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Multilateral Development Banks, 1992.
A look at the background, the environmental effects of funded projects, the loan process, international environmental law and recommendations.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 15 sources, £ 77.95
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From the Paper
"Environmental Policies of Multilateral Development Banks
This paper will examine the effect of the Multilateral Development Bank policies on the environments of the various borrowing countries. These banks are international organizations which were established in order to assist developing nations by lending money for specific projects; essentially, they are a means by which industrially developed nations can funnel money into activities designed to develop self-sufficient industry and agriculture in poorer countries.1 This paper will consist of three parts: the first will examine the background of multilateral development banks (MDBS) and how their lending practices have adversely affected the world's environment; the second part will discuss the current state of international environmental law; and the third part will propose a few possible..."
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Impact of E-Banking on the Banking Industry, 2006.
An in-depth analysis of individual commercial banks and how they service their customers.
13,765 words (approx. 55.1 pages), 31 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses individual commercial banks and how they service their customers. It analyzes the quality of banking services that a customer gets and how the services are provided to the customer. It describes the three main channels for banking today - through branches, through the internet and on telephone.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Chapter I
How Internet Banking Has Grown In The Last Decades, Especially Regarding New Product Being Offered
Evolution of Internet Banking
Present Status and Profile of E-Banking Offered By Banks
Nature of Product Offered
Chapter II
The Operations of Banks In Different Areas: What Is The Contribution?
Effects of E-Banking on Banking Operations: What Is The Contribution of Internet Banking Toward The Business?
Chapter III
General Benefits of Banks From E-Business and Other Communication
Performance Measurement
Chapter IV
Reality of System Risks and Control
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To understand the relationship that can develop between the Internet and banks, one has to first understand the nature of both these items. The first to be understood is the banks. So far as banks are concerned, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, central banking which is the source of all banking activity would appear to be at a crossroads in their future. Earlier it was the lender of last resort, active participant in stabilizing economic fluctuations, and now the present main function is being the guardian of price stability. As it is still the monetary authority, much is expected from them. At one stage, fiscal policy was considered to be the main instrument of economic policy, the situation changed to an ascendancy of monetary policy and that was noted by the late 1980s in most parts of the industrialized world. This had a lot of implications for the role of the central bank."
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Europe's Emerging Banks and the U.S. Banking History, 2002.
This paper analyzes the banking industry in the United States from the mid-18th through mid-19th century in order to understand the evolution of the banking industry in Europe's developing economies in the 20th century.
2,480 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper presents four potential dangers to banks in emerging markets and relates them to the lessons of the founding banking system of the United States: Macroeconomic volatility, connected lending, political involvement and financial liberalization. This paper discusses that the emerging banking industries in Eastern Europe must learn to operate in an objective environment free from burdensome and often disastrous government control; just as, the ever-present tension in the United States between government policy and banking policy ensured the banking industry's objectivity. This paper argues that the primary cause of the banking crisis in Eastern Europe was the banks' decision to allow financiers with little experience and even less capital to set up their own banks.
Table of Contents
Introduction
European Economies and the Evolution of the U.S. Banking Industry
Macroeconomic Volatility
Connected Lending
Government Involvement
Financial Liberalization
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The insistence by the American chief executive in the mid 18th to mid 19th century to keep separate government policy from banking policy has not been demonstrated in the communist economies of Eastern Europe. The second major crisis factor for these economies has been connected (or insider) lending, particularly in Russia. Though not unheard of in rich countries, connected lending is a more serious problem in emerging countries, where supervisors are less rigorous about rooting it out. The Economist maintains that connected lending has recently caused serious problems where unscrupulous businessmen have found it easy to set up banks simply to finance their other companies' pet projects. Thus, at many Russian banks, the personal ambitions of owners and managers still come before the prudent assessment of lending risks. Loans to related companies are rarely made on an arm's length basis and tend to be granted at below-market rates, with scant credit vetting."
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The WTO and Sustainable Development, 2006.
A discussion on whether the multilateral trading system established by WTO and its precursor GATT are inherently incapable of bringing about sustainable development.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The World Trade Organization is an important international organization. It has however failed to address questions of reducing poverty, promoting livelihoods and preserving the environment.
The paper examines whether WTO is inherently hostile to sustainable development or whether it can be reformed to further the cause of sustainable development. It concludes that this is not beyond the realms of possibility but would need the richer nations to espouse the cause. The WTO would need a lot of change especially attitudinal if it is to achieve the Utopia of placing sustainability concerns at the top.
From the Paper
"The WTO has not addressed questions of how increasing trade can reduce poverty in Third World countries (particularly when the trade is often one way). It has not addressed issues of loss of jobs due to opening up of imports. It has not promoted any agreements on redistribution of the supposed benefits of trade to lessen inequalities. It is yet to address the ecological dangers of oversupply bolstered by subsidies. It has not taken up issues like relocation of polluting industries to the Third World countries, the ills of consumerism, currency instability or the general issue of environmental protection."
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Multilateral Protection to Investments, 2005.
An analysis of multilateral agreements on investments proposed by the World Trade Organization.
16,000 words (approx. 64.0 pages), 19 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
This paper studies two different approaches to international investments: The multilateral approach, which is favored by developed nations and the bilateral approach, which is favored by developing nations. As the paper explains, since the negotiations on MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investments) fell apart, the developed world has been attempting to renew the effort through the other world bodies like WTO. This paper examines which of the above approaches is most suited to the world and in particular to the developing countries. The paper also asks whether a multilateral approach will necessarily lead to increased global FDI inflows. This paper ultimately proves that one size does not fit all, since investments are too sensitive and complicated to be governed by an umbrella agreement covering the entire world. Thus, the paper concludes, the WTO's attempt to address non-commercial factors through a multilateral agreement may not be worthwhile. Further, the paper recommends that if the WTO is to increase FDI, it should continue to concentrate on trade rather than bringing investments under a multilateral arrangement.
Table of Contents:
Acknowledgements
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Introduction
Need for Study
Objectives
Hypothesis
Limitations
Chapterization
Literature Review
Theories on International Trade
Theories on FDI
What factors determine the FDI?
Is Global FDI Tariff Jumping?
Multilateralism & Bilateralism
The Doha Round
The Cancun & Hong Kong Round
India's Reservation on WTO
Methodology
Methodology
Source
Assumptions
Expected Outcome
Results & Findings
Findings from Time Series Data
Findings from Cross Section Data
Conclusions & Policy Recommendations
Suggested Areas for Further Research
Bibliography
End Notes
Tables
Figures
Appendices
From the Paper
"At present, the foreign investments are protected under the BITs (Bilateral Investment Treaties) and certain other regional arrangements. Since the 1960s, the BITs have increased greatly in numbers and today there are more than 2300 BITs (Source -UNCTAD). There has been a sustained debate between the developed and the developing world on the utility and/or continuance of BITs. The stand of the developed world is that the BIT is an inadequate protection since it often (not always) subordinates investment disputes to the local laws of the host country rather than international arbitration. Also, the process of negotiations of BITs is costly and time consuming. The western world also holds the view that the BITs do not sufficiently address the issue of transparency, predictability and stability of the FDI regime of the host countries."
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America's Top Banks for Investors., 2002.
An analysis of the banking industry in America and which banks are best for investors.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
Evaluates a list of top 35 US banks, recommends top 3 banks for investors. Gives a brief history of bank assets, company structure, etc. Lists reasons for a possible merger between Fifth Third bank and one of the top 3 banks (Citicorp, Bank One, and Deutsche Bank/Taunus Corp.).
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America's Top Banks For Investors, 2002.
Shows which of America's banks should be considered the top three out of a list of 35, considering their histories, assets and structures.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
Evaluates a list of 35 top U.S .banks and recommends the top 3 banks for investors. Gives a brief history of bank assets, company structure, etc. Lists reasons for a possible merger between Fifth Third bank and one of the top 3 banks (Citicorp, Bank One, and Deutsche Bank/Taunus Corp.).
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Corporate Governance on Malawi's Commercial Banks, 2008.
An assessment of corporate governance of Malawi's commercial banks.
14,002 words (approx. 56.0 pages), 20 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the effectiveness of corporate governance in banking and financial systems in Malawi, an African developing economy. The paper begins with a discussion on the history of Malawi combined with a short explanation of its economy and past laws affecting the banking industry. The banking industry in Malawi is then critiqued along with a general discussion of the manner in which banks operate and affect a country's economy. Next, the paper analyzes the larger financial institutions such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund in the context of Malawi's economy. In addition, the available literature on the topic is outlined, broken down into different sections. Furthermore, the paper assesses the effectiveness of corporate governance in Malawi's financial sector and proposes a study for future work. Finally, predicted results of the study are outlined, and well as recommendations for implementing and establishing better guidelines for corporate governance in Malawi's financial services and banking industry.
Outline:
Proposal
Introduction:
Corporate Governance in Malawi
Proposal Conclusion
An Overview of the Role of Commercial Banks
Malawi's Financial Services & Banking System
Literature Review
Public Sector Management
Public Policy Formulation
Decentralization
Corporate Governance
Purpose of the Study & Methodology
Proposed Study Methodology
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The effectiveness of corporate governance in Malawi's commercial banks is an important issue given the essential role banks play in the financial systems of developing economies and the widespread banking reforms that these economies have implemented. Although the subject of corporate governance in developing economies has recently received a lot of attention in the literature, the effectiveness of corporate governance of banks in Malawi has been almost ignored by researchers. In developed economies, the corporate governance of banks has only recently been discussed in the literature. In order to address this research deficiency, this paper discusses some of the key concepts and issues for the corporate governance of banks in Malawi that can be applied to other developing economies. In many developing economies, the issue of bank corporate governance is complicated by extensive political intervention in the operation of the banking system. Malawi is a low income country where economic development is a priority for a future stable economy. Economic development consists of capacity building, good governance and economic reform. Acquired skills cannot be utilized fully and institutions cannot operate efficiently without good governance; similarly, economic reform cannot be implemented properly without institutions that are functioning well ."
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Canadian Banks, 2002.
This paper looks at Canadian Commercial Banks and analyzes their activity In the N.Y.C. real estate market.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
An examination of the entry of Canadian banks into the American banking market. The paper shows how their greatest competition remains the American commercial banks, and shows how their attempt to enter the real estate market has succeeded. It shows how Canadian Banks already realize a healthy portion of the US real estate market and it is expected that this growth will continue into the future.
From the Paper
"The Canadian economy has paralleled the US economy for the past year. Following the events of September 11, 2002, the Canadian economy and the US economy took dips and many on both sides of the border feared recession. However, these circumstances were short-lived and both economies quickly resumed their normal pattern. The US economy is strong and many Canadian Banks are poised to take advantage of eager investors in the United States. Many of these Banks have established a presence in New York City. One of the main reasons for this move is the strength of the US dollar. Foreign Banks used to have a competitive edge over American Banks, but legislation has evened the playing field. The chief competition for Canadian Banks operating in the US is, of course, other US Banks."
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India, WTO and the Development Round, 2003.
Discusses the Indian perspective in the development round and possible outcomes of contentious issues.
12,754 words (approx. 51.0 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 168.95
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Abstract
The first part reviews briefly the functioning of the multilateral trade fora and India?s participation in it. The key issues of the WTO in the Development Round are discussed in the next part. India?s concerns are analyzed in the third part. The fourth part focuses on the core areas of conflict and analyzes the possible outcomes given the bargaining power and capabilities of the players in the international political economy. In conclusion the paper focuses on the strategies which India should take based on findings of where her real interests lie. The future of India?s participation in the WTO and extent of its probable integration in the world economy is also discussed.
Introduction
GATT and the WTO
India and GATT/WTO
WTO?s Development Round: Key Issues
India?s Concerns
Core Issues and Possible Outcomes
India in the WTO: A Broader Perspective
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"In almost half a century GATT had eight trade negotiating rounds. In the early years, the GATT trade rounds concentrated on reducing tariffs. A new issue was introduced in the Kennedy Round in the mid-sixties which brought about a GATT Anti-Dumping Agreement. The Tokyo Round during the seventies was the first major attempt to tackle non tariff trade barriers and to improve the trading system. The eighth, the Uruguay Round of 1986-94, was the latest and most extensive of all. It led to the WTO and a new set of agreements covering for the first time trade in services and intellectual property.
The success of GATT in promoting and securing the liberalization of much of world trade is universally recognized. Continual reductions in tariffs may have been the major factor in very high rates of world trade growth during the 1950s and 1960s ? around 8% a year on average. The momentum of trade liberalization helped ensure that trade growth consistently out-paced production growth throughout the GATT era, a measure of countries? increasing ability to trade with each other and to reap the benefits of trade. The rush of new members during the Uruguay Round demonstrated that the multilateral trading system was sought after by countries seeking faster development by economic and trade reform."
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Central Banks, 2008.
An analysis of the variances of central banks between different countries and over time.
1,629 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 21 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the purposes of central banks and the variances that exist between countries in how central banks are instituted and developed from country to country over time. It then discusses the need for central banks to be independent of politics or any other forces and the consequences that can occur if this is not the case.
Table of Contents:
Variations
County to Country
Over Time
Key Concerns: Central Bank Reactions
Independence Issues
From the Paper
"If free market perspectives are to be considered alone, then there is little argument against the need for central bank independence. In such a perspective, any intervention, political or otherwise, can disrupt the free market movements. At the same time, there is argument that such a degree of independence also can deter the ability of government to manage its economic growth. Another argument is that such policies put developing countries at a distinct disadvantage against more developed economies because of economies of scale.
"One of the most popular examples to illustrate the need for central bank independence is the events that led to the Great Depression. In this scenario, governments control of the country's economy, particular its investment policies affecting the monetary value of the country's currency, as a key contributing factor for the collapse. In its objective to encourage the expansion of the economy to prevent a recession because of similar recession in European markets through spending, the U.S. economy literally was not able to support expectations in the market. However, in the case of the Asian Financial Crisis, analysts now believe that it was the emphasis on liberalization encouraged policies that will eventually left governments unable to respond to kicks in inflation and maintain currency stability."
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DNA Criminal Data Banks, 2004.
A look at the ethical pros and cons of DNA criminal data banks.
1,403 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the arguments in favor of DNA criminal data banks and those opposed to them and then outlines suggested alternative policies for data banks. The paper concludes by noting that, while the DNA data banks may prove to be an invaluable resource to law officials, care must be taken not to violate the individual's right to privacy.
From the Paper
"DNA banking of criminal information is a source of controversy among many human rights activists. According to statistics, Criminal DNA databanks offer an effective means of controlling crime. Genetic information on criminals is being collected and stored in many states as a means of identifying current and future criminals. Statistics support the notion that collecting DNA information on criminals helps reduce crime. Case in point, the Division of Forensic Science has managed an average of 37 ?hits? per month, where hits refer to a situation where DNA analysis of a crime scene has resulted in suspect matches from previously convicted offenders and subsequent arrest (DCJS, 2004). In Virginia the DNA databank database contains more than 200,000 of criminals (DCJS, 2004)."
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Commercial Banks & Underwriting Securities, 1994.
History, trends, & legislation in banking, focusing on commercial banks & underwriting securities.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 11 sources, £ 60.95
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From the Paper
"Commercial Banks and Underwriting Securities
Introduction
Historically, banks in the US were relatively unregulated and control was exercised mainly by the states (Trescott, 1963). In contrast, in Europe and other developed lands, banking has been relatively centralized and controlled by the national government and/or was not a stable business, making big profits in boom times through speculation in land and industry, but often going bankrupt in recessions when "financial panics" force the calling in of loans because uneasy depositors wanted or needed to convert their savings into cash. The result invariably was a large contraction of the US money supply in the aggregate, which exacerbated any economic recession. Rural, small institutions, called "wildcat banks," were.."
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The Role of Central Banks in Third World Countries, 2006.
A brief overview of the role that central banks play in the economies of third world countries.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the primary objective of central banks in third world countries, how they benefit developing economies and how they may also present problems for developing countries. The paper also explains why central banks, even though they may be facing the gradual erosion of their status and power, will likely be needed by developing countries, albeit in a somewhat different form, for some time yet to come.
From the Paper
"Central banks in their current incarnation are quasi-governmental institutions that are operated with taxpayer dollars but have considerable independence in the performance of their duties. Their goal is to achieve financial stability, in general, and to control inflation, in particular. Their primary method is to regulate the flow of currency; their most potent tool is their authority to raise or lower interest rates. If a particular national economy is stagnant with little or no inflation, a central bank can stimulate growth by cutting interest rates and, presumably, increasing the flow of currency into the system. If an economy is growing too fast and inflation is rising, a central bank can slow things down by raising interest rates."
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