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Modern Japan and The Meiji Restoration, 2002.
Depicts the effects that the Meiji restoration had on Japanese propaganda in WWII.
1,615 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The Meiji Revolution, which came about at the end of the nineteenth century, toppled the Tokugawa shogunate, "restored" imperial rule and transformed Japan from a feudal into a modern state. This paper examines how the ambiguous constitutional structure, military orientation and nationalist ideology bequeathed by the Meiji Restoration led Japan to military disaster in WWII. It shows how racist Meiji ideology affected the propaganda put out by the Japanese during the war. The paper contains illustrations.
From the Paper
"The Japanese created a copycat theory that meant they adapted to the western industrialization. However, they had a hidden agenda to create a more superior power than the west. All they would do is innovate and mutate the capitalist ideology. While this was happening the Japanese would become more anti west and have more of a feeling of moral superiority. A new world order would show where they belonged in the world and how they would become greater."
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Meiji Restoration and the Charter Oath, 2007.
An analysis of the success of the Meiji Restoration in Japan in relation to the Charter Oath of 1868.
1,437 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Meiji Restoration in Japan, from 1868 to 1912. It describes the events leading to the Meiji Restoration, the events themselves and the changes that happened during the period. It discusses them with relation to the Charter Oath of 1868 and analyzes whether the restoration was a success or not. It looks at the success in terms of the establishment of a democratically-elected government, the elimination of discriminatory class status, disparaging customs and traditions and the establishment of a universal education system.
From the Paper
"The waning days of the Tokugawa reign was witnessed by the clan's inability to implement reforms needed to face the requirements of the industrial and the overwhelming pressure of Western nations to open up the country to international trade and industry. Aside from the aforementioned problems, the Tokugawa clan was also being challenged by various other clans and a coup was the final straw that broke the Tokugawa's back. "The Satcho-Dohi coalition of the 1860s carried out this supposed feudal coup from below. The coalition was between the four tozama fiefs of Satsuma, Choshu, Tosa and Hizen, the four strongest principalities of the southwest. (The Meiji Restoration, 1999)" Eventually, the last shogun of Japan, Tokugawa Yoshinobu, capitulated in the late 1800s and handed over the rule of the country to a young emperor of the Meiji clan, Mutsuhito. Mutsuhito took over as emperor upon his father's death in 1867 - Emperor Komei left a troubled nation needing reforms to his then 15 year-old son."
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The Meiji Restoration, 1990.
Looks at social, political and economic features of the Meiji Restoration period in Japan.
2,190 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The structure of Japanese society has been forcibly changed on different occasions during its history. Two such instances can be found in the Meiji Restoration at the end of the nineteenth century and in the Post-War Occupation period after World War II. This paper examines the ideals and institutions of the Meiji state, established in the latter part of the nineteenth century. It discusses the social, political and economic systems which characterized the Meiji Restoration and how this structure led Japan into World War II.
From the Paper
"The Meiji period was the beginning of the development of economic life in Japan at a much more rapid pace. This was also a period of military build-up, and this build-up has been seen as the major contribution to the structure of the technological foundation for the successful industrialization that followed. The new economic order included the acquisition and dissemination of Western technologies and skills, and this same policy created a demand that was needed to assure the survival and growth of struggling private firms in important industrial fields. The rate of growth for Japan after the Meiji period was considerable even before the boom after World War II. "
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Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration, 2004.
An analysis of the book, "The Weak Body of a Useless Woman: Matsuo Taseko and the Meiji Restoration", by Anne Walthall.
936 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The Tokugawa period of Japanese history was a time of rigid class stratification. This paper explains how Walthall's book deals with the transformation from the age of the samurai to the modern; from the Shogunate to Empirical rule; and the beginning transition from an agrarian to technological society. This book is about change, specifically, social and political change, but also about changes that occurred within the life of an individual, a woman, and a political activist.
From the Paper
"Matsuo Taseko was born into the peasant class. Her family were farmers living and working in the Ina Valley in what is now the Nagano Province. The samurai system was based on a feudal and agrarian society where the workers paid ?homage? or taxes to the local ruling samurai. Taseko was the daughter of the local headman, which brought responsibility as well as greater contact with others, including political leaders. It also made her part of the ?rural elite?, a part of the local political structure. Her family were involved in an extensive system of rural entrepenurism, or self-employment, that bridged the agricultural and merchant classes. They were involved in making and selling sake and were known to be the local moneylenders. She learned to read and write, an honor generally denied the peasant. She wrote poetry that reflected both her education and her political inclinations. She was trained in classical poetic form, allowing her a place among the intellectuals of the time."
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Japan's Meiji Transformation, 2007.
An analysis and comparison of Japan's Meiji transformation and the British industrial revolution.
4,849 words (approx. 19.4 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on the industrial revolution of Britain. It then concentrates on the development of Japan, particularly its industrial development, that took place during the Meiji period. It discusses, in less detail, some of the many other changes that also took place during this time. The paper concludes that it is difficult to compare the revolutions in Britain and Japan due to the vast differences between the situations of each country at the time.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
The Changes During the Industrial Revolution and the Meiji
Mechanization in Britain and Modernization in Japan
Organization and Nature and People
The Era of Industrial Revolution
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Comparatively, the Meiji revolution was only the beginning of industrialization in Japan. The main objective was not industrialization but a change of society and a national effort to catch up with the European powers. It was also an attempt to reform society so that wishes of the people could be accepted more and the state was not ruled by the desires of only a group of people. The great success of the Meiji was in the establishment of education, legal system, property rights, commerce and infrastructure. (Meiji Japan, 1868-1911: Government's Role in Economic Growth and Rise of Mitsui Zaibatsu) Thus the Meiji movement was probably an action in a much wider sphere than the Industrial Revolution. It is however difficult to say whether it was as great a success in terms of achievement as the Industrial Revolution. Whether the nature of Japan changed can only be discussed with the discussion of the Second World War."
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Modernization of Japan, 2002.
This paper explores the transformation of Japan into a modern society and culture.
1,660 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper begins by discussing Japan?s long history of tradition and its structure and composition of society before modernization. The paper studies barriers that impeded the country?s entry into the modern world - the role of Japanese women, unawareness of the most important technological advances of the 20th century and arts, entertainment and the geisha culture. Next, the paper examines the Meiji era and Japan?s abrupt transformation to modernity. The paper concludes by looking at how Japan has managed to retain its traditions while becoming part of the modern world.
From the Paper
"The word ?modernize? is defined in the American Heritage Dictionary as: to make modern in appearance, style or character; to accept or adopt modern ways, ideas or style. If we utilize this definition to explain modernization, we can assume that the term refers to the application of such an action in a particular instance. At any given point in time, ?modern? pertains to the latest developments in the area of discussion.
The modernization of a culture is often a difficult undertaking; the degree of difficulty involved corresponds to the rate at which that culture has developed. One of the most incredible modernization processes in the world?s history occurred over less than half a century, in the still-enigmatic country of Japan."
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Meiji Japan, 2002.
A discussion of the "balance" of continuity and change in the social order of Meiji Japan.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, £ 30.95
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Abstract
It is a commonplace of history to observe that all ages are periods of transition, for history is characterized by continual change in human affairs. The Meiji Restoration of late 19th century Japan was such a transitional moment, for in a brief span of time the society, culture, economic and political order of Japan experienced a fundamental restructuring from a pre-Restoration society that was akin to the feudalism of medieval Europe, into a modern industrial nation state. A superficial reading of the history of this era would emphasize the extensiv and pervasive, changes Japan underwent in its social order during the late 19th century and give little attention to the elements of continuity which carried over from the pre-Restoration era. This paper will argue that, while it is impossible to characterize the elements of discontinuity and continuity in the society of Meiji Japan as being in "balance", given the rapid and radical nature of change in the country at this time, nonetheless an understanding of the history of Meiji Japan requires an appreciation of the elements of continuity in Japanese culture.
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Japan's Modern Myths, 2007.
This paper discusses Japan as viewed in 'Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period' by Carol Gluck.
849 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
In this article the writer discusses Professor Carol Gluck's views regarding Japan as portrayed in Chapter 5 and 6 of 'Japan's Modern Myths: Ideology in the Late Meiji Period'. The writer points out that Professor Gluck argues that Japanese society was and is a society founded upon the values of the collective, rather than upon the individual. Further, the writer notes that her view of Japanese civic virtues is extremely broad and suggests that on every level of public and personal morality, the nation is given greater value than the lives of its citizens. The writer then discusses that, in Chapter 6, Gluck paints the period as a constant struggle between the forces of nationalism and collectivism versus the "social fever" for modernity, or Westernization, that is still present and, in Gluck's opinion, was a natural, human impulse in contrast to the expressed will of the state.
From the Paper
"Gluck suggests that the Meiji policies of the late 19th and early 20th century Japanese government leading up to World War II made civil obedience and national sacrifice a religious calling. Gluck's views of the causes of World War II thus take on a very socially deterministic cast. In her view, because the Emperor was divine, everything he did and was done in the name of Japan was seen as right and just. In terms of Japanese religion, although Gluck argues that although it might seem Buddhism had had a strong religious presence in Japanese morality, she believes this should not be over-emphasized, stating that Buddhism was often perceived as a foreign religion by the state In contrast, Gluck stresses the emphasis on the indigenous Japanese religion Shinto as a state religion. She sees Shintoism, as opposed to the imported philosophy of Buddhism, to form the true philosophy of the civil cult of the state. She points out that the Shintoists continued to press their claims for the institutionalization of Shinto as a separate office of state, apart from Buddhists."
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Japanese Modernization, 2007.
This paper discuses the modernization of Japan between the period of the Meiji restoration and the end of the Taisho period in 1927.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the restoration of the Emperor to the throne, which began the Meiji period, led to a series of official policies, such as a centralized government and moving the capitol to Tokyo, which were conducive to the process of technology and cultural modernity. The author points out that, in the Meiji period, acceptance of Western influences were shown in the cultural milieus. The paper stresses that, during the Taisho period, western influences brought about democratization as demonstrated in a two party political system and calls for universal suffrage. The author argues that Japan's failure in World War II began during the Taisho period with Japan's policy of the colonization of Taiwan in 1895 and Korea in 1910.
From the Paper
"The Meiji restoration refers to the fact that the traditional emperor of Japan was essentially returned to power in 1868 following an extended period of Shogunate rule led by the Tokugawa clan. The Tokugawa clan ruled Japan from the early 1600s until 1867 and was largely responsible for Japan's increasing isolation from surrounding countries as well as fierce resistance to intrusion by the Western powers seeking access to its markets. Perhaps the single most pivotal point, vis-a-vis opening up and accepting the reality of the forces of modernization, was a series of visits by Commodore Perry of the U.S. Navy beginning in 1852."
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Women in the Meiji and Taisho Periods in Japan, 2004.
Looks at the greater degree of freedom Japanese women had during the Meiji and Taisho periods in Japan.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper is about the increase in freedom Japanese women experienced during the Meiji and Taisho periods in Japan and the subsequently greater role they had in both the family and the political life of the country. The paper explains how, unwittingly, the Samurai revolution contributed to women's greater liberation and how the combination of increased urbanization along with a higher degree of mobility tended to loosen the traditional strictures on women?s physical and social mobility. The paper also points out how the increase in a Japanese middle-class after the Samurai revolution and their corresponding demands for more rights also contributed to greater freedoms for women. The paper makes it clear, however, that the status of Japanese women during this period was never close to being equal to that of Japanese men, but their social and political gains were significant.
From the Paper
"The Meiji period, as Gordon outlines in Chapter Five, ?The Samurai Revolution?, began with a political revolution that returned the country to direct imperial rule under the Emperor Meiji and brought to an end the era of the Tokugawa Shogunate. The emperor took advantage of the restoration of his power to try to push Japan towards the West and to introduce Western concepts of modernization. The effect ? over the period of Meiji rule from 1868?1912 included the rise of a much larger and more powerful middle class in Japan. This came about in no small way because the samurai who lead the restoration understood that their own rising power ? as well as that of the imperial house ? was dependent upon the diminishment of power by the feudal lords."
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Historical Status of Women in Japan, 2005.
A look at the evolving status of women in Japan from 1200 B.C. to modern times with the Meiji Restoration.
2,750 words (approx. 11.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that women in Japan have not always been the fragile and submissive figures that they are thought to be. In the early days, BC and quite far into AD, Japanese women were powerful priestesses, representations of gods, and heads of households that assumed their husbands' responsibilities upon their deaths. This paper shows that it was not until the period of Tokugawa rule that women's role in society most closely resembled that of the current stereotype.
From the Paper
"Unfortunately, the political decline in female leadership was followed by a spiritual decline. From the late Nara period onward into the new eras of development, the belief systems of Buddhism and Confucianism increased in their popularity among both Japanese leaders and common people. These new faiths were able to peacefully coexist with the native faith of Shintoism. However, minor changes caused these new beliefs to subtly rival Shintoism (Beard 5). Buddhist shrines were constructed alongside Shinto shrines, and male Buddhist priests gained influence in the community (Beard 11). While the Japanese people were still loyal to their kamis and Amaterasu, these great female figures were no longer the only spiritual presences in society. As they became more commonplace amongst the landscape of religious figures, these female figures lost some of their societal authority."
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Ecological Restoration, 2006.
This paper discusses ecological restoration and restoring the natural balance of the land.
1,373 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer looks at the matter of restoring the natural balance of the landscape. The writer discusses Robert Elliot's apparent distaste for ecological restoration in close detail throughout the first portion of this paper. This article explores the circumstances in which restoration may be considered benevolent, through careful examination of Elliot's philosophy and that of Murray Krieger. The writer concludes that in the case of restoring the natural balance of the land, one is not attempting to profit from the restoration or create a fake situation, but rather restore the original version to its original grace and glory so it can be better appreciated.
From the Paper
"Robert Elliot in his work "Faking Nature" rejects the idea that restoration ecology is useful in many instances. Elliot asserts that attempting to restore the natural ecology of the land is nothing more than an attempt to forge that which was once natural and beneficial. In this light restoring the natural ecology of the land seems nothing more than an attempt to fake that which is natural, which in and of itself promotes no intrinsic value.
Further Elliot asserts that one can not reproduce the value that original ecosystems had to offer. The field of environmental ethics proposes that the natural value of nature should be preserved rather than the value of nature purely for human purposes including survival or consumption. Under this assumption nature isn't necessarily valued by humans desiring to create artificial landscapes purely for humanistic benefits."
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Restoration Vs. Translation of "Beowulf", 2002.
Compares and contrasts the translation of an epic Anglo-Saxon document, "Beowulf" with the digital restoration being done on the epic.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The review explores the work of Seamus Heaney (1999) in translating the epic Anglo-Saxon document, "Beowulf." This translation is compared to the digital restoration work being done with the original documents found in the British Library. Both Heaney and the Beowulf restoration group (at the University of Kentucky) are working with identical documents; however, Heamus has translated the text into a more accessible story, and restoration experts such as Keirnan (1984) have worked to preserve the original document for study. This paper evaluates whether Beowulf is a "story" or an artifact of Anglo-Saxon history, and the significance of the difference between translation and restoration.
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Restoration Drama, 2004.
An analysis of the significance of the 'rake-hero' as a symbol of social disorder in Restoration drama.
4,760 words (approx. 19.0 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how one of the distinctive features of Restoration comedy is the figure of the rake as romantic hero. The image of the rake-hero is of a witty, cynical, calculating, and self-serving man who pursues his own pleasure above all other considerations. It looks at the significance of the rake-hero as a symbol of social disorder by considering three plays, "The Careless Lovers" (1673) by Edward Ravenscroft, "The Man of Mode"? (1676) by George Etherege, and "Love?s Last Shift" (1696) by Colley Cibber.
Outline
Introduction
The Rake and his Times
Careless in ?The Careless Lovers?
Dorimant in ??The Man of Mode?
Loveless in ?Love?s Last Shift?
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The character of Dorimant can be regarded with a similar ambivalence as that of Careless. If he is intended to act as a warning against libertine behaviour and to fit into the character of the ?penitent rake? he does not do so very successfully, for as Robert Hume has observed, he is ?too glamorous and successful ? Dorimant is undeniably glamorous ? he has wit, spirit, an amorous temper, charm for women? and he provokes ?a combination of fascination and disapproval? (Hume (1976), 93, 95). His conduct is hardly estimable; he rids himself of one mistress, Mrs Loveit, by exploiting Bellinda, whom he seduces in the process, before apparently falling in love with the heiress Harriet Woodvil. It is perhaps only because he meets his effective match in Harriet that he can be viewed with indulgence. It is she who seemingly brings about his reformation."
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