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Muscle Systems, 2004.
Describes the four special functional characteristics of muscle that are the basis for muscle response.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the muscle system. It examines the functional characteristics used to describe muscles, indirect and direct muscle attachments and the role of acetylcholinesterase in muscle cell contraction. It defines a motor unit, describes the three types of muscle fibers, gives the criteria for naming muscles, and explains first-, second- and third-class levers.
From the Paper
"The four special functional characteristics of muscle that are the basis for muscle response are contractility, excitability, extensibility and elasticity. Muscle Contractility allows a muscle to shorten with force, to lengthen passively and to move. Excitability allows a muscle to respond to a stimulus and to maintain chemical potentials across its cell membranes. Extensibility allows a muscle to be stretched repeatedly and considerably as needed without being damaged. Elasticity allows a..."
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Muscle Car Culture, 2001.
This paper studies the rise and fall of the muscle car culture.
1,880 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper studies muscle cars and their accompanying culture. It details the emergence of muscle cars in the 1960's and how the industry met the public needs, and their fall in the 1970's. It concludes that the enforcement of government emissions standards, combined with the switch to lower octane gasoline eventually lead to the death of the muscle car.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Industry
Individuality
Muscle Cars Emerge
The End of an Era
Conclusion
Interview
From the Paper
"Car culture has been around as long as the automobile. For over 100 years the automobile has been an icon in American history and in people?s lives. People have a long history of defining themselves by the car they drive, and judging others in this same way. What you drive can mean different things to different people, but it always means something. It reflects financial and social status, as well as personal expression. For people who wanted to be thought of as sexy, bold, and fast?the muscle car was the answer. After the end of World War II, Americans became obsessed with the automobile. Suddenly, cars become more than just tools, more for just transportation?they became identity to some people. People were what they drove. ?It was only natural that such a state of devotion to an inanimate/animate object should lead to a prominent sub-culture of super-fanatics.? (Anselmi, 1984) That love of the automobile became the catalyst for securing its place into pop culture and ultimately what has been the driving force behind the auto industry ever since. The muscle car was conceived by this driving force."
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Steroids and Muscle Mass, 2002.
An overview of the effects of steroids on muscle development.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper is an examination of the muscular, biological, and physiological effects of steroids on muscle mass. It observes that, while there is a legitimate, medical therapeutic use of steroids to increase muscle mass, there is also a great deal of abuse of the chemicals. It concludes that the chemicals, which interact with cells at the nuclear level, can often lead to significant ancillary problems.
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Muscle Tissue and Skeleton, 2005.
An overview of the types of muscle tissue in the body.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the types of muscle tissue in the body and their functions. More specifically, the paper discusses the difference between the axial and appendicular skeletons, the difference between ligaments and tendons and the importance of bones in maintaining homeostasis.
From the Paper
"The three main types of muscle tissue are skeletal, smooth and cardiac. The dark stripes or bands that are visible in muscle under the microscope are referred to as striations and they are responsible for the movement of muscles. Skeletal muscle is the muscle that can be seen and felt on the body-the muscles that are developed during a workout. This is the muscle in the arms, legs, back and abdomen among other sites. Skeletal muscle attaches to the skeleton in pairs one..."
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Skeletal Muscle, 1993.
Looks at the function, composition and structure of skeletal muscle and its role in exercise. Other points discusses are sarcomeres, T-tubules and proteins.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 14 sources, £ 54.95
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From the Paper
" Skeletal Muscle
Perhaps the most important topic in the field of exercise physiology is the muscular system. Skeletal muscles enable the organism to move. Through an in depth analyses of muscle structure, the specific mechanisms behind its function may be elucidated. It is its architecture which enables skeletal muscle to contract and relax; two processes which not only function statically, but may also have the capacity for change.
Three types of muscle are known to exist in man and animals: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle (9:3.4). Skeletal muscle..which connects to bones and joints..is typically activated by motoneurons (5:121). These muscles allow for locomotion and the performance of work (13:205). In addition, they account for over a quarter of the body's weight and the.."
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Isolation and Purification of Muscle Proteins, 2008.
This paper discusses the isolation and purification of actin and myosin in skeletal myofibrils.
1,791 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
The writer explains that in the set of experiments discussed in the paper, myosin and actomyosin were isolated and gradually purified from rabbit muscle myofibrils. The two proteins were initially precipitated together out of solution, in order to remove any impurities. Then, the two proteins could be separated from each other, by taking advantage of differential solubility. The writer notes that after each time they were re-suspended or redissolved, the solutions were centrifuged in order to further improve purity. Any solution containing the contractile proteins or ATP were kept on ice during the experiments, and stored in a freezer at all other times. The writer discusses that using the Bradford protein assay and the SDS-PAGE, the concentrations and weights of the purified proteins in the final solutions were measured. For all protein samples, no appreciable concentration of protein could be detected after diluting the samples by 100 times. However, the other two dilutions yielded normal results.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
From the Paper
"The head of the myosin is the part which interacts with the other molecules. Without ATP, the myosin head is bound tightly to the actin, called the rigor state. However, ATP weakens this interaction by opening a cleft in the myosin head and disrupting the actin-binding site. When the myosin head is free of actin, it hydrolyzes ATP to ADP. This causes a conformational change in the head that moves it to a new position, closer to the (+) end of the actin filament, (away from the origin site) where it reattaches. The dissociation of the phosphate from ATP also causes a conformational change, this time in the myosin head. As a result, myosin returns to its original state (the rigor state). Because myosin is still bound to actin, this conformational change exerts a force that causes myosin to move the actin filament. This is the power stroke. Essentially, contraction is a series of these power strokes by the actomyosin complex, the myosin head is moving along the actin filament through constant detachment and reattachment."
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Nerve and Muscle Diseases: Electrodiagnosis, 1993.
A look at the definition, risks, principles, methods and applications.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 16 sources, £ 82.95
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From the Paper
"Electrodiagnosis in Diseases of Nerve and Muscle
Electrophysiologic methods for studying the function of nerve and muscle were first introduced in the 1800s (2:1). Only relatively recently, however, has the technology come to be more widely used (2:1). The typical electrodiagnostic consultation consists of a clinical and electrophysiologic evaluation of a patient (1:230). A complete examination might elucidate the function of nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions, muscles, spinal reflexes, and, perhaps even, evoked potentials arising from the spinal cord and brain (1:230). With the advance of technology, the diversity of these methods has increased. A vast array of electrophysiologic diagnostic tools are in current use. These methods enabled the physiologic characteristics of muscle and the peripheral nervous system to be..."
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Joints and Muscles, 2002.
The paper discusses the important role the joints and muscles play in the makeup of the human body.
858 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the nature and purpose of muscles and joints and how they are responsible for the different movements made by the body. The paper looks at the three distinct categories of muscles and the way that the pace of a movement requires different combinations of actions by the muscles. The paper also analyzes various muscle and joint disorders such as cramps and arthritis.
From the Paper
"Joints, which work closely with muscles, are just as important to movement. Every bodily action is based on the principal of the lever--the bone acting as the lever, the joints as the fulcrum where the lever pivots and muscle contractions as the force. Joints are located where two bones intersect. They define direction and extent of skeletal movement. One type of joints, synovial, are covered by a viscous, slick fluid so they can easily slide back and forth. For example, hinge joints are found in the elbows. The wrist and ankle have gliding joints. The hip and shoulders move because of ball-and-socket joints and the thumb due to saddle joints. The layer of dense tissue, or periosteum, covering most of the skeletal bones is replaced at these joints by a thin layer of cartilage. The cartilage can absorb the shock of activities such as running and jumping."
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Differences Between The Cold War System and Globalization, 2001.
A look at the Thomas Freidman book, "The Lexus and The Olive Tree."
1,020 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look the differences between the cold war system and globalization as seen in Thomas Freidman's book, "The Lexus and The Olive Tree". The author looks at how the defining measurement of the Cold War system was muscle and defense strategies, while the new globalization system is defined by global markets, the Internet, and satellites which reinforce the idea that we are all part of the same world no matter your geographical location.
From the Paper
"Freidman?s assessment that globalization has spread Americanization is interesting. Americans tend to be known for their short attention spans and greedy behavior. We are a culture who watches five different thirty- second commercials in one half hour of television. We are always indulging ourselves to the ever-changing new trends. I believe that this is the product of the free-market, capitalist society in which Americans live today. Freidman says that the countries that are most willing to let capitalism flourish will thrive in the new system of globalization. However, where there is competition there is even more greed. This can greatly influence ones? motivations, politics, morals, and overall belief structure."
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Interval Training vs. Steady Training, 2002.
An in-depth study into the benefits of interval vs. steady (continuous) training on endurance performance.
5,229 words (approx. 20.9 pages), 26 sources, MLA, £ 90.95
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Abstract
Interval training is a concept wherein a person works out at a medium to high intensity for a specified period of time or distance and then reduces the exercise intensity for an equal period of time or distance. A 1997 study found that splitting training tasks into intervals or repetitions will increase the amount of oxygen consumed and needed to be repaid after each unit when compared to performing the same distance at the same workload in a continuous or steady exercise regimen. The paper explains that intermittent, or interval, training tasks were found to place a greater load on the oxygen transport system than do continuous tasks This study investigates the effects of interval versus steady (continuous) training on endurance performance. The paper includes detailed tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Operational Definitions
Delimitations
Limitations
Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Review of the Literature
Introduction
Theoretical Framework
The Muscle System
Muscle As Motors and Regulators
Classification of Muscles by Location, Function, and Structure
Gross Structure and Functioning
Structure of Myofilaments
Internal Membranes of Muscle Fiber
Skeletal Muscle Contraction and Muscle Power
Energy Pathways Involved in Exercise
Interval Training Versus Continuous Training
Short-Term Maximal Performance
Methods
Subjects
Instrumentation
Experimental Protocol
Design and Statistics
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The creatine phosphate pool provides a buffer for the rapid supply of ATP for the work of contraction, as well as a link to the cellular sources of ATP. Depending on the type of muscle fiber, this cellular ATP is produced by one or both of two common biochemical pathways?glycolysis (anaerobic) and the citric acid cycle (aerobic). The aerobic pathway is the most efficient off the two; however, when muscle activity level reaches approximately 70 percent of the maximum possible level, aerobic metabolism no longer is able to supply the muscle with a sufficient supply of ATP. At this point, the anaerobic metabolism pathway begins to function. The anaerobic pathway works more quickly, although less efficiently, than the aerobic pathway, and thus can supply large amounts of ATP that are stored in the muscle itself (24)."
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Metabolic Myopathies, 2005.
Examines the biochemical aspects of muscle glycogenoses.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
Carbohydrates and fatty acids are major energy sources for muscle activity. Glycogen is stored in muscle tissue to allow quick conversion into glucose or pyruvate for use during times of exertion. However, these storage systems do not always function the way they should. Muscle glycogenoses is a group of glycogen storage diseases affecting muscle tissue. This paper details the various types of muscle glycogenoses, their respective pathways, and the physiological effects.
From the Paper
"The blockage prevents patients from being able to adequately store properly packaged glycogen. The glycogen produced in the pathway lack adequate branching and results in liver and spleen symptoms. Further down the glycogenesis pathway, normally the resulting glycogen can be directly reprocessed into glucose through Acid Maltase. Glycogenosis Type II affects this Acid Maltase enzyme. Glycogen which enters the lysosome to be broken down to glucose never leaves the cell. Instead this metabolic error accumulates glycogen in the lysosomes critically affecting cellular functions."
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Workplace Security, 2006.
A look at the change in the nature of workplace security since the September 11th attacks. The paper explains the security systems in place, using the example of a call center.
909 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses safety and security issues in the workplace. The work-related injuries that are common in the office environment are things such as muscle pains and arthritis pains. The writer gives suggestions of how to minimise these problems. The writer details the security system used in the call center, whereby employees need to scan their badges before gaining access to various areas of the building. In conclusion, the paper explains that if a company correctly addresses safety and security issues, it will not be likely that any serious incidents will arise.
Table of Contents:
Safety
Security
Sources
From the Paper
"A second direction for safety awareness concerns emergency preparedness. Threats to the safety of our employees can come from disasters such as fires, which would force the evacuation of our building. In order to prepare for such a situation, the entire office building (including the companies in the seventeen floors that our company does not occupy) has a fire drill on a regular basis, preceded by a fire safety program that is hosted by building safety experts. During the drill, everyone in the company must respond to the fire alarms by descending down the stairs and assembling in a previously specified "safe spot" for a head count. A few people from each floor are designated as monitors in the case of an emergency, and these employees make sure everyone evacuates safely before leaving the building themselves. Employees usually gripe about these fire drills being troublesome and taking too much time out of their workday, but it is absolutely necessary that everyone know what to do in case of an emergency so that if a fire really does threaten our safety, panic can be kept to a minimum, thus increasing the chance that everyone will get out of the building unharmed. In this case, safety concerns very clearly outweigh the minor inconvenience that employees face."
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A Well-Balanced Exercise Program, 2002.
A comprehensive description and instruction of various exercise routines aimed at strengthening specific muscle groups.
2,508 words (approx. 10.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper provides step by step instructions for performing strength and endurance exercises for a well-balanced exercise program, essential for overall fitness. The author contends that strength exercises improve muscle function, and help develop stronger bones, tendons and ligaments. Endurance exercises and activities improve the cardiovascular system, while enabling the muscles to use energy more efficiently.
Muscle Groups Discussed:
Quadriceps
Gluteals
Calves
Hamstrings
Pectorals
Deltoids
Biceps
Triceps
From the Paper
"The elevated crunch can be used to work the obliques. While lying with the legs elevated onto the bench, the arms are stretched in a V-shape above the head. The left arm is lifted slowly to reach across the torso to the left of the knees. This is repeated for the right arm. The obliques can also be exercised by lying on the floor with one knee at a 90o angle to the floor, and the other knee crossed over it. The hands are placed behind the head, and the opposite elbow raised to the crossed over knee. This is then repeated using the other knee and elbow. Another exercise for the obliques is to lie on the floor on one hip with bent legs crossed to the side. With the head and shoulder slightly lifted, the arms are stretched out, and the body is slowly rolled upward."
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Muscular Dystrophy, 2007.
This paper discusses muscular dystrophy, a degenerative disease of the skeletal muscle.
887 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
The paper explains that Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by an absence of the protein dystrophin. The paper discusses how this causes the muscle tissue to break down and weaken. The paper relates how, sadly, there is no cure for muscular dystrophy. Because of the current absence of a cure, treatment is mostly aimed at controlling the symptoms and maintaining the quality of life of the individual suffering from the disease. The paper notes that one promising advance in the cure for muscular dystrophy is the research done in the area of gene therapy.
From the Paper
"Guillaume Benjamin Amand Duchenne (1806-1875), a French neuroscientist, is credited with the official description of Muscular Dystrophy in the late 1860s. Duchenne's interest in electrophysiology and the development of techniques in neuromuscular stimulation led him to research and eventually learn to diagnose cases of what would eventually become the disease referred to as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (Enerson). Though, as of 1999, there are over thirty distinct kinds of Muscular Dystrophy, which are separated into nine categories, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy is the more commonly known form of the disease (MDA)."
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