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"The Monastic Order in England", 2006.
A review of the book "The Monastic Order in England: A History of Its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council" by David Knowles.
3,050 words (approx. 12.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the David Knowles' book "The Monastic Order in England: A History of Its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council", about the changing nature of monasticism from 943 to 1216. The paper explains that this book is the first publication of its kind and is therefore a valuable contribution to monastic literature. The paper relates to the book's detailed accounts of the different phases of monastic life in England, including the activities of English monks within their cloisters and their relationship with society. The paper also includes a brief discussion of the book's insight into the historical events that led to this period as well as the tradition that proceeded it. The paper concludes with a review of the positive academic critique of the book.
From the Paper
"Before examining Knowles' book in further detail, it is important to define monasticism in a larger historical setting. The Columbia Encyclopedia defines Monasticism as a "form of religious life, usually conducted in a community under a common rule." In Luke 4:1 we read that, "Jesus, full of the Holy Spirit, returned from the Jordan and was led by the Holy Spirit into the desert." John the Baptist lived an ascetic lifestyle in the wilderness as the word of God came to him in the desert. In conscious imitation of these examples many early Christians withdrew to remote areas. Often this was to escape Roman persecution, but it was also to flee from worldly distractions and seek God. According to the Columbia Encyclopedia, Christian monasticism had its origin in the Egyptian deserts in the third and fourth centuries with the anchorites, who looked for perfection in extreme asceticism. St. Anthony, who is called the father of monasticism, is the best known of these anchorites. Although they had little organization, they regarded the best Christian life as a solitary, ascetic, celibate existence where the world had been totally renounced and replaced with heavenly contemplation. Western forms of monasticism spread with Christianity to Ireland in the sixth century, where monasteries served as the Church's centers. St. Benedict's efforts in the sixth century led to the establishment of the Benedictine monastic order, a more structured and moderate monasticism. The Columbia Encyclopedia credits monasticism with preserving learning and classic thought in Europe."
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Julian Barnes' "England, England", 2000.
A discussion about the constructions of reality in Barnes' novel, "England, England".
2,185 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 1 source, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the Julia Barnes' somewhat cynical view of reality as a human construction in her novel "England, England". The paper focuses on the characters' attempts to cope with reality and their desire to look past the constructions in their own and others' lives.
From the Paper
"In "England, England", Julian Barnes theorizes that what people perceive to be reality is merely a construction. He argues that people create this construction for themselves because of a desire to simplify their lives. What people consider to be true memories and actual history are distortions, no more real than stories, except in that people believe these memories and histories to be real."
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Constructions of Reality in Julian Barnes' "England, England", 2000.
2,200 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 1 source, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the theme of make-believe reality in Julian Barnes' "England, England", which is presented through the character of Martha. The question posed is whether there even is such a thing as objective reality, and whether, if there is, it can satisfy anyone, and the conclusion appears to be that people ultimately prefer a constructed reality.
From the Paper
"At the beginning of the novel, Barnes sets up the idea that reality, as people think of it, is constructed. Martha reasons: ?If a memory wasn?t a thing but a memory of a memory of a memory, mirrors set in parallel, then what the brain told you now about what it claimed had happened then would be colored by what had happened in between? (6). She continues by reasoning that ?an element of propaganda, of sales and marketing, always intervened between the inner and the outer person? (7). While a person may claim that he/she remembers something clearly, he/she has actually filtered and changed around the memory, infusing it with an element of make-believe."
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"The Family, Sex & Marriage In England" by Lawrence Stone & "Condition of Working Class in England" by Engels, 1996.
Compares works on causes & meaning of radical changes in home & male-female relations in England, 1500-1800.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
"Lawrence Stone, in The Family, Sex, and Marriage in England, 1500-1800, argues that the causes of radical changes in the home and in relations between men and women in England during those three centuries were manifold. Stone also argues that while some of the transformations were negative, most were positive and were precursors of elements which exist in free societies today. These conclusions on the part of Stone stand in stark contrast to the ideas of Friedrich Engels. In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Engels argues that the changes were almost wholly negative, and that the cause was singular---the dehumanizing, exploitive and alienating impact of capitalism in its early stages.
In terms of accuracy, Stone's thesis is more convincing than Engels', for the wide variety and dramatic nature of the changes..."
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Monastic Bibliotecism, 2002.
An anthropo-theological study.
2,400 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper details an invented religion, Monastic Bibliotecism, from the perspective of a theological anthropologist and outsider to the religious community. Monastic Bibliotecism is a religion which holds the production of knowledge, specifically the writing of books, sacred, and has formed monasteries dedicated to the preservation of book-related traditions and rituals. The paper discusses the (fictional) order's place in modern society, and their behavior, rituals, and mysteries.
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England's Monetary Policy, 2002.
Looks at the way Sterling and the Bank of England manage England's monetary policy.
1,882 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
Examines the nature of the Bank of England, England's monetary policy and the recent history of the pound. Included in this study is a look at how the value of the Pound is determined and England's position on European Monetary Union.
From the Paper
"Many feel that much of Britain?s autonomy centers on Sterling and the Bank of England. The United Kingdom was the most prominent country to have abstained from Europe?s effort to create a common currency, which caused such prominent and popular political figures as Lady Margaret Thatcher to be ousted. Once a mere cog in the economic hegemony of the United States following the Bretton Woods conference, England is a currency trading powerhouse, with nearly 700 billion pounds sterling trading hands every day in London?s interbank market. In that many believe or once believed the currency issue to have the ability to economically castrate Britain, the nature of the Bank of England, monetary policy, and the recent history of the Pound deserve our redress."
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France and England in the Middle Ages, 2002.
A discussion of why England achieved centralized power in the Middle Ages and why France became more powerful than England in the 13th century.
1,362 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how both France and England vied to become the most powerful monarchies in Europe and how throughout the 13th and 14th century, wars for land and supremacy were fought until each became a power in its own right. It focuses on the questions of how England achieved centralized power much faster than France, due to the political and territorial layout of the country and how France become more powerful than England in the 13th century due to the leadership of Louis the IX and other events culminating in the signing of the Magna Carta in 1215 which forced the English king to relinquish much of his power.
From the Paper
"The King of France was only able to achieve centralized leadership through territorial sovereignty through inheritance, marriage and finally war. This was not an easy task because there was a great deal of loyalty within the cities and they supported their local jurisdictions. The problem was finally resolved when the Crown allowed regional powers to maintain some of their local customs and laws but was governed by a selected official of the Crown.
But France had to struggle with the clergy and issues that would affect them as well as the constituency. They never quite achieved the level of support for royal initiatives from the church that was needed to perpetuate the Crown as a central authority."
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England's Financial Systems, 2007.
This paper studies England's financial system and its impact on the American revolution.
3,315 words (approx. 13.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the American Revolution was largely the result of England's financial policies. In order to understand how England's imposition of taxes helped lead to the American Revolution, the writer points out that one must first understand England's financial system at the time of the Revolution. The writer notes that during that time period, England was the world's largest imperial power, and its financial strength depended on two things: the wealth of its colonies, and its ability to control those colonies. Having gained an understanding of British colonialism, the writer maintains that one must then understand the specific acts that the British passed to target the American colonies. The writer concludes that it is clear that England's financial system, rather than any form of political tyranny, was responsible for the American Revolution.
From the Paper
"At the time of the American Revolution, England had vast global holdings. Obviously, much of North America had been colonized by the British, but the American colonies represented only part of England's holdings. In fact, the British controlled the majority of islands off North America and in the Caribbean. Furthermore, the British controlled large parts of India, parts of Eastern Asia, and much of Africa. The result is that Britain had an empire that rivaled the Roman Empire or the lands controlled by Alexander the Great. The British Empire was, in reality, far vaster than either of these preceding empires because it included such a tremendous portion of the New World, which had not yet been discovered during those two previous large empires."
"This vast colonial system was incredibly lucrative for England, but it also created a significant financial burden. First, in order to secure the colonies, the English often had to expend tremendous financial and human resources. For example, although initial colonization of the United States was relatively inexpensive, Great Britain had to wage military actions against the French and several Native American tribes to retain control over the claimed area."
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The Role of Women in 19th Century England, 2002.
This paper compares two essays about the role of women in 19th Century England written by Sarah Stickney Ellis (excerpt from ?The Wives of England?- 1843) and Jeanne Deroin (excerpt from ?Almanach des Femmos?- 1852).
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper defines that these two critical essays are essential studies of how women?s role in 19th Century English society shifted from one of subordination to a more liberal, even radical criticism of the society?s treatment of women. This paper discusses Ellis? essay, which talks about women?s subordination to men and Deroin's later essay, which criticizes the unjust and unequal treatment of the society to its women, particularly in their role as wives, mothers, and as women inside the family institution.
From the Paper
"Ellis? essay, an excerpt from her book, ?The Wives of England,? talks about the ways and actions a woman must portray in public in order to be considered an intelligent and ?rational? individual by her society. The essay is described as an advisory about the necessary actions a woman must do in order to make their husbands, or the men, ?feel like kings in their own households and thereby become aware of just how much they need their devoted wives.? Ellis started her essay by stating that the role of men in the society is essential and their role as the ?head of a household? are both vital functions to which the males of the society must attend. In effect, Ellis makes it clear that the role of women fades in comparison with the important work men must do to both maintain the stability and security of the society and his family."
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Protestant England, 2004.
An examination of the state of religion in England of the 1550's.
1,988 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at Protestantism in England in 1558, how it was in poor condition and the effectiveness of the counter-reformation movement. It examines the acceptability of Protestantism in England by exploring to what extent the population 'conformed for the sake of conforming' . It also discusses Edwardian Protestantism and the policies implemented by Marian England and from a theoretical perspective it addresses the accession of Elizabeth and the nature of religion in England at the time.
From the Paper
"In 1562, four years after her accession, Elizabeth fell gravely ill. Had she died, as was expected, ?she would have left a country still predominantly catholic?. Catholicism remained strong well in to the 1560?s and, for long as this endured, England was not ultimately Protestant. Elizabeth?s religious settlement and immediate policies concerning the church imply a clear theological division within England, if not stressing the un-influential nature of Protestantism in 1558. The introduction in 1559 of bills to re-establish full protestant worship based on the Edwardian Prayer Book is evidence in itself that, in 1558, ?full protestant worship? didn?t exist."
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Protestantism In England, 1998.
An examination of the development fo the Church in England from Henry VIII to Edward VI.
2,465 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the development of the Church of England from its beginnings as an English version of Roman Catholicism, to its later establishment as Protestant English, the basis of both Church and State in England. The paper asks why the counter-reformation failed under Mary Tudor, and how the Church established its law. It also examines in what respects and to what extent had the Church of England by 1553 became a Protestant Church.
From the Paper
"The church in England by 1553 had passed through a series of phases from the time of Henry VIII's 'Great Matter' to the death of his son Edward. By examining the different actions taken over the years we can begin to see how the church changed from Henry's view of an Anglican Catholic institution, unconnected with the strident, evangelical Protestantism of Germany to a Protestant church in England which would survive the attempted counter-Reformation of Queen Mary. The Church of England was founded on a basis that was both clerical and secular, and was enforced on the people by methods that were in turn both harsh and more circumspect. We will examine both types of methods and look at the role played by the bishops of England, the people of the country and by those who possessed lay power in the Council and magistracies."
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Birth Control in England, 2008.
Discusses the social and political effects of birth control in England.
925 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in the early part of the 20th century, family planning on a more deliberate level began to appear in England due largely to the continued efforts of birth control advocate Marie Stopes (1880-1958). However, it was not until the second decade of the 20th century that birth control began to be seen as something important, realistic and necessary. The paper then relates the history in England of birth control and the life work of Stopes. The paper concludes that, although birth control is still seen by some people, such as some extremely devout Catholics, as being wrong; overall, there is no stigma in England to purchasing birth control methods even if a woman is unmarried, which is a marked difference from what took place during Stopes' lifetime.
From the Paper
"The idea of the importance of contraception actually began early on in the 19th century. At that time, much of the inspiration for that kind of movement came from a book called "An Essay on the Principle of Population" which was written in 1798 by a British political economist named Thomas Malthus. In his book, he argued that the population of the world would eventually grow to the point that the earth would not be able to actually support it. If this took place, famine, poverty, epidemics, and other significant and frightening problems would plague the human race."
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Personal Care Provision in England and Scotland, 2005.
A detailed layout of how, with the formation of an SNP minority government, the differences in social care provisions between Scotland and England will increase, over the coming years.
2,642 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the provision of personal care in England and Scotland. The paper states that, as a result of the devolution process there exists marked differences between the way in which the Scottish and English parliaments have legislated on the question of personal care and the difference with England is more prevalent in Scotland that it is in Wales, due to the tax raising powers at the disposal of the Scottish executive. The paper suggests that apparent disparity is formed because of a general difference in attitudes towards personal care north of the boarder. The paper views that the primary causes of differences in personal care provision between England and Scotland lies firstly in financing, and secondly in an inherent wish on the part of the Scots to develop a system distinct from that of their English counterparts.
From the Paper
"Now there can be little doubt that financing such a wide ranging and universal care provision is an expensive undertaking. The idea of free health care based on the preponderance of need was first legislated in unambiguous terms with the introduction of the welfare state by the post Second World War Labour government. However, as the decades have passed there has emerged a realisation on the part of policy makes in Westminster that maintaining the ethos of free health care must be balanced with the hard economics of modern medicine. As technological, scientific and medical advances increase, so to does the cost of offering such new provisions. As such, it has generally been felt in Westminster that free universal care provision for the elderly is something that cannot be financially supported, certainly in the long run."
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New England and Virginia, 2002.
A history paper on the New England and Virginia regions at the birth of the American nation.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper briefly analyzes the New England and Virginia colonies. Starting with the New England colonies, both areas are discussed in terms of: geography, settlement, social characteristics, industries, and participation in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars with an eye toward their historical significance. The Virginia colony is presented last and is contrasted with the New England colonies.
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