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"Moving Stem Cells Front and Center", 2005.
A critical reflection summary about stem cell research.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This is a critical review of the article, "Moving Stem Cells Front and Center" by Andrew Pollack. This
analyzes stem cell research and application for spinal cord injuries. After a brief introduction of the topic and the use of stem cells in application, the majority of the paper is centered on ethical examinations of values, consequentialist and non-consequentialist arguments. The paper concludes with a personal statement that is developed as a result of the research.
From the Paper
"Especially with the advent and reliance of the internet, information abounds in every genre, school of thought and industry. Some is highly relevant, valid and reliable information - other information is high level and unsubstantiated, still more articles or websites offer mis- or dis-information. It is important to know how to differentiate the good, valid and reliable sources and salient data from that which is not. Therefore, critical analyses are an important training mechanism. This paper presents a critical assessment and review of the article "Moving Stem Cells Front and Center" by Andrew Pollack according to the critical reflection summary guidelines that were distributed in class. In order to fully understand and appreciate the scope of the research, medical implications, ethical arguments and values, questions, role of stakeholders, etc., it is important to understand how stem-cells.."
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Stem Cells, 2006.
An overview of the nature of stem cells, stem cell research, and the controversy surrounding the use of stem cells from human embryos.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The different types of stem cell research involve the use of human eggs - and embryos - as intermediates and are at the center of controversy as to whether it should be considered human life. Recent advances are attempting to produce non-embryonic stem cells as well as address the said issue. This paper discusses the nature of stem cells, what they are, how they are produced and the issues surrounding them.
From the Paper
"Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to develop and proliferate into more specialized cells such as neurons or skin cells. These specialized somatic cells comprise the different tissues and organs of the human body. The cloning process currently in use involves the use of the cellular machinery of an egg cell and the genetic material encoded in the nucleus of a somatic cell called somatic cell nuclear transplant (SCNT). First, the egg cell is secured to stabilize it. A needle is inserted into the egg to extract the nucleus and DNA."
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Stem Cells, 2004.
This paper discusses stem cell research, one of the most truly revolutionary medical science developments.
1,755 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the potential benefits of stem cells result from the fact that they can transform themselves into literally any cell in the body, thus replacing the injured or damaged organs, which will render today's medicines obsolete. The author points out that there are formidable challenges to be overcome; the most serious is the 'ethical' opposition to stem cell research led by pro-life advocates who consider the use of embryos for creating stem cell lines as the killing of potential human beings. This has resulted in restriction of federal funding for stem cell research. The paper states that there are several formidable scientific barriers, such as the tendency of the immune systems to attack transplanted cells, which have to be crossed; therefore, the author believes that stem cell research deserves full support.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Types of Stem Cells
How Are Stem Cell Lines Created?
Sources of Stem Cells for Research Purposes
Fertility Clinics
Aborted Fetuses
Cloning
Made to Order
The Ethics of Stem Cell Research
Arguments Against Stem Cell Research Arguments for Stem Cell Research
Other Ethical Concerns
Issue of Federal Funding
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One of the most dramatic breakthroughs in the history of biological research occurred in November 1998, when two independent teams of American researchers managed to isolate and grow a special kind of human cell called the stem cell. Until then, scientists had struggled long and hard to isolate the elusive cells but capturing them had proved difficult. One reason for this difficulty was that most stem cells only exist in their original form for a short time before turning into the various specialized cells of the body; the other was that the cells need a highly specialized environment to keep them alive outside the body. Other scientists had previously succeeded in culturing stem cells for only short periods; the 'breakthrough' accomplishment was that the pioneering scientists successfully created conditions under which the stem cells could replicate over time without specializing."
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Stem Cells, 2007.
An overview of stem cells and their potential use to medical science.
1,493 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how scientists believe that stem cell research has the potential to find cures for several previously incurable diseases and how, despite this exciting potential, progress in stem cell research has so far been hampered by serious technical, ethical, and political issues. This paper discusses the types of stem cells and their sources, the potential of stem cell use in medical science, and the issues that are holding back rapid progress in stem cell research.
Outline:
Types of Stem Cell
Sources of Stem Cells
Potential Uses of Stem Cells
Barriers in Stem Cell Research
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Embryonic stem cells are almost always derived from embryos developed from eggs fertilized during fertility treatment in clinics. In the process of in vitro fertilization, eggs removed surgically from a female ovary are fertilized with sperms in a lab for subsequent implant in a woman's uterus. Numerous fertility clinics fuse more than one egg with sperm as a routine in order to try another implant if the first one does not work. Hence, thousands of such "left-over" embryos are stored in liquid nitrogen freezers in the United States and other countries where in vitro clinics exist, which can be used for stem cell research. "
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Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells, 2005.
This paper discusses, from a neutral position, ethical arguments either for or against the cloning of embryonic stem cells.
4,710 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 23 sources, APA, £ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that embryonic stem cells are self-renewing, undifferentiated cells that are extracted from the inner cell mass of a 5-6 day old embryo or blasto-cyst, which destroys the embryo in the process of extracting the stem cells. The author stresses that the basic problems in embryonic stem cell research are the very highly valued moral problems it presents: (1) The prevention or alleviation of suffering and (2) the respect of human life. The paper stresses that the argument for and against cloning embryonic stem cells is also an argument as to the meaning of life and the recognition of the loss, at any point in life, of inevitable death.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What is Embryonic Stem Cell?
The Basic Problem
Arguments Presented For and Against Cloning Embryonic Stem Cells
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To endorse any use of the human embryo which was not consistent with a reverence for human life would be widely regarded as wrong. Those who believe that therapeutic research on embryos is ethically permissible, might argue that the creation and use of a human embryo outside the context of human reproduction does not necessarily undermine the attitude of respect for the human body and human dignity, provided that the purposes involved in such creation and use are purposes which we would recognize as beneficial ones. Medical uses fall into this category. In this view, it would appear to be quite consistent with an attitude of respect for human life to allow the use of human embryos at an early stage of development, well before the stage at which anything resembling a self can be said to come into existence. Such use promises to provide the possibility of the relief of a great deal of human suffering, a goal which in no sense calls into question respect for the human body."
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Umbilical Cord Stem Cells, 2004.
Examines the ethical and medical issues surrounding the utilizing of stem cells.
5,350 words (approx. 21.4 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 91.95
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Abstract
Umbilical cord blood offers great hope for the future of stem cell research and use. This paper examines the potential of these types of stem cells in order to demonstrate how stem cells from umbilical cord blood can help scientists solve the ethical debate and provide sick patients with hope for life.
Paper Outline
Introduction
Stem Cell Background
About Umbilical Cord Stem Cells
Umbilical Cord Blood Process
The Great Stem Cell Debate
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Estimations regarding the need for a given cord blood sample vary. One estimate of a child needing his or her own cord blood stem cells is 1:10,000 (Wolf, 2002). Another places the odds at 1:1000 to 1:2000. The probability of use varies depending on individual circumstances. Disturbing statistics reveal that every year there are about 8,000 new cases of cancer in children under the age of 15. These children could potentially benefit from the use of cord blood stem cells, so perhaps expectant parents should make the effort to donate their newborn?s cord blood or store it for their own family?s potential use."
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Umbilical Stem Cells, 2007.
This paper looks at the use of umbilical cords as a source for stem cell research.
1,100 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer notes that stem cells have received much attention because of their unique capacity to renew themselves and morph into several different types of specialized cells. The writer also points out that the practice of harvesting stem cells from aborted fetuses has received much criticism from conservative groups, prompting President Bush to halt federal funding for stem cell research. This paper argues that there is a way to accommodate ethical concerns, while reaping the benefits of stem cell research. The writer maintains that umbilical cords are a viable source of stem cells, and do not raise the same ethical issues as harvesting from fetuses. The writer argues, therefore, that parents should be strongly encouraged to donate their newborns' umbilical cords to public and private banks, to provide scientists with a source of stem cells for their life-saving research.
From the Paper
"Already, umbilical cord stem cells are proving remarkably promising in the treatment of diseases. Researchers have already identified some 67 afflictions that have been successfully treated with cord blood stem cells, and more illnesses are being added to that list. Researchers at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, for example, have released a study regarding the use of cord blood stem cells in the treatment of Krabbe's Disease, a fatal disorder of the central nervous system. Babies born with this hereditary disease suffer seizures, blindness, deafness and feeding problems before death at around age two. However, the researchers found that infusing newborns at birth with the cord blood stem cells from an unrelated donor are still alive well past their second birthday. Though some of the children show problems walking, the majority score normally on cognitive development tests and all the children exhibit normal vision."
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Stem Cell Research in the United States, 2004.
This paper explores the legal and moral issues of the stem cell research debate. It also explores the uses of adult stem cells as an alternative to embryonic stem cells.
1,941 words (approx. 7.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper first briefly defines stem cell research in all its forms (embryonic, adult, umbilical). It next explores whether the young fetus should actually be considered a 'life-form'. The political portion of the paper revolves around President Bush's policies and California's Proposition 71. Finally, the argument is made that alternatives to embryonic stem cells represent the only moral choice, especially at this early stage of research.
From the Paper
"There are too many unanswered questions and unknowns when it comes to stem cell research, embryonic or not. There is promising research being made on adult stem cells and umbilical cells as we speak. Shouldn?t these avenues be completely explored before we even discuss destroying another embryo in the name of science? I would think so. The greatness of humankind can be measured by its accomplishments, but accomplishments made without regard to morals can destroy us. This is the course we must avoid. We must not sacrifice life with blind hopes of scientific advancement. We must not sacrifice one life to cure another."
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Stem Cells, 2004.
This paper discusses one of the most controversial topics of popular discourse, stem cell research.
2,055 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that stem cells intended for use in human applications are harvested from humans, umbilical cords, and embryos, and are so valuable because they are master cells with the capability to produce or ?become? any other cell type. The author points out that the reason for the discourse surrounding the topic of stem cells is the fact that the most promising source of stem cells is human fetal tissue; thus, many who hold anti-abortion views find this practice to be highly immoral and repugnant. The paper relates that the problem with umbilical cord stem cells is the small amount that can be harvested from any particular cord; adult stem cells, which pale in comparison to the ability of embryonic cells to differentiate into specialized cells, can be used for research.
From the Paper
"Of course, most people know the origin of human life begins with the sperm fertilizing the egg. After this, a single cell is created that holds all of the genetic information needed to form the entire human body. This cell divides and redivides over several days until these cells (known as totipotent, or as having ?total potential?) begin to specialize into the formation known as the ?blastocyst,? which has a hollow sphere of cells, and a cluster of inner cells (the inner cell mass). While the outer cells of this blastocyst proceed to form the placenta, the cells within the inner cell mass go on to form virtually all of the tissues and organs of the human body. It is these cells that are harvested to research stem cells."
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Stem Cells Research, 2002.
A look at the make-up of stem cells and their use in the medical sphere.
1,883 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by looking at the properties of stem cells and examines the phenomenon of stem cells, which provide limitless division and the rise of differentiated progeny. It then asks what embryonic stem cells are and looks at how they are cultured in the laboratory. It then discusses adult stem cells and the use of cell therapy today. The paper concludes with expectations for the future.
From the Paper
"Stem cells can be defined as progenitor cells or primitive cells that give rise to other cells. They are totipotent cells also dubbed as the ?master cells? of the body as they contain all the genetic information needed to create all the cells in the body plus the placenta, which nourishes the human embryo. Human cells have this capacity only during the first few divisions of the fertilized egg. Totipotent cells follow a series of stages and become highly specialized after 3-4 divisions. The next stage of division give rise to pluriopotent cells that are highly versatile and can give rise to any cell except the cells in the placenta. At the next stage, cells become multipotent, meaning they can give rise to several other cell types, but those types are limited in number. An example of multipotent cells is hematopoietic cells?blood stem cells that can develop into several types of blood cells, but cannot develop into brain cells. At the end of the long chain of cell divisions that make up the embryo are "terminally differentiated" cells?cells permanently committed to a specific function [Author not known, 2003]."
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Stem Cells, 2002.
An examination of the ethical debate of whether to use stem cells for research.
1,165 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper gives a brief description of what stem cells are and how they may be used in scientific research. Recent studies show that stem cells may hold the key to discovering a cure for many mysterious diseases, including Parkinson?s and Alzheimer?s. But the moral issues remain intact, despite the obvious positive consequences. The core of the stem cell debate is a battle over abortion, as stem cells come from embryos. This paper discusses both sides of the debate and looks at government intervention.
From the Paper
"For pro-life advocates, the moral costs of the research far outweigh any potential benefits. For scientists, the possibilities of research are awe-inspiring and bewildering. No one denies the moral dilemma of the stem cell debate. But to turn back now, researchers say, would be like turning our backs on a bright, sustaining light because we are terrified of the shadows it creates. "
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Stem Cells, 2002.
A paper which argues in favor of stem cell research.
1,175 words (approx. 4.7 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
Stem cell research has quickly made its way into the media headlines and is among one of the most controversial subjects in America today. The debate on whether or not to use stem cells for research is a scientific one, but it has also become a political question, as well.
This essay argues that the potential benefits far outweigh any of the moral concerns of the research. It shows how, for scientists, the possibilities of research are awe-inspiring and bewildering. No one denies the moral dilemma of the stem cell debate. To turn back now, researchers say, would be like turning our backs on a bright, sustaining light because we are terrified of the shadows it creates. The paper provides several arguments in favor of stem cell research, including the medical benefits.
From the Paper
"Standing with Mary Tyler-Moore, Gina Gershon and Michael J. Fox, she spoke at a Senate subcommittee meeting, expressing the urgency of the situation and the importance of stem cell research to her and so many others who are dying every day from ALS, a degenerative disease. When you look at the living, breathing people who could truly benefit from a used fetus, it is obvious that morality can bend in the direction of those who need help."
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Public Opinion and Stem Cells, 2004.
A look at the media's treatment and analysis of stem cells.
1,696 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how stem cell research is a hot topic for media headlines and has become one of the most controversial subjects in America today. It discusses how the media have turned the debate on whether or not to use stem cells for research into both a scientific and political debate. It also explores how the media have also fuelled public opinion, showing pictures of seriously ill adults and children that could potentially be saved by stem cell research.
From the Paper
"While the media has objectively printed both sides of the story, it is obvious that there is a certain degree of bias in most of the stories. The majority of the media are politically liberal and adherent to a rational materialist point of view. They are also generally pro-choice on abortion. Because the stem cell issues force the public to dwell on whether unborn human life has intrinsic value simply because it is human, the issue has a tendency to be viewed by the media through a distorting abortion prism. Advocates for embryonic stem cell research argue that if the embryos left over from infertility clinics are going to be wasted anyway, why not put them to some use and allow their lives to be spent helping to save someone else?"
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Stem Cells: A Different Approach, 2004.
This paper examines two alternative approaches to stem cell research which, in the opinion of the author, are more ethical than current directions.
1,287 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how stem cell research could be accomplished in at least two ways that should not raise the moral ire of politicians, religious groups, or the public in general. The writer states that the first is through the use of adult stem cells, avoiding the terrible risks of tissue rejection. The second potential direction for stem cell research involves extracting a few cells in the early stages of an embryo's development without destroying that embryo.
From the Paper
"Revolution is in the air. While the digital revolution is transforming our view of the universe, the biotech revolution has the potential to alter the universe itself. The parallel with the invention of the printing press and the Renaissance is clear. (Blake, 2001). ?Gutenberg's and Caxton's inventions turned the world figuratively and intellectually upside down and heralded new patterns of human activity and organization that were inconceivable prior to the early 15th century.? (Blake, 2001, pg. 9). One of the great achievements of that era was the quick adaptation of this communications revolution to every aspect of human life. Today, ?we are at the beginning of a new Renaissance?.? (Blake, 2001, pg. 9). One of the more controversial elements of this new Renaissance is stem cell research. There is perhaps no field fraught with more possibility along with questions of morality and medical ethics. (Hickey, 2001)."
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