| Papers [1-14] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 8] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 —> | Search results on "MODERN STEEL GIRDER SKYSCRAPER": |
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The Modern Steel-Girder Skyscraper, 2008.
Describes the steel-girder-based skyscraper, which the author believes to be America's most impressive engineering technical development.
2,125 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper specifies that the author thinks the most remarkable American technological engineering achievement is the steel-girder-based skyscraper first erected in the 1880s by William le Baron Jenney. The author feels this way because the building shows the capacity of Americans to ingeniously find new ways of making products serve practical purposes. The paper describes Jenney's 1883 Home Insurance Building, constructed in Chicago, which is the very first building to employ steel skeleton construction and to resemble, in a rudimentary sense, the quintessential modern skyscraper. The paper relates that this building is a prototypical example of nineteenth-century American capitalism and industry at work.
From the Paper
"Unsurprisingly, the earliest tall structures were comprised of masonry characterized by "the thick walls of the lower stories usurping a disproportionate amount of floor space." Obviously, it became imperative to design structures that would permit thinner walls to exist throughout the entire height of the building. Initially, architects used cast iron along with masonry; later, they used cage construction whereby an iron frame supported the floors of the structure and the masonry walls had only to bear their own weight."
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Skyscraper: Citicorp Center, 2002.
A look at the history behind the building of the Citicorp Center skyscraper.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the existence as well as the structure of the Citicorp Center. Furthermore, the paper will outline the challenges that the people in charge of this skyscraper faced along their way to the victory stand by highlighting the major events that explain the historical background of the Citicorp Center.
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The History of Skyscrapers, 2007.
A look at Manhattan's golden age of skyscrapers; 1910 to 1930.
3,153 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how the skyscrapers of Manhattan were built for several reasons, including limited land, but also to show off power and wealth. The paper discusses how many skyscrapers there were in Manhattan by 1930 and whether there were concerns expressed about the impact of skyscrapers on the city and its people. The paper looks at how land values were affected by the boom in Manhattan skyscrapers and explores what it was like to work on the skyscrapers in Manhattan in the early 1900s. The paper notes that urban America will likely never see an architectural explosion like that again.
Outline:
How Many Skyscrapers Were There in Manhattan by 1930?
Were There Concerns Expressed about the Impact of Skyscrapers on the City and its People?
How Were Land Values Affected by the Boom in Manhattan Skyscrapers? What Was it Like to Work on the Skyscrapers in Manhattan in the Early 1900s?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The skyscrapers of Manhattan were built for several reasons; the most pragmatic reason of course, was that the New York City (Manhattan) land area was very limited, and buildings had nowhere to go but up. Other pivotal reasons for the emergence of skyscrapers, according to author Karen Barss (www.infoplease.com), include these: "...big buildings have been used to show off power and wealth"; there has been shown in cities a need to "...stretch the limits of what's possible"; and there was a sense of "competition among owners, families, architects, and builders.""
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Steel Tariffs, 2005.
This paper discusses tariffs, the politics of trading in the commodity of steel.
1,430 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that a tariff is a tax levied by a government on imports and exports, which can be a major source of revenue for governments but is usually used as a political and economic policy for the protection of domestic industries against foreign competition by making imported goods costlier than their domestic counterparts. The author points out that throughout U.S. history, various administrations have granted benefits to the country's steel and iron industry through high tariffs to keep the steel prices above the fair competitive levels; as a result of such pampering, the U.S. steel industry has failed to become economically efficient, has lacked innovation to remain competitive and been a notorious laggard in adopting new technology. The paper relates that the World Trade Organization (WTO) decision that the tariffs imposed by the U.S. government in March 2002 on steel imports was illegal because the U.S. tariffs on steel imports were illegal under global trade laws and because the U.S. had not sufficiently proven that cheap imports from overseas were the reason for the U.S. steel companies' problems.
Table of Contents
U.S. Steel Tariffs: Was it a Correct Decision?
Protective Tariffs: Main Beneficiaries and Losers
World Trade Organization on Steel Tariffs: Loss of U.S. Sovereignty? Why Did WTO Side with EU?
If All Tariffs on Steel are Removed
From the Paper
"Lower tariffs result in greater international trade in which all the countries participating in such trade benefit through the economic principle of comparative advantage. Greater international trade, stimulated by lower tariffs, result in creation of wealth and higher economic growth rates for the participating countries. Recent real life examples of the dramatic benefits of free trade and reduced tariffs abound. Economies of Asian 'tiger' countries such as Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand that followed policies of low tariffs and few trade barriers in the 1990s experienced very high growth rates. On the other hand, economies such as India, and Cuba that put up high tariff regimes and protective barriers during the same period, stagnated."
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Steel Sculptures, 2004.
A discussion of the role of steel as an art medium for modern sculpture.
3,486 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with a brief introduction to contemporary sculpture and then investigates some of the issues associated with steel as an art medium for sculpture. It looks at how steel has innumerable qualities for the artist seeking to create structural integrity and also allows the artist to create freely and to use form and space to complete a piece that has spatial depth and perspective. It focuses on the works of several artists, including Pablo Picasso, David Smith, Richard Serra, and others.
Outline
Introduction
Discussion
Introduction to Contemporary Sculpture
Using Steel
Artists and their Use of Steel
The Artists? Works
Summary
From the Paper
"In the art world, this does not seem to be a surprise. Artists work in the medium that they are not only comfortable with but also that may resonate with their feelings, i.e. an expression of how they view the world. The idea of art is to create something that expresses the artists? thoughts and concept of the world and this is often very personalized. It would be hard to imagine a female artist identifying with the hardness, coarseness and coldness of steel. That is not to say that it cannot be considered but the contemporary sculptures who work in the steel medium certainly seem to lean towards the male population of artists."
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U.S. Steel Tariffs, 2002.
An opinion essay defending U.S. Steel tariffs recently imposed by the Bush administration on imported steel.
770 words (approx. 3.1 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains the U.S. Steel tariffs and when and why they were put in place. It presents an argument defending the tariffs, and discusses how these tariffs impact international business and world wide relations for the United States.
From the Paper
"On March 5, 2002, the Bush administration imposed a 30 percent tariff on steel imports over the next three years. The tariffs exclude members of the North American Free Trade Agreement, including Canada and Mexico. Imports from developing nations that account for less than 3 percent of the total for individual steel product lines are also excluded. Duties ranging from 8 percent to 30 percent took effect on March 20, 2002. The tariffs cover flat-rolled steel and other steel product imports from countries including Brazil, South Korea, Japan, Russia, Germany, Turkey, France, China, Australia, and the Netherlands and will remain in place for three years (Bush 2002).
President Bush faced few alternatives to save the nation?s beleaguered steel industry. United States trade representative, Robert Zoellick, expressed that the American steel industry was basically up against the wall and that Bush?s actions would restore the strength and profitability of the industry. Approximately thirty-one steel companies have filed for bankruptcy since 1998, the year of the Asian financial crisis that prompted a flood of cheap steel into the United States, causing steel prices to tumble to 20 year lows. The Bush administration defended import restrictions as an effort to eliminate some of the 200 million tons of global excess steel-making capacity (Bush 2002). Originally demanding 40 percent tariffs over four years, the U.S. steel makers seem content with the imposed 30 percent over three years. The Bush administration faced strong political pressure to protect the industry from the crushing effects of imports from the political battleground states such as Pennsylvania, Ohio and Illinois (Bush 2002)."
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Government Intervention in the Steel Industry, 2002.
A paper on the U.S. federal government's imposition of steel tariffs on international trade.
3,695 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This research report focuses on various aspects of the U.S. government?s imposition of steel tariffs. It discusses the benefits and costs of tariffs in general, and includes a history of government?s support of the U.S. steel industry, details of the steel tariff 2002, why it was imposed, and its repercussions, both negative and positive. The paper also describes the research report which focuses on various aspects of the U.S. government?s imposition of steel tariffs. It discusses the benefits and costs of tariffs in general, and includes a history of government support of the US steel industry, details of the steel tariff 2002, why it was imposed, and its repercussions, both negative and positive. The paper also describes the reaction of different countries including the European Union and the Asian countries to the imposition of the tariff, how they would be affected by the tariff, and what counter measures they have taken or can take in retaliation. It explores the long and short-term economic and political impacts of the measure, both at the internationally and domestic levels. The paper includes the ramifications of such protective tariffs on international trade and on the campaign for globalization and free market economy led by the United States and views of the World Trade Organization (WTO) on the US move and also discusses the reaction of different countries including the European Union and the Asian countries to the imposition of the tariff, how they would be affected by the tariff, and what counter measures they have taken or can take in retaliation. It explores the long and short-term economic and political impacts of the measure, both at the international and domestic levels. The paper also includes the ramifications of such protective tariffs.
From the Paper
"The Bush administration announced the imposition of sweeping tariffs of up to 30% on steel imports to the United States for a period of 3 years in March 2002 purportedly to save the ailing steel industry from collapsing. Predictably, the action has invited particularly harsh criticism from the US trade partners that have been directly affected by the tax, i.e., the European Union, Japan, and China. Domestically too, the proponents of a free market economy have been no less critical of the measure, although the US steel industry, in general, has welcomed the move."
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The Steel Industry, 2005.
This paper analyzes the steel industry in the United States.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 7 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the steel industry is a major determinant of economic health and is itself much affected by economic changes in both the macro- and micro-economy. The author points out that steel has a particular role in construction today; therefore, the degree of health in the construction industry, especially for commercial construction, affects the demand for steel. The paper relates that the domestic steel production attempts to meet the demand, to reduce imports of steel from other parts of the world while trying to increase its own ability to export steel.
From the Paper
"The steel industry is a major determinant of economic health and is itself much affected by economic changes in both the macro- and micro economy. Steel has a particular role in construction today, and the degree of health in the construction industry, especially for commercial construction, affects the demand for steel. Domestic steel production tries to meet the demand and often tries to reduce imports of steel from other parts of the world while trying to increase its own ability to export steel. Other countries also take a protectionist stance toward steel, with varying results. The demand for steel is only somewhat price elastic and is governed more by need, given that substitutes are few, especially for construction uses. Steel prices are affected by economic health, construction demand, automobile industry needs, market conditions, and general economic conditions. Steel is used in thousands of products as well as for big projects."
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The Steel Drum, 2005.
An examination of the musical instrument known as the steel drum.
1,547 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The steel drum, or steel pan, is a unique instrument commonly heard in Caribbean music today, and is one of the most recently "invented" instruments in the world, when taken in its current form. However, the roots of the instrument date as far back as the 18th century. This paper examines the roots of the steel drum, as well as the evolution of the instrument its self. Additionally, this paper examines the steel drum's impact on the Trinidad society.
From the Paper
"The steel drum claims origin on the island of Trinidad, located in the Caribbean Sea, off the coast of Venezuela. This island and the smaller island of Tobago, located 19 miles northeast of Trinidad, make up the single nation state of Trinidad and Tobago. To understand the evolution of the steel drum in this area, it is important to evaluate the political history of the islands, since it was that very political situation which helped the area to develop the instrument (Goddard, 1991). "
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Steel Frame Construction, 2007.
An analysis of the selection, application or installation of materials and building components used in steel frame construction today.
3,659 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
The paper relates that an increasing number of commercial and residential structures are using steel frame construction techniques due to their many advantages. The paper explains that because resources are by definition scarce, it is important to recognize when and where steel frame construction is an appropriate choice. The paper therefore examines the contemporary applications, properties, strengths and limitations of steel frame construction techniques.
Outline:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Methodology
Discussion and Analysis
From the Paper
"An increasing number of commercial and residential structures are using steel frame construction techniques today. The increased popularity of this building technique has grown from its early beginnings in Chicago a century and a half ago to become the building method of choice for many urban settings today. This increased use is directly attributable to a number of key advantages that steel frame construction has been shown to have over other construction techniques. For example, according to Fanjoy (2006), "While a versatile building material, lumber can pose a number of challenges to builders and remodelers: sudden and sizeable fluctuations in price, for example, or rot and dimensional instability due to exposure to moisture, either at the building site or after installation. But there is an alternative: steel framing" (3)."
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Heat Treatment of Steel, 2004.
Examines a process that increases the hardness of steel.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
When steel is heat treated, the size and morphology of its phases are changed. The samples used in this paper are AISI 1045 and 4140 steels. Four samples each of AISI 1045 and AISI 4140 are shown to be subjected to annealing and quenching while eight samples of AISI 1045 are subjected to tempering. Photomicrographs and hardness of each sample are taken. From the results, the paper shows that quenching increases the hardness of steel and increasing the cooling rate increases the hardness of the sample due to the formation of fine grains of pearlite. Increasing the tempering temperature reduces the hardness of a specimen. The paper includes graphs.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Experimental Section
Results and Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Theoretically, a quenched specimen should be harder than tempered specimens. This is due to the interstitial carbon atoms that deter dislocations along the lattice. The relatively higher hardness of a quenched specimen may also be attributed to the few slip systems of the BCT crystal structure. From the microstructure, the trapped carbon atoms are evident as the black regions."
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Skyscrapers, 2002.
A discussion of the origins of skyscrapers, their designs and designers.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the origins of skyscrapers. Factors that made the building of skyscrapers possible, such as technological advancement, and advancements in manufacturing and architecture are outlined. Advantages to the building of skyscrapers over smaller buildings are discussed.
From the Paper
"Skyscrapers flourished in Chicago for a variety of reasons. ?The main technological advancement that made skyscrapers possible was the development of mass iron and steel production. New manufacturing processes made it possible to produce long beams of solid iron. Essentially, this gave architects a whole new set of building blocks to work with? (Harris). The development of elevators also played in the development of skyscrapers, because people could move more quickly and efficiently between floors, which is why skyscrapers are sometimes called ?elevator buildings.?"
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Corrosion in Concrete Bridge Girders, 2008.
A critical examination concerning the problem of corrosion in concrete bridge girders with recommendations to resolve the issue.
5,442 words (approx. 21.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the fact that roads invariably require bridges to cross over roads and rivers, and as strong as the bridges may seem to be at the time of their construction, engineers have not been able to build corrosion-proof bridges. The paper highlights the problems associated with corrosion of steel reinforced concrete bridge girders as they are vitally important to travelers and to engineers. The paper also reviews the numerous studies that have been conducted, and provides recommendations for better predictability vis-a-vis when a bridge is due to be replaced.
Outline:
Table of Contents
List of Figures, Nomenclature, Introduction
Hypothesis of Theoretical Considerations
Procedure
Results
Discussion of Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
From the Paper
"This paper provides a strong engineering and safety background into the problems associated with corrosion and bridges. The procedure used in this paper is presented through the careful examination of the existing literature. Some of the literature may be a few years old but the past is prologue; what went before is as relevant as what is going on today. Other literature presented is quite contemporary, and all of the materials presented in this paper are relevant. Especially relevant are studies that have been conducted six, seven, eight and more years ago; compared and contrasted with what engineers and scientists are saying in the latest bulletins and research documents. For example, the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) offered standard specifications for highway bridges in the 1990s that seem to be practical and yet have clearly not provided a workable solution to the ongoing problems of corrosion.
In the article titled "Reliability of Reinforced Concrete Girders Under Corrosion Attack," the authors (Frangopol, et al, 1997) embrace the AASHTO strategy; first, the effects of corrosion "on both moment and shear reliabilities" are carefully investigated; second, a "reliability-based design approach" that is based on minimization of "total material cost including corrosion effects" is taken into consideration. This article suggests that taking into consideration the environmental stressors on concrete (due to corrosion), along with the AASHTO standards, can then be plugged into "reliability-based optimization software." That software is a product of the combining of general-purpose optimization software and a Monte Carlo simulation-based evaluation program.
Hence, the procedure for coming up with reliable estimates of the life expectancy of concrete girders comes in two phases, according to this research. Phase one spans the time from construction to corrosion initiation; phase two, from corrosion initiation to time when "unacceptable levels of section loss have occurred." But is this procedure proactive or reactive? The answer - it is indeed reactive, and it is also outdated. But nevertheless it should be researched and understood because it is part of the literature. Science cannot predict future conditions and dynamics based on models and hypotheses alone. A foundation for the projections of the future is based on evidence from the past. "
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U.S Steel Industry, 2002.
A look at current problems facing the US steel industry.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This seven-page undergraduate paper looks into the difficulties being faced by the U.S. steel industry and the subsequent demand for imposing tariffs on imports. The major problem of the industry is the presence of cheap steel and related goods in U.S. markets and claims that imposing taxes would protect the industry from loss of jobs and capital.
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