through her tender prayer. The story wins the listener over to the character, particularly as the music is juxtaposed to the hard declamations of the evil Iago. Though the character has a name that is purposefully indicative of demons, and the tragedy that befalls her later in the opera stems from the misunderstanding of her connection to evil, the listener knows from the moment that Desdemona has sung the "Ave Maria" that the character is pure of heart and gentle of spirit."
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Physiology Of Pressure/Altitude, 2004.
An overview of the physiological changes that take place in the body when exposed to high altitudes.
1,356 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the physiological changes that occur in the body at high altitude, particularly in respect to the heart. The paper examines what happens to the body during short-term exposure and long-term exposure to high altitude, and exposure to extremely high altitudes.
From the Paper
"Several circulatory changes mediated by stimulation of the carotid body which causes activation of the sympathetic nervous system are stimulated by short-term altitude exposure less than three or four days. These changes occur within a few minutes of altitude exposure and are related to a transient epinephrine secretion combined with a more sustained secretion of norepinephrine. These cause immediate changes which include an increase in ventilation, increased heart rate, increased cardiac output and an elevation of blood pressure. There is also an increase in coronary blood flow."
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Human Physiology in Space, 2004.
An examination of the human body's reaction to a space environment.
1,000 words (approx. 4.0 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the physiological changes to the human body during space travel. Early predictions of the response of humans to spaceflight assumed that space adaptation would be analogous to human disease processes rather than to normal physiology. Through studies of bed-rested healthy adults and medical examinations of crews returning from space, we now recognize the adaptive nature of the responses to spaceflight or its ground-based models. e are also aware of the necessity to minimize the flight-induced changes so that crews maintain their Earth-readiness and avoid injury on landing. Lack of gravitational loading affects multiple physiological systems, especially support structures that are particularly vulnerable to injury during reentry and renewed exposure to gravitational forces. Thus, most crew members exercise extensively during flight. Although many physiological systems appear to be affected by spaceflight, only the cardiovascular, neurovestibular, and musculoskeletal systems are covered in this paper.
The paper includes illustrations.
Table of Contents
Table of Illustrations
Introduction
The Cardiovascular System
The Neurovestibular System
The Musculoskeletal System
Summary
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As soon as they switch to an internal alignment and use the feet to signal down, they are able to function normally. Upon return to Earth, the brain is confused once again as gravity is now available for orientation. This confusion creates postural instability that is compounded with the cardiovascular difficulty in standing. Also, reflexes associated with posture are slowed even on short-duration missions. With long-duration flights, changes in reflexes may become a major issue."
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Anatomy and Physiology, 2008.
This paper studies hepatic portal circulation and fetal circulation.
1,534 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the hepatic portal system in terms of clinically relevant anatomy. The fetal circulation, in conjunction with the portal system as well as the important anatomic shunts, are also discussed along with changes to this special type of circulation after birth. The writer also looks at the relevant physiology in relation to these circulation circuits as well as pathological disorders associated with each. The writer concludes that the fetal circulation bears many differences from adult circulation, particularly the presence of two distinct circulation systems, shunts that divert blood from less metabolically-demanding organs, a relatively high right heart blood pressure and relatively high tolerance of fetal circulation towards low oxygen tension.
Outline:
Anatomy
Main Pathological Disorders
Summary
Physiology
From the Paper
"The hepatic portal system is a significant part of the circulation of the upper gut. It is an unusual system in that it drains blood from the small and large intestines and shunts it elsewhere. The blood, instead of returning to the heart, is diverted to the liver where a variety of metabolic processes are accomplished. This blood, while partially oxygen-depleted as it leaves the intestinal tissue, supplies the liver cells with oxygen and is also nutrient-rich, providing them with the necessary substrates to produce energy and synthesize the different building blocks for the rest of the body."
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