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Modern Chinese Literature, 2007.
This paper discusses the Liang Qichao style of writing as well as the works of Lu Xun and Yu Dafu.
2,145 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses Liang Qichao's writing style that stemmed from his conviction that literature should be accessible to any literate person. The paper discusses how Lu Xun and Yu Dafu's writings reflected Chinese political developments. The paper explores these ideas that inspired the educated, but points out that these beliefs were soon to be forcibly put to rest with the Communist takeover of China.
From the Paper
"Between 1930 and 1937, Chinese literature developed as a modern profession, mainly in the sophisticated atmosphere of coastal China, incorporating Western thought towards new styles. There was much use of the vernacular languages and appeals to a wider range of readers with what became known as the Liang Qichao style involved the grammar and vocabulary of the old, in a mix of literary and modern spoken forms. (McDougall & Louie, p.16) Liang Qichao was inspired by Japanese efforts to embrace Western technology and knowledge as seen during his time as a student in Japan and his literary work often called for 'good government' as something the Chinese could have if borrowing institutions and values. Looked at a century later, the reader spots the faith in a new system for China that would bring about what was needed. One also sees a man, undoubtedly like most of those he knew, both informed about but very cut off from the lived reality of more ordinary Chinese."
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Chinese-American Literature, 2002.
An examination of contemporary Chinese-American literature and the common characteristics of this form of literature.
4,508 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the nature of modern literature written by Chinese-American authors. It analyzes common themes and trends in this literature style. Works examined include Eric Liu's "The Accidental Asian" and Maxine Hong Kingston's "The Woman Warrior". It also looks at Lisa See's "On Gold Mountain" and Amy Tan's novel "The Joy Luck Club". The paper discusses issues such as the language style used in these novels and common themes.
From the Paper
"A substantial body of Chinese American writing emerged in the 1970s and the flow of novels, stories, poems, family histories and memoirs has grown steadily ever since. Although there is great variety among these (mostly) second-generation writers the predominant focus of their work has been on questions that have evolved around the phenomenon of being Asian in America. The majority of these writers have forgotten most of their Chinese, never having learned it much beyond their pre-school years, and they write about the difficulty of balancing on the biracial, bicultural cusp between the old-world ways of their parents and their own lives as speakers of American English functioning in a culture that was, and often remains, entirely foreign to their parents. As these American-born Chinese (ABCs) attempt to assess their own place in a nation where they constitute a very small percentage of a population that is sometimes hostile toward them they are also, like most immigrants' children, compelled to wonder about the culture from which they came. The dilemma of their own "Chineseness" is the question underlying all the works discussed here. But there are nearly as many ways of approaching the question as there are writers. The present discussion of various kinds of literary production by a number of contemporary Chinese-American writers will, therefore, concentrate on why writers chose particular forms, how these approaches facilitate the questions they want to ask, and what answers they have found to the essential question of what it means to be "Chinese" in America."
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Gender Determinant Power in Chinese Literature, 2004.
An analysis of the representation of females in Chinese literature.
1,243 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Mu-lan, Jaia Sun Childers, Zhang Xinxin, and other contemporary Chinese female writers, persist with the idea that women cannot achieve a wholeness in the assumption of a role, whether it be that of Chinese soldier, revolutionary warrior, or scorned lover. It looks at how gender roles appear only to limit a woman; only once she has achieved wholeness with her femininity and her strength as a woman, outside of traditional bonds or in a cultural gender-neutral framework, can the Chinese woman truly aspire to autonomy, intellectualism, and love.
From the Paper
"Chinese women writers have found it necessary even in modern times, to reject the social roles that men have imposed upon them. These social roles represent one that is quite different from that which faced Mu-lan. For Chinese women writers of the 20th and 21st centuries, it has become more crucial for them to bring the idea of femininity into focus, as opposed to Mu-lan who had to hide her femininity entirely. Much of this stems from the Chinese Cultural Revolution. At this time, many of the traditional social and moral values changed, and lost their validity. At this time, women writers who produced works which embraced and celebrated femininity were widely criticized for having thought and ideas that ran counter to the revolution."
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Downfall Of Prince Shen-sheng & Chinese Literature, 1989.
Uses THE DOWNFALL OF PRINCE SHEN-SHENG as basis for analysis of themes in Chinese literature. Focus is on responsibilities of rulers.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 27.95
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From the Paper
"Many of the important ideas that would be transmitted and repeated throughout Chinese history began early in that history, as early as the Chou dynasty and before. Some of these conceptions are reflected in the literature of the era and would reappear in later literature. These ideas can be seen in early historical writings such as "The Downfall of Prince Shen-sheng," and a variety of cultural and social elements of the time can be discerned in this story.
An important theme in Chinese literature is the responsibilities that devolve to the ruler, and this theme is clearly important in the story under discussion. It was a theme that developed early in Chinese history:
For unexplainable reasons the Chinese, as early as the first millennium before Christ, during the Zhou (Chou)(...)"
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Chinese Children's Literature, 2002.
A look at children's literature, Chinese culture and the contributions of Paul Yee and Laurence Yep towards intercultural understanding.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 22 sources, £ 92.95
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Abstract
A discussion of multiculturalism and literary quality in the children's literature of Paul Yee and Laurence Yep.
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Chinese Literature, 2006.
This paper examines "Censor Xue Finds Immortality in the Guise of a Fish" and its apparent paradox.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 0 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the story "Censor Xue Finds Immortality in the Guise of a Fish" written by the pseudonymous "Lang Xian" and based upon an earlier story from the era of the Tang Dynasty, may be seen as part of a long tradition of stories in Chinese literature on the theme of suffering leading to enlightenment. However, the paper discusses how the comic aspects of this story may seem puzzling to some, as their sheer ridiculousness would seem to undermine the moral and philosophical lesson being promoted by the story.
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Modern Chinese History (1949-1980), 2004.
An examination of modern Chinese history, focusing on the rule of Mao Zedong and the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
1,574 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
The modern Chinese history under Mao Zedong is often perceived as a one-dimensional, iron-fisted rule by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) led by Mao. The truth, of course, is not so simple or one-dimensional. It is true that Mao was a larger-than-life figure who was raised to a godlike status through the personality cult built around him. The paper points out that, at the same time, Mao was an incorrigible revolutionary, which in itself ensured that there would never be a dull moment as long as he was in power. Although defying Mao?s thoughts in China was a hazardous occupation while he lived, differences of opinion and expression of alternate visions within the CCP about how the country should be governed were not totally absent, even during Mao?s lifetime. This paper examines some of the major policy campaigns launched by the CCP during 1949-1980, the difference of opinion or alternate visions expressed by a few, and the consequences they had to face.
From the Paper
"In order to understand the dynamics of Communist China, it is worthwhile to briefly examine the background of the Communist movement and see how it came to China. China was a formerly great continental empire ruled by a weakened monarchy in the early part of the 20th century. A republican revolution in 1911 brought an end to the monarchic rule but the country remained beset with internal troubles and foreign interference. Japan, with its imperialist ambitions, sought to make China its protectorate, while local warlords in the country all but made a central government, irrelevant. China entered the World War I on the side of the Allies, hoping to halt the Japanese ambitions on its territory, but was badly let down at the Treaty of Versailles. In such a political environment, a group of Chinese intellectuals?inspired by the October 1917 Communist revolution in Russia, formed the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) in 1921. Initially, the Communists joined the Kuomintang nationalists (KMT) who led a fight against the warlords to reunify the country."
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Modern Chinese Kung Fu, 2003.
An analysis of the genesis of modern Chinese Kung Fu and its philosophy.
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This research projects examines three main factors: a) the postulation of a new philosophical entity; b) implementation of the method "Mahavipassana"; and c) identification of an object of contemplation. The problem investigated by this research project determines the extent to which Lenhua Cientao conforms to the holistic approach of Kung Fu, the general Chinese martial art.
From the Paper
"The various martial arts can be divided into the armed and unarmed arts. The former include archery, spearmanship, and swordsmanship; the latter (which originated in China), emphasize striking with the feet and hands or grappling. In Japan, traditionally a warrior's training emphasized archery, swordsmanship, unarmed combat, and swimming in armor. Members of other classes interested in combat concentrated on arts using the staff, everyday work implements (such as thrashing flails, sickles, and knives), and unarmed combat."
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Modern Chinese Art, 1994.
Analyzes the prime influences on 20th century Chinese Art. Issues of identity & the relationship of the self to the state are determined primary. Focuses on the works of Xu Beihong & Lin Fengmian.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
"John Fitzgerald in his essay "The Invention of the Modern Chinese Self" considers ways in which the Chinese developed the concept of self, an idea that was first developed in Europe in modern times. The view taken currently differs from that of the earlier Republican era in Chinese history:
In the ethics of late-twentieth century China the naked, new-born self is born a citizen, a little helper and a pillar of society. . . The roles of citizen, little helper and pillar of society into which the child is welcomed today were not known to the child's forebears earlier this century when the identity of the self was up for negotiation along with the rest of the empire (Fitzgerald 25).
Issues of identity and the relationship of the self to the state serve.."
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Modern Chinese Women, 2005.
This paper discusses the transformation of the social status of Chinese women in recent years.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, £ 67.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the international headlines, especially in the West, often refer to the one-child policy in China, can give the impression that women in China experience great discrimination; however, it can be shown that such a perception is incorrect. The author points out that anthropological research contradicts this assumption. The paper reveals that the transformation has mainly been apparent in the areas of education, marriage, employment and the family.
From the Paper
"International headlines, especially in the West, often refer to the one-child policy in China. These headlines can give the impression that women in China experience great discrimination. However, it can be shown that such a perception is incorrect, and is in fact contradicted by the facts, once we undertake some anthropological research. In fact, such research shows that there has been a very beneficial transformation in the status of Chinese women in recent years. This transformation has mainly been apparent in the areas of education, marriage, employment and the family."
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Taixu and Modern Chinese Zen Buddhism, 2008.
An analysis of the efforts of Buddhist activist monk, Taixu, to improve Buddhism and life in China.
1,622 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the life and influence of the Buddhist activist monk, Taixu. It describes how he was profoundly affected by China's experience of World War I and the suffering of ordinary Chinese and what he did to improve the situation. In particular, the paper discusses how Taixu improved Buddhism, in order to improve the life of ordinary people in China.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Improving Buddhism, Improving China
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"What was observed as a New Buddhist Movement in China after the Communist Revolution of 1949 was still remarked upon by observers and associated with Taixu after his death. (See Callahan 1952) Taixu had hoped for a Buddhism that was national, transnational, public and populist, as needed well educated and otherwise prepared monks and outlets suiting lay people who wanted to create an improved society. Taixu could not imagine what lay in store for the Chinese in the decades after his death. In 1950, his disciplines saw his writings published, and then all things of the kind were steadily discouraged. In 1989, there was renewed interest in Taixu and his followers, in a rather glorified rendition of Taixu, despite his failure to ever gain leadership of the Chinese Buddhist Association. The regime backed several volumes of his works that were reprinted in various languages, as though the People's Republic of China had never opposed its spiritual authorities, the competing network in the Buddhist establishment."
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Chinese Literary Modernism, 2007.
An overview of Chinese literary modernism with a focus on Ja Bin's novel "Cold Night".
2,551 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Shanghai's modernist literary movement popularly associated with the interval of 1917 to 1937. A second topic is introduced of how Ja Bin's novel of 1947, "Cold Night", describes the plight of the individual in relation to his or her connection to the state during the Sino-Japanese War, which inflicted such widespread and extreme suffering and destruction in China.
Outline:
Introduction
Lee, Shih and What Happened in Shanghai
"Cold Nights"
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Literary modernism in Shanghai, as a 'movement' evolving between 1917 and 1937, continues to fascinate scholars of literature as much as those of modern Chinese history. Indeed, pre-World War II Shanghai continues to intrigue a variety of Westerners in particular as shown by a strong tourism industry of the present, visitors wishing to see what survives of "old" Shanghai, meaning the world of China's westernized elite, Chiang Kai Shek, or where the Soong Sisters liked to take cocktails in the evenings on visits, there. What some Chinese have regarded as run down, pre-War hotels and other structures of the past hold a powerful romantic or nostalgia appeal to visitors that may or may not have much to do with what Shanghai's literary scene was like through the 1920s and 1930s."
Mao, Nathan. "Pa Chin's Journey in Sentiment from Hope to Despair." Journal of the Chinese
Language Teachers' Association. 11. (1976): 131-137.
Shih, Shu-meih. The Lure of the Modern - Writing Modernism in Semi-Colonial China, 1917-
1937. Berkeley Interdisciplinary Studies of China Series No. 1. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2001.
Tang, Xiaobing. "The Last Tubercular in Modern Chinese Literature - on Ba Jin's Cold
Nights," in Chinese Modernism - the Heroic and the Quotidian. Durham: Duke University Press, 2000, 131-160.
& course materials, University of Toronto, 2006-2007.
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Chinese Myth and Modern Social Practices, 2006.
This paper examines the Chinese myths associated with having a safe delivery and healthy child.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how mothers who desire to have a child in China are guided by a plethora of Chinese myths that affect the process of giving birth in the modern era. These practices have evolved through Chinese ancestry and are considered essential elements of the pregnancy, delivery and after-birth process. The paper explains that women who follow these rituals are believed to be destined to have healthy babies.
From the Paper
"The BBC reports on two specific myths that affect a woman's after-birth and the health of her child. These myths are detailed in the narrative by Kate Saunders. Saunders contends that women often practice the ritual of the burial of the placenta and "lying-in" ("Chinese Baby Rites"). Ancient Chinese believed that if the placenta were "buried in an auspicious location" that child would be destined to have good fortune ("Chinese Baby Rites")."
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Architecture: Modernism, Pre-Modernism and Post-Modernism, 2002.
A discussion of the different movements - pre-modernism, modernism and post-modernism - in architectural history and how each one differs from the other.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
A paper which discusses the different movements in architectural history and compares the differences between them. The paper shows how among these movements, modernism is the most popular and how it has influenced art and architecture in the United States and Europe. It shows, on the other hand, that pre-modernism is a less popular era in which architecture was influenced by the industrial age and its need for order and precision, and that Post-modernism was the movement that followed modernism and contains elements of both classicism and modernism.
From the Paper
"During the modernism movement, architects started using steel and iron more in their designs and they also started focusing on functional designs. Apart from the use of steel and iron, concrete was also brought back to the architectural world. It is important to know here that concrete is one thing that sets late 19th century buildings from pre-modernism architectural designs. While concrete was first used by the Romans in 5 B.C., it was later taken over by other materials such as marble, stone, brick etc. Modernists are responsible for the revival of concrete in architecture."
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