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Middle Class of America from 1920-1970, 2002.
Discusses the American middle class from the nineteen twenties up until the Nineteen seventies.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
By examining the struggle of the American Middle Class, we can see how the American economy grew into a major world power as result of two World Wars, McCarthyism and the advent of the suburban world that now dominates much of America's middle stratum of Pluralism of the economy. This paper will discuss the struggling middle class of American within a fifty-year period of time.
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Expansion of the Black Middle Class, 2001.
This paper discusses the effects of the expansion of the black middle class.
1,528 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the phenomenal growth of the black middle class in the past twenty years has created a tremendous need for further in-depth study. The writer points out that essentially, the majority of studies on the black family have been about the underclass and how its persistence affects the family structure. The writer notes that associated with anyone considered a part of the middle class are a number of stresses. The writer then addresses the issues of some of the stresses that black middle class families in particular deal with and looks at how they are translated in respect to their relationships. In discussing these issues, it is also important to note whether or not the overall optimism felt for the growth of the black middle class is justified. The writer concludes that though the data on the economic situation of black middle class families continues to show that their standard of living is not comparable to white middle class families, one must admit the rise in numbers of such families (despite these odds) is encouraging.
Outline:
Introduction
Origins of the Black Middle Class
Psychological Consequences of Black Middle Class : Work Ethic
Psychological Consequences of Black Middle Class : Guilt
Psychological Consequences of Black Middle Class : Identity Confusion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"They have been able to access the resources necessary to attain middle class status through their own efforts or the efforts of their families. Yet generally they are very conscious of their status' instability and consider it temporary.
"The "descendant" category consists of those from established Black families with prominent histories. Meaning, their middle class status can be traced back many generations to the Civil War. Many come from families that were either free before the war or freed afterwards. Others are descendants of Blacks with blood ties to Whites who provided special privileges to them. These more established middle class families are known to have a stronger sense of self and belonging than the "nouveau" group. They are not worried about their status due to their profound sense of "having" and sense of "place"."
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Taxation and Middle-Class Americans, 2004.
Examines the effect of tax increases on middle-class families in America.
3,431 words (approx. 13.7 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 67.95
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Abstract
While middle-class families in America now enjoy higher incomes than they did a few decades ago, they also exhibit more symptoms of personal financial distress and a reduced willingness to support basic public services. An important cause of both changes is the fact that taxes are increasing for middle-class families at a steady rate. We are in the beginning stages of a technological revolution that promises to increase the income and wealth gaps, already very high, still further. As a result, middle-class families will find it still harder to save and still harder to come up with a down payment on a house in a good school district. Their commutes will continue to grow longer, along with their reluctance to support essential services. Savings rates will continue to decline. These problems merit serious attention from economists and America?s leaders. While there is no single solution to the woes of America?s middle class, this paper hypothesizes that a feasible tax cut is in order. Many people argue that a tax cut is not the answer, saying that tax cuts usually disproportionately benefit the rich and harm the middle class. This paper addresses how the American tax system is increasingly disadvantageous to the middle class and demonstrates why tax cuts are needed and how they could benefit the middle class.
From the Paper
"It has long been said by the political left that the tax cuts of President Reagan and current President George W. Bush have favored the rich at the expense of the poor (Frank, 2000). Critics claim the rich are not paying their fair share of the tax burden while middle and lower class citizens are struggling to pay for health care, education, and other basic necessities. The obvious solution for big government advocates to level the playing field is to raise taxes on the rich. However, despite the political rhetoric denouncing the Bush tax cuts as a windfall to the rich at the expense of the poor, recent empirical evidence finds the rich do actually pay a substantial amount of the federal tax burden."
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This study will consider a number of elements of the "submissive" middle class in Japanese society as described and analyzed in Karel van Wolferen's "The Enigma of Japanese Power"., 1991.
This study discusses the elements of the "submissive" middle class in Japanese society as described and analyzed in This study will consider a number of elements of the "submissive" middle class in Japanese society as described and analyzed in Karel van
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
"This study will consider a number of elements of the "submissive" middle class in Japanese society as described and analyzed in Karel van Wolferen's "The Enigma of Japanese Power".
The basis of much of the power and order of Japan in the world in the late years of the 20th century is what van Wolferen calls the "submissive" nature of that society. As the author notes, "The post-war aims of the Japanese System have been entrusted mainly to the economic organizations. The System is preoccupied with industrial and commercial pursuits.. " And industrial and commercial pursuits are successful because of submissive and obedient workers, who are modeled on the "salaryman" model.
As the author writes, " . . . The term 'salaryman' connotes much more than 'office clerk' or 'white-collar worker'; it stands ... "
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Healthcare and the Middle Class, 2004.
Examines the rising costs of healthcare for the American middle class.
1,605 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper defines the income and social levels of the middle class in the United States and examines the effects that the rising costs of healthcare have had on the middle class. The paper examines the growing trend which seems to lessen the availability of the individual in attaining care while at the same time increasing the costs and access to healthcare -effectively barring many in the United States middle class from receiving proper care for their health.
From the Paper
"The healthcare crisis as well as the unbelievable costs associated maintaining a health insurance policy has resulted in 43.6 million individuals that were covered by insurance in 2001 losing or forfeiting their coverage due to the inability of either the individual or the individual's employer to pay for the healthcare insurance. The national middle class household income is stated to be $42,049 while the average family healthcare insurance premium is the approximate amount of $9,066 a year. Households with incomes between $25,000 to $50,000 a year are among the 43 million individuals who are presently without insurance."
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Destructive Culture and the Black Middle Class, 2003.
An analysis of the problems facing the black middle class today.
1,190 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how one of the biggest problems facing the black middle class youth today involves destructive cultural patterns: a resistance to academic achievement as acting "uncool", a celebration of "ghetto" street culture, and the normalization of criminal activity and drug and alcohol dependency. It contends that ,because the black middle class youth are surrounded by and espouse certain destructive cultural patterns, the group, in general, suffers downward social mobility.
From the Paper
"Besides the street culture that holds back black middle-class youth, there is also the tendency for many teenagers or people in their early twenties to shirk work and school. As Jay MacLeod, in his book Ain't No Makin' It put it, "to be bad is the main criterion for status in this subculture." Although MacLeod's study focused on working-class youths, what he has to say deals very much with the black middle class as well. MacLeod would disagree with my sentiments because the Brothers, although espousing an "achievement ideology", still did not fare much better than the Hallway Hangers."
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Middle-Class, Angry Blacks, 2002.
An analysis of Ellis Cose?s article, "The Rage of a Privileged Class: Why Are Middle Class Blacks Angry?"
1,040 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 0 sources, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Cose's thesis, which claims that blacks of every economic level feel cheated on and abused by society. His theory focuses on the middle class, which is torn between its impoverished roots and its aspirations towards economic security. It discusses how Cose hopes to shed better light upon the fact that racism is never purely an economic issue, but a diffuse ideology that permeates the entirety of American society.
From the Paper
"Interestingly enough, given his thesis, Cose does not use his book to unapologetically defend affirmative action. One would think that he might, given that one of the most common critiques of the policy is that it benefits middle-class Blacks because of their ethnic heritage and the psychological damage caused by history of discrimination in America. It does not similarly benefit whites who have been impoverished or Asians and other minority groups who may have been discriminated against in American history, albeit not as systematically as Black Americans, or in the form of slavery. However, Cose suggests that while affirmative action does address some of the psychological as well as economic legacies of America?s intolerance of Blackness as well as the need for greater workplace diversity in general, he believes that other solutions are necessary to unshackle the minds of all peoples, of the legacy of discrimination. Thus, Cose?s overall thesis or theoretical overview is a cautious, moderate one of greater societal education that lacks a central prescription to address the ills he highlights."
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The American Middle Class, 2007.
This paper compares two articles, which discuss the struggles of the American middle class: "Life at the Top in America Isn't Just Better, It's Longer," by Janny Scott and "Angela Whitiker's Climb," by Isabel Wilkerson.
980 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the two articles, "Life at the Top in America Isn't Just Better, It's Longer" and "Angela Whitaker's Climb", address the struggles many peoples face in rising to middle-class "respectability" and comfort. The author points out that these articles show that social class determines not only the "creature comforts" one will enjoy in a lifetime but also the length of life one will be able to devote to those comforts. The paper concludes that, while the Wilkerson article raises some compelling points, the Scott article is more powerful because it juxtaposes the differential experiences of people who may share the same tragedies but not the same possibilities of recovery and ultimate success.
From the Paper
"As well, while both articles view poverty as a "trap" from which few escape, the Scott article is especially evocative because it actually captures what poverty means in terms of length of life and the extent to which that life will be complicated by health maladies that greater wealth could have avoided. Finally, both articles, to their credit, note how spouses in working-class and even middle-class homes must work together in order to ensure that the house, the cars and the children's educations are tended to."
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Shrivel in the Middle Class, 2001.
The paper discusses the main causes of a shrivelled middle class society.
2,112 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that in today?s society, the middle class has literally shriveled away into the upper and the lower class, in other words a hollow has been created. It gives reasons for this trend such as economic inequality, immigrant trends, racial differences and other factors.
From the Paper
"During the early pre-historic times, all beings belonged to the same class since no differentiation occurred between the people. But, with the emergence of the food producing society, the distinction of classes due to money started, which then gave rise to a market economy. The Upper, Middle and Lower class materialized, due to this economy. Each of these classes has maintained a distinct identity and has been stable through a particular time in history. Out of all the three classes, majority of the families belonged to the middle class. It was always envisaged that the growing middle class would at some stage put an end to poverty, thereby eliminating the lower class altogether."
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The Nineteenth Century Middle Class, 2002.
An analysis of the rise of the middle class in the 19th century.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the rise of the middle class in the nineteenth century and the general adoption by society of its values. The author also discusses these values and how they come to dominate a society in which aristocrats still had so much political and social control.
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The Changing of America's Middle Class, 2002.
Explores the changes experienced by America's middle class in the 20th century, the causes of those changes and their consequences.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
The present study will consider how material culture and the standard of living has changed for middle-class Americans over the course of the twentieth century. Such changes were made possible by economic, technological and cultural factors that will be discussed here. The paper will conclude with an assessment of the consequences of such change.
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Middle Class Formation, 2005.
This paper discusses the formation of the middle class as a third party political movement without any long lasting power.
4,950 words (approx. 19.8 pages), 14 sources, £ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper concerns the ways in which the development of the middle class and its political impotence have contributed to the inability of America to develop a third party movement with any power to last. The writer notes how most third party efforts are protect movements that run out of steam after the protest. Further the writer maintains that the way the two parties operate and finance elections keeps third parties from gaining power.
From the Paper
"The American system is structured on a duality and has been from the first, and this has carried over into the political parties that developed and the political divisions in the country as well. This duality is seen in the division between federal and state levels, between two houses of Congress, and among the original thirteen colonies between North and South. Even today, while there is also an East-West division in the country, the North-South division prevails to a great degree in political discourse, and more recently the country has been divided into the duality of Red and Blue states, based on political identification in the last two elections."
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Middle-Class Uninsured Americans, 2005.
A discussion of the trend towards a rising number of middle-class uninsured Americans.
881 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the increasing number of middle-class uninsured Americans and the socio-economic factors that are causing the increase. The paper lists rising insurance premiums, the increasing disparity between the wealthiest of Americans and the rest of the country, and the fact that some businesses feel that they simply cannot afford to offer health insurance to their employees, as some of the primary reasons for the trend.
From the Paper
"The figures are staggering. According to Barlett et al., (2004) 44 million people in America are currently without health insurance. A regional report issued in early March 2003, by the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, found that nearly one in every three Illinois residents under the age of 65 had been uninsured sometime during the previous two years. (?Prescribing?, 2003) The worst affected by this tragic figure is the middle-income workers. 19% of households across the nation, with an income between $25,000 and $50,000, are uninsured. (?Health?, 2004) These are the families who are the least able to pay for medical services on their own, should the need arise."
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Credit Cards and the U.S. Middle Class, 2006.
Examines credit card debt in middle-income families in the United States.
4,775 words (approx. 19.1 pages), 26 sources, MLA, £ 84.95
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Abstract
Over the past several decades, the American middle class has expanded by hundreds of thousands of households. Record numbers of families, headed by minorities, as well as female-headed households and single individuals have joined the middle class. The paper shows that with this growth and diversity throughout the class, the economy has witnessed record years in spending, especially through the use of credit. This increase in commitments of spending future income has resulted in a class-wide precarious financial position that has heightened their vulnerability to financial ruin. The paper examines the history of credit cards in the United States and shows how this form of payment is affecting the middle class in contemporary American society.
From the Paper
"Now, many credit card companies actually avoid frugal types who use a credit card as a convenience and pay off balances every month. Instead, they statistically look for spenders who have an appetite for debt, are willing to make minimum monthly payments and tolerate high percentage rates and fees. They know that fees for late payments and fees for exceeding a credit limit increase profits. Sometimes an extra like credit protection, coupled with a late charge, is enough to put a customer over his credit limit, thereby giving companies another excuse to levy a charge (Gorham, On-line). The actual sub-prime market, which includes high loan-to-value ratios, includes mortgages, car loans and credit card debt, is "estimated at $200 billion dollars and growing by an estimated 50 percent a year" (Skelly 8)."
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