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Comparative Mortgage Lending Policy and Practice, 2006.
A review of the risk management strategies of the USA, Canada and China.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 86.95
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Abstract
This paper compares the mortgage lending policies and practices in the United States and Canada, as well as in China. Risk management is the key focus, and the paper discusses the efforts taken by the three nations to achieve risk management. In the US, risk is managed through market forces which drive capital infusion and pooling. In Canada, risk is managed through government involvement. China is not well-developed yet and it remains which of these two basic paths it will take.
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Programs to Overcome Mortgage Lending Discrimination, 2002.
This paper investigates the effects of programs dealing with risk-based pricing and increased mortgage loan limits on mortgage approval rates for low- and moderate-income households.
16,414 words (approx. 65.7 pages), 42 sources, MLA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
The paper provides in-depth research into two programs introduced in the 1990s to improve accessibility to residential mortgage finance for low- and moderate-income individuals. The paper finds that risk-based pricing policies have a positive impact on the extension of residential mortgages to borrowers with annual income less than $35,000. It also discovers from the study that higher mortgage limit policies have a positive impact on the extension of residential mortgages to low- and moderate-income applicants.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Study Purpose
Research Questions & Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Definitions of Terms
Delimitations of the Study
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
Review of the Literature
Systems Theory
Systems Theory and the Mortgage Lending Model
Mortgage Lending Markets
Past Discrimination in Mortgage Lending
Summary
Methodology
Research Design
Research Hypotheses
Variables and Operational Definitions
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Methodological Limitations
Summary
Results
Restatement of the Research Questions
Restatement of the Hypotheses
Research Results
Summary, Discussion and Conclusions
Discussion
Conclusions
Appendix: Data Tables
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The major conclusion drawn from the findings of this study is that adherence to risk-based pricing policies and increased mortgage loan limit policies by conventional lenders is more show than real, as the aggregate approval rate among conventional lenders actually declined from 1990 to 1999. Thus, as explained by systems theory, although changes were implemented within a system, the system remained the same and the overall problem continued. It appears that conventional lenders found new reasons to reject low- and moderate-income applicants making less than $35,000 annually, while publicly adhering to the new policies intended to broaden access to mortgage lending for these applicants."
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Monetary Policy in the Mortgage Business, 2004.
A description of the mortgage company, J.P. Morgan Chase, and identification of some economic indicators that affect the company.
1,643 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how monetary policy refers to the actions commenced by a central bank called the Federal Reserve (FED) that was established to influence the availability and cost of money and credit to help promote national economic goals. It also looks at how J. P. Morgan Chase is a leading global financial services firm with operations in more than 50 countries and how the firm has five business segments that include investment banking, investment managing, private banking, treasury and securities services, and Chase Financial Services. It analyzes how all five segments are affected by actions taken by the FED and how mortgage rates, the CPI, PPI, employment, finished goods index, consumer credit data, housing starts, growth and sales, and disposable personal income are all economic indicators in the industry.
From the Paper
"According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, Finished Goods are defined as commodities that are ready for sale to the final-demand user, either an individual consumer or a business firm. In national income accounting terminology, the Finished Goods Price Index roughly measures changes in prices received by producers for two portions of the gross national product: (1) Personal consumption expenditures on goods, and (2) capital investment expenditures on equipment. The Finished Goods Less Food and Energy Index excludes volatile food and energy prices and is sometimes referred to as the core PPI. Other stages of processing in this classification scheme include Intermediate materials, supplies and components and crude materials for further processing."
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Predatory Lending Practices, 2004.
Reviews data regarding the practice of predatory lending by financial service providers.
765 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the serious problem of predatory lending practices and the need for government regulation to protect those targeted most by this practice. Housing and Urban Development (HUD) studies showing who is most targeted by predatory lending practices and the factors that contribute to this practice are cited, as are findings that show that predatory lending practices are largely exploitative.
From the Paper
"Predatory lending practices have been the source of much concern among legitimate financial service providers, regulators and consumers. Much evidence exists indicating that predatory lending practices are still a factor to be reckoned with, especially in what has been termed the ?sub prime market.? Predatory lenders typically have targeted less experienced borrowers or those with higher risk profiles or poor credit (MBAA, 2003). As such, government intervention has become almost a necessity to protect those most vulnerable in society from predatory practices (MBAA, 2003)."
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Mortgage Approval Rates for Low and Moderate Income Households, 2002.
Researches the performance of federal mortgage lending agencies and conventional lenders in relation to both risk-based pricing policies and higher mortgage loan limit policies.
1,549 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This study investigated the effects of programs dealing with risk-based pricing and increased mortgage loan limits on mortgage approval rates for low- and moderate-income households. The research performed for the study found that risk-based pricing policies did have a positive impact on the extension of residential mortgages to low- and moderate-income applicants, in that rejection rates associated with risk-based factors declined. The research performed also found that higher mortgage limit policies had a positive impact on the extension of residential mortgages to low- and moderate-income applicants, in that rejection rates associated with risk-based factors declined. Lastly, the research results indicated that higher mortgage limit policies had a greater positive impact than did risk-based pricing policies.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Problem Statement
Research Questions
Study Purpose
Significance of the Study
Definitions of Terms
Delimitations of the Study
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
Review of the Literature
Systems Theory
Systems Theory and the Mortgage Lending Model
Mortgage Lending Markets
Past Discrimination in Mortgage Lending
Summary
Methodology
Research Design
Research Hypotheses
Variables and Operational Definitions
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Methodological Limitations
Summary
Results
Problems with the Data
Restatement of the Research Questions
Restatement of the Hypotheses
Restatement of Operational Definitions
Restatement of Data Analysis Procedures
Research Results
Summary, Discussion and Conclusions
Discussion
Conclusions
Appendix: Data Tables
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The effort to improve accessibility to residential mortgage finance for low- and moderate-income individuals and families tends to be impeded by a system that has become entrenched. This existing system is an interlocking structure of public and private sector players that has developed rules and processes with which they are comfortable and which they are reluctant to change. The existing system for the extension of residential mortgages also involves both the primary and the secondary mortgage markets, as well as credit review and reporting agencies. The system in place was never intended to provide access to residential mortgages to low- and moderate-income persons except within the framework of specific governmental programs targeting such individuals. These specific programs involved direct public funding, government guaranteed repayment of loans extended by private sector lenders, or subsidies to developers and builders."
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Mortgage Rates and Loan Limits, 2002.
This study investigates the effects of programs dealing with risk-based pricing and increased mortgage loan limits on mortgage approval rates for low- and moderate-income households.
15,515 words (approx. 62.1 pages), 48 sources, APA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
The in-depth research performed for the study finds that risk-based pricing policies had a positive impact on the extension of residential mortgages to low- and moderate-income applicants making less than $35,000 annually, in that rejection rates associated with risk-based factors declined. The research also finds that higher mortgage limit policies had a positive impact on the extension of residential mortgages to low- and moderate-income applicants making less than $35,000 annually, in that rejection rates associated with risk-based factors declined. Lastly, the research results indicate that higher mortgage limit policies had a greater positive impact than did risk-based pricing policies.
The findings that both risk-based pricing policies and higher mortgage limit policies have positive impacts on the extension of residential mortgages to low- and moderate-income applicants making less than $35,000 annually, also showed that mortgage approval rates for this group actually declined over the period of analysis. The implication of these findings considered together is that other problems exist that have led to the rejection of low- and moderate-income applicants making less than $35,000 annually, for residential mortgages.
The major conclusion drawn from the findings of this study is that adherence to risk-based pricing policies and increased mortgage loan limit policies by conventional lenders is more show than real, as the aggregate approval rate among conventional lenders actually declined from 1990 to 1999. Thus, it appears that conventional lenders have found new reasons to reject low- and moderate-income applicants making less than $35,000 annually, while publicly adhering to the new policies intended to broaden access to mortgage lending for these applicants.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1 - Introduction
Problem Statement
Study Purpose
Research Questions & Hypotheses
Significance of the Study
Definitions of Terms
Delimitations of the Study
Overview of the Remainder of the Study
2 ? Review of the Literature
Systems Theory
Systems Theory and the Mortgage Lending Model
Mortgage Lending Markets
Past Discrimination in Mortgage Lending
Summary
3 ?Methodology
Research Design
Research Hypotheses
Variables and Operational Definitions
Data Collection
Data Analysis
Methodological Limitations
Summary
4 ?Results
Restatement of the Research Questions
Restatement of the Hypotheses
Research Results
5 ? Summary, Discussion and Conclusions
Discussion
Conclusions
Appendix: Data Tables
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The effort to improve accessibility to residential mortgage finance for low- and moderate-income individuals and families making less than $35,000 annually, tends to be impeded by a system that has become entrenched. This existing system is an interlocking structure of public and private sector players that has developed rules and processes with which they are comfortable and which they are reluctant to change. The existing system for the extension of residential mortgages also involves both the primary and the secondary mortgage markets, as well as credit review and reporting agencies. The system in place was never intended to provide access to residential mortgages to low- and moderate-income persons making less than $35,000 annually, except within the framework of specific governmental programs targeting such individuals. These specific programs involved direct public funding, government guaranteed repayment of loans extended by private sector lenders, or subsidies to developers and builders."
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Predatory Lending and the United States Sub-Prime Market, 2004.
Examines the correlation between predatory lending of sub-prime loans and foreclosure and their prominence in minority communities and low-income neighborhoods.
5,300 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 91.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by defining important terms from the mortgage industry. It defines the elements that make up predatory lending practices. The paper details the difference between prime loans and sub-prime and how a potential borrower would fall into either category. The paper briefly defines the term foreclosure for context purposes and briefly discusses the aftermath of foreclosure as an aspect of economic impact. The paper offers data from the Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, also referred to as "HMDA" and statistics to prove the correlation between predatory lending and the rate of foreclosure. The paper explores how predatory lending has, as a result of the rise in the rate of foreclosure, affected communities across the country. This influence can be seen in community growth and re-urbanization of these particular neighborhoods. Finally, this paper discusses what is being done at local community levels but also focuses on how state and federal governments are looking to improve the home-buying process to combat the practice of predatory lending. It also discusses how mortgage companies, such as Countrywide Home Loans, are attempting to not only battle predatory lending but also make the dream of home ownership a reality to the under-served populations of the United States during the life of the loan.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Definitions
Statistics and Data
Economic Impact of Predatory Lending
Public Response to Economic Impact
Conclusion
From the Paper
"A variety of loan terms and lending practices have been described as predatory or abusive, especially when employed in high-cost or subprime loans. Some of these practices, particularly loan terms such as prepayment penalties are used in the subprime market and this does not seem to scare the borrower away. The use of such terms and practices is highly inappropriate. For example, debt-to-income ratio above 40-45 percent is considered normal practice with prime loan but is entirely inappropriate for subprime loans. Fifty percent for housing costs may be okay for a family with high-income but could cause potential disaster for that of a lower income. Predatory lenders look to stretch the debt-to-income ratio to a point where, it is not considered responsible lending (Smith 3)."
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Best Practice, 2001.
This paper discusses the business concept of "Best Practice" and places it in context amongst other standard specifications.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 10 sources, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper firstly gives brief details on how best practice emerged and especially on the environmental changes that led to best practice.
Secondly, it discusses bench marking as a key component to best practice and the common characteristics of best practice, with a focus on human resource management and manufacturing organisations.
It describes recent ideas in management and how these link to best practice. Finally, it considers the continuation of the trend and shows how best practice has led us to a new focus on human resource management.
From the paper:
"Best practice management is a current idea that is having a great impact on organisations all over the world. The idea at the heart of best practice is a very simple one ?how do the leading organisations manage their operations?? Beyond this basic concept, definitions of best practice vary. These definitions of best practice generally take the form of a list of requirements or elements required for success. Within these lists we see some common overall themes. One of the themes evident is the focus on human resource management.
Best practice focuses largely on making things better. For a company to achieve this they need to not just look at where things are currently, but also where the future lies. To see where best practice is heading, we will also focus on where best practice has evolved from."
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Advanced Practice Nursing, 2005.
This paper defines advanced practice nursing, its core competencies and scope of practice.
845 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that advanced practice nurse are registered nurses including nurse practitioners, nurse-midwifes, nurse anesthetists and clinical nurse specialists, who hold authorization from a board to practice, based on the completion of a recognized advanced educational program. The author points out that core competency of advanced practice nurses include the application and adaptation of advanced skills in unstable and complex environments, the ability to apply advanced clinical reasoning including the use of advanced complete assessment, the acceptance of referrals and consultation from other health care professionals and team work with other health care providers. The paper relates that an advanced practice nurse is supposed to diagnose a patient and recognize the underlying problem and then provide adequate treatment, which includes the prescription of medicines as well as administering anesthetics.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Definition
Core Competencies
Scope of Practice
From the Paper
"Further, their nature of practice further includes research work and the utilization of research within the scope of their practice. They are allowed to admit patients to hospitals and the authority to refer patients to other healthcare professionals like licensed physicians and dentists. Additionally an advanced practice nurse also gives consulting services to other healthcare providers. They have professional autonomy and independent practice which also includes management. Moreover they are to manage the physical and mental illness status of the patient with regard to nursing care."
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The Conventional Mortgage Option, 2005.
This paper analyzes the pros and cons of conventional mortgages as an option for businesses to consider when attempting to reduce long-term debt.
1,191 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper defines a conventional mortgage as a long term loan which meets the guidelines put forth by the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corp. This paper details the three types of conventional mortgage options currently available. The first is the fixed rate conventional mortgage, the second is an adjustable rate conventional mortgage while the third is a balloon mortgage. This paper examines the characteristics of the three mortgage options. This paper focuses on the debt problems of a particular hospital while attempting to find the most cost effective mortgage option to reduce said debt. This paper also analyzes the risks involved in securing a conventional mortgage by delving into the various issues surrounding the workings of state and local hospitals. The writer contends and explains why hospitals are generally insecure financial institutions dependent on state budgeting and financing which can and usually are influenced by issues such as changes in the governing party or changes in the state's priorities.
From the Paper
"If we look at these three types of conventional mortgages and the characteristics each bear, as compared to the needs of hospital, the most suitable seem to be the fixed rate conventional mortgage and the balloon conventional mortgage. There are several reasons for this.
First of all, for a hospital, the budget is generally set ahead for a period of several years. In this sense, financial stability and a clear sense of what needs to be made in the next period of time is most important. If we consider the adjustable rate conventional mortgage, for example, it may occur that somewhere in the 10th year, the monthly rate, including interest rate, will suddenly double its value. It is, in this sense, a question of security and risk avoidance."
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Pharmaceutical Ethics And Practice, 2008.
An analysis of whether a revised code of pharmaceutical ethics and practice would lift the professional practice of pharmacy to new heights of ethical proficiency and integrity.
1,554 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the revised code of ethics for British pharmacists and pharmacy technicians. It discusses the provision of medical care and the important role that pharmacists play in the public health system in the UK. The paper also looks at the possiblity of lifting the professional practice of pharmacy to new heights of ethical proficiency and integrity through a revised code of pharmaceutical ethics and practice. The paper provides the writer's personal views on the issue, as well as the writer's learning diary.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Key Principles
Role and Responsibilities
Ethical Development
Advertised Drugs
Discussion
Commentary
Learning Diary
From the Paper
"The global withdrawal of the drug Rofecoxib from the market in 2004 illustrates this point. Rofecoxib was no more effective than alternative non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in treating the symptoms of arthritis but it was widely promoted as safer and accepted by the public as such. Although there were studies that it brought the side effect of increased heart disease risks, the drug made it big in the market, with 80 million prescriptions worldwide3. The market success of the drug is a testament to the triumph of marketing over science. Only after the US Food and Drug Administration reported 35,000 cases of cardiac arrests and a congressional investigation was consequently held that the drug was pulled out. The incident highlighted the need to ensure that health professionals are adequately prepared to evaluate promotional claims, and to assess and understand interactions with the pharmaceutical industry."
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Advanced Practice Nursing, 2007.
This paper explores advanced practice nursing, an elite and sophisticated extension of conventional nursing practice.
1,152 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how advanced practice nurses are medical professionals with specific core competencies and are expected to provide more specialized care than their less skilled counterparts. The paper explains that this new branch has certain expectations of its practitioners whereby they are required to fulfill the growing need for better and more effective healthcare. The paper explains that their core competencies are grouped under five categories: clinical, research, leadership, collaboration and change agent. The paper details the need to carry out ethical practice, the need to be up-to-date with the new technological and scientific advancements in their field and the need for them to have enhanced cultural competency.
From the Paper
"The main job responsibilities of ANPs include the application and adaptation of advanced skills in unpredictable, complex and unusual settings. They are expected to apply advanced clinical reasoning and decision making to guide, inform and teach patients and others who are under their direct care. ANPs are also required to do advanced assessment of the patient along with their diagnosis, treatment planning, and its implementation and evaluation skills. It is important that they are capable of prescribing and administering treatments within their scope of practice."
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Communities of Practice, 2008.
An analysis of how communities of practice function and of their growing importance in businesses, organizations and worldwide.
4,096 words (approx. 16.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 76.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the globalization of knowledge pools and resources is responsible for the growing number and importance of communities of practice. The writer defines the term and gives the criteria that must be met for a community to qualify as a "community of practice." The author also describes various ways in which such a community functions and explains how informal networks and professional communities benefit the organization in which they exist as well as the individual members. Additionally, te author lists ways to cultivate communities of practice, and also notes some of their downsides. The paper includes a case study of an organization that set up a community of practice, and charts.
Case Study
Communities of Practice and Organizational Performance
Cultivating Communities of Practice
From the Paper
"With communities of practice, one cannot think in concrete or opposed terms. There is normally a continuum. For example, knowledge can be more or less explicit. Similarly, explicit knowledge is not freed from the tacit. It is not possible to make everything explicit and eliminate the tacit. It is only possible to change relationships. As a result, the process of making something explicit, formalizing or sharing are not just translations; they are instead transformations--the development of a new context of both participation and reification where the relations between the tacit and the explicit will be renegotiated."
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Science Education and Practice, 2002.
A very in-depth study into an investigation of the appropriate level of convergence and divergence in information science education and practice.
13,201 words (approx. 52.8 pages), 59 sources, MLA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
The narrow focus of the research is the appropriate level of convergence and divergence between education and practice in database management systems for the period 2001-2020.
Two research questions are investigated:
1. What emphasis distribution between theory and skills during postsecondary database management systems education will have the greatest positive impacts on the effectiveness of database management systems practice over the long-term?
2. Will a dichotomy of perspective between database management systems educators and practitioners concerning the appropriate emphasis distribution between theory and skills during postsecondary database management systems education have negative impacts on the effectiveness of database management systems practice over the long-term?
The research strategy proposes to investigate the issue of the appropriate level for the gap between education and practice in database management systems will involve both structural analysis and phenomenological analysis. Structural analysis is applied to investigate the potential roles of theory and skills development in postsecondary education as a means of promoting long-term effectiveness in database management systems practice. Phenomenological analysis is used in the proposed study to collect data, refine issues, and analyse data within the context of the research questions investigated.
Table of Contents
Abstract
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Barriers and Issues
Research Questions
Limitations and Delimitations of the Study
Definition of Terms
Summary
Review of the Literature
Historical Overview of the Theory and Research Literature
Theory and Research Literature Specific to the Topic
Summary of What Is Known About the Topic
Contribution the Study Will Make to the Field
Methodology
Research Method
Procedures
Formats for Presenting Results
Projected Outcomes
Resource Requirements
Reliability and Validity
Summary
Discussion of Expectations
Anticipated Benefits
Projected Outcomes
Practical Applications and Findings
Constraints and Limitations of the Study
Contributions to the Field of Study and Advancements of Knowledge
Reference List
From the Paper
"The revolution in postsecondary education in the late-1980s and early-1990s focused in part on the relationship between academic instruction and professional practice in most disciplines. Proponents of the so-called ?new pluralism? emphasize a need for a closer integration of theory, practice, and skills within the educative process (Edwards, 1993).
While few in either academia or the professions advocate a complete de-linking of theory, practice, and skills, many do advocate that the role of academia is to provide the theoretical grounding that will permit graduates to practice in a productive manner throughout a professional career, easily adjusting to innovations as they are introduced (Beyer, 1983). For some, the issue is whether postsecondary education should be for life or for a particular job (Macfarlane, Jeeves, & Boon, 1987). This latter position holds that postsecondary education that focuses on skills development in relation to specific tasks or the ability to apply specific technologies in an expert manner reduces postsecondary education to the level of vocational education, as opposed to preparing individuals for lifelong learning and developing a capacity to grasp and apply innovations as they develop (Madden & Mitchell, 1993)."
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