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The Metaphysics of Environmental Ethics, 2004.
This paper is an essay on the metaphysics of environmental ethics, based on J. Sterba?s, ?Earth Ethics?.
3,565 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between moral and legal rights. Legal rights are created by conventional authorities, but moral rights are non-conventional, as they are discovered rather than created. The author defines "species-ism" as putting the interest of your own species in front of the interest of other species and claims species-ism is unjust because we must treat every being the same way. The paper concludes that all of these metaphysics may seem to be a lot of talk and no action; however, from talk comes awareness and ideas and sharing them with members of the community is the only way that we can make real changes to benefit our environmental policy.
From the Paper
"In natural extinctions, nature takes away life when it has become unfit as Darwin would put it, or when the habitat alters, and supplies other life in its place. When artificial extinction takes place, it shuts down tomorrow because it shuts down speciation. The chief cause of artificial extinction of recent times is humans through encroachment, habitat destruction as well as many other factors caused by humans and when this happens nothing gets replaced. When natural extinction occurs, a species may be lost but this should not be viewed as a bad things because the species that is lost is replaced by another species."
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Environmental Justice, 2005.
An in-depth study of environmental justice and environmental racism with a focus on the state of Illinois.
17,249 words (approx. 69.0 pages), 60 sources, APA, £ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper is a thorough review of the problem of environmental racism and whether it does indeed exist in Chicagoland. The paper also examines whether or not instances of environmental injustice have increased or decreased since President Bill Clinton's Executive Order 12898 was issued in 1994. The paper also attempts to determine whether the civil rights movement in general has left the environmental injustice/environmental racism agenda behind.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
Chicagoland Contaminated Sites
Environmental Racism/Environmental Injustice
Civil Rights Movement/Environmental Justice
Methodology
Results
New Handling of Environmental Remediation
Post-Executive Order 12898
Pre-Executive Order 12898 Remediation
Second Radioactive Cleanup Site
Printing Chemicals
Lead Removal at East St. Louis Sites
Illinois EPA Projects, 2004 and 2003
Activities in 2003
Activities in 2004
Activities in 2005
Discussion
From the Paper
"Within days of taking office the first time, William Jefferson Clinton initiated his 'governing by memoranda' activities. This article begins with his immediate overturning of the Bush I gag rule concerning abortion, and then went on rapidly to other birth-control issues, gays in the military and more. Because of these rapid and far-reaching actions, the concepts of policy tools has become one open to more scrutiny than before Clinton began his series of 25 presidential memoranda and 18 executive orders that "implemented the administration's reinventing government initiatives." Among the important memoranda this article analyzes was Executive Order 12898, the purpose of which "was to 'focus Federal attention on the environmental and human health conditions in minority communities and low-income communities with the goal of achieving environmental justice'." The memorandum, however, "specifically involved" civil rights laws already on the books and required to be used by federal agencies in, arguably, all the agencies' endeavors."
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Metaphysics, 2004.
An analysis of metaphysics and its relevancy to modern ethics.
4,712 words (approx. 18.8 pages), 19 sources, MLA, £ 85.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of metaphysics. The paper analyzes what some of its most well-known advocates have had to say about it. The paper presents an assessment of how metaphysical thought has influenced ethics today. The paper illustrates that metaphysics has been an influential way of thinking about the world and mankind's place in it for thousands of years. Beginning with the Greek philosophers, metaphysics has provided a framework for understanding the world around us by recognizing what is true and what can be truly said to be moral.
From the Paper
"In an effort to keep things on a level that people can understand, it seems that most authorities on metaphysics employ the word "simple" and "simply" a lot to describe what metaphysics is and how it works; for example, according to philosopher Frederick Sontag, the term "metaphysics" is "simply basic philosophy, the search for and the questioning of first principles" (p. 1). Likewise, the word "Metaphysics" in Greek "simply means 'After Physics'" (Loomis 1943). According to this author, the term Metaphysics derives from the title written by some ancient editor on certain unnamed rolls of Aristotle's own notes which he was placing next to the treatise on physics. "As it comes to us, the Metaphysics is a compilation of a number of originally separate blocks of notes, all dealing with the most fundamental problems of philosophy but put together without much care to make them fit" (p. 3)."
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Environmental Policies, 2006.
This paper looks at the shaping of environmental policy and environmental law.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 4 sources, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that there can be little doubt that a host of factors determine a nation environmental policy, just as there can be no doubt that a host of factors determine a country environmental laws. With that in mind and at the risk of appearing simplistic, it may be said that environmental policy is the public posture a government takes on environmental issues as well as the way in which it materially addresses environmental concerns through the allocation of resources and or through the physical regulation of industries.
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Germany?s Environmental Policy after Reunification, 2004.
This paper is evaluates the integration and achievements of Germany?s environmental policy after reunification.
9,415 words (approx. 37.7 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 136.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, many years ago, the development of a systematic environmental policy began in Germany; but the reunification of the two German states (Federal Republic of Germany and German Democratic Republic), in 1990 created a great new challenge for German environmental policy because of the extensive environmental damage in the former GDR and because of the major economic crisis that started during this time. The author points out that the most remarkable result of increased environmental awareness was the development of an ?eco-industry,? a new manufacturing sector that develops pollution-control devices and other environmentally useful equipment. The paper concludes that the constantly changing world of politics requires innovative strategies to keep up with these changes; therefore, all available economic resources, environmental group leadership, and public environmental support, including the Green Party, should combine to overcome the obstacles created by potential economic and environmental tradeoffs.
Table of Contents
Literature Review
A Brief Review of Germany?s Environmental History
Integration of Systems and Policies
Energy and Environmental Policy
Environmental Programs and Initiatives
Methodology
Results of Study
Organizational Structure of Environmental Protection in Germany
The Environment
Germany?s Future
Economic and Political Options for Environmental Protection in Germany
Traditional Features of German Environmental Policy
Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendations
From the Paper
"Regulations and government actions to protect nature and human beings against environmentally hazardous activities of commercial and industrial firms have a long history in Germany. Environmental protection is anchored in private and public law, including building, public health and sanitation, and police laws. The Water Rights Act and the Factories Act set the standard for many subsequent laws. The various regulations created to prevent offensive emissions from becoming a nuisance to health and property were systematized and concentrated for the first time in the Prussian Industrial Statute of 1845."
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Existentialism & Human Emotions by Jean-Paul Sartre & Ethics of Ambiguity by Simone De Beauvoir, 1996.
Compares French philosophers' ideas on being, ethics, subjectivity, humanism, freedom, responsibility, metaphysics, Marxism.
3,825 words (approx. 15.3 pages), 2 sources, £ 95.95
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From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine Sartre's Existentialism and Human Emotions and de Beauvoir's The Ethics of Ambiguity. The plan of the research will be to set forth the general pattern of ideas in each work, and then to compare and contrast the means by which the ideas emerge.
The pattern of ideas in Existentialism and Human Emotions is an elaboration of existentialist thought, as both protest against previous modes of philosophical discussion and meditation on the human condition in the modern period. Sartre's enterprise is to describe in objective terms the philosophical platform of intensely subjective human ontology, or conception of the nature of human being-ness or reality, that existentialism proposes. He then develops an existential interpretation of such being-ness around the familiar subjects of human concern: freedom and responsibility, the ..."
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The Influence of Environmental Organizations on U.S. Policy, 2006.
An in-depth discussion on the influence of three environmental organizations on U.S. Federal Government environmental policy.
3,399 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
There are many environmental groups which have a tremendous effect on the policy of the United States with regards to the environment. This paper explores how three of these groups, the Sierra Club, Environmental Defense, and the National Audubon Society have exerted their power to effect federal governmental policy. The paper gives the background and mission of these organizations as well as some notable accomplishments and further goes on to explore their sources of power in exerting their influence as well as the claims that they have too much undue influence over federal government policy.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Sierra Club
Environmental Defense
National Audubon Society
Influence of Environmental Groups
Conclusion
From the Paper
"These are some heavy charges to be levied against the environmental groups and those who the Center for the Defense of Free enterprise feels are in concert with it. One of the reasons this group might feel this way is because groups such as the Sierra Club, Environmental defense, and the national Audubon Society have pushed for years to keep the rainforests from being cut down which hurts the interest of lumber group. They have also pushed for tougher standards for car emissions hurting the interests of car makers, and they have pushed for standards on how companies can dispose of their waste products which often costs companies millions to comply."
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Environmental Protection, 2007.
This paper takes a look at the necessity of environmental protection.
1,543 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of environmental protection. Specifically, the paper discusses what environmental protection is, and why it is vital in today's global culture.
Outline:
What Exactly is Environmental Protection?
A Short History of Environmental Protection
Why Environmental Protection is so Important
Why Some People are Opposed to Environmental Protection
How the Environment is a Vital Part of our Lives
From the Paper
"Some people do not believe humankind can destroy entire ecological niches on the planet; they believe it will always "heal" itself in some way. Others do not believe that humans are causing environmental issues such as global warming. These people are opposed to most environmental protection efforts, because they see them as "liberal" posturing, causing expenditures that could be used in other areas. Many business owners, especially those engaged in harmful industries, such as chemicals and such, are opposed to environmental protection because they feel it takes away some of their profits and applies rules and regulations that are difficult to conform to. As another environmental author notes, "Environmental regulations are certainly costly. The relevant question is whether they produce much in return. After all, if the benefits outweigh the costs, it may not be worth quibbling over the price tag" (Adler 653). In addition, many people are opposed to government agencies controlling environmental policy, as they feel there are too many rules, regulations, and government meddling already, and environmental protection simply adds more regulation and government intervention to the problem. "
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Environmental Justice, 2003.
Examines environmental justice and its effect on Native-American communities. Provides a study of environmental racism.
17,010 words (approx. 68.0 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 176.95
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Abstract
This research provides an overview and review of the research concerning Native-American or other minorities to identify and understand the cultural differences that lead to environmental racism.
Table of Contents
Chapter One
Statement of the Problem
Purpose
Importance
Scope
Rational
Definition of Terms
Overview
Chapter Two - Review of Related Literature
Introduction
Environmental Justice Research
The Campo Indian Landfill War: The Fight for Gold in California Garbage
Chapter Three - Methodology
Data Validity
Human Health and Social Effects
Analytical Methods
Treatment Technologies
Originality and Limitations
Summary of Methodology
Chapter 4 - Data Analysis
Chapter 5 - Summary, Recommendations and Conclusions
Bibliography
Appendices
From the Paper
"Native American nations have become increasingly concerned about the adverse effects that toxic substances have on human health and the health of the environments on which these communities depend. Many tribal governments are now working to identify environmental contamination problems and their sources; establish and enforce environmental regulations and standards; and develop long-term environmental protection objectives and restoration plans that will promote balance and health in their communities and in their relationships with the natural environment. As the magnitude and complexity of environmental problems have increased, the scientific and technical competency of Native Americans has grown to the point where they now demand a meaningful role in risk assessment, remediation and restoration decisions."
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?Nicomachean Ethics?, 2002.
A look at the concept of justice in Aristotle's ?Nicomachean Ethics?.
1,265 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
In "Nicomachean Ethics", Aristotle?s attempts to come to an understanding of human nature ultimately lead him to an understanding of justice. The paper shows how he attempts to understand how humans can reach true happiness, and delves deeply into the definitions of true happiness (eudaimonia) and virtue and outlines how virtue and happiness are intertwined. The paper discusses how Aristotle's "Nicomachean Ethics" deals with metaphysics and focuses on ideas like soul, happiness, virtue and friendship. In Nicomachean Ethics, he concludes that happiness ultimately derives from activities of the soul that are in accordance with virtue.
From the Paper
"Aristotle defines two types of justice: natural justice and legal justice. Natural justice is the same across time, and countries. From observation, Aristotle notes that this type of justice can be difficult to see. As such, different definitions of justice are held by different regimes and governments, in spite of their good intentions. Natural justice is unchanging in principle. In differentiating the two types of Justice, Aristotle notes, "Of political justice part is natural, part legal, natural, that which everywhere has the same force and does not exist by people's thinking this or that; legal, that which is originally indifferent, but when it has been laid down is not indifferent" (Book V)."
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Environmental Management, 2003.
Explains the different approaches to environmental management and waste management within organizations.
4,233 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates different approaches to waste management by exploring ways that can help organizations become more environmentally aware and by constructing an example of an environmental policy for a particular organization. The paper also examines the impact of UK and European Union environmental legislation on organizations and describes the different types of waste produced by organizations. It offers suggestions to organizations about how they can reduce waste and presents an outline for a particular organization of the environmental and commercial benefits of reducing waste.
Main Structures and Approaches To Environmental Management
Compare and Contrast Attempts to Raise Awareness
Environmental Policy ?Best Practice?
EU legislation / Regulation for Environmental Management
Approaches to Waste Management
Different Types of Waste Produced within Each Council
Evaluation
From the Paper
"The Reading Borough Council is implementing an Environmental Management System, which complies with both the international standard ISO14001 and the European Eco-Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS). These accreditations mean that the Reading is one of the top local authorities in the field of environmental management. The Environmental Management System (EMS), which is also in place at the Royal Borough or Windsor and Maidenhead, currently covers a number of services. The EMS along with Agenda 21 (discussed in task 2) and Sustainable Development initiatives, are all aimed at achieving and improving a balance between economic, social and environmental issues in the Borough."
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Environmental Treaties, 2006.
Looks at recent environmental treaties designed to assure that future generations will not be burdened by the environmental errors of today.
2,705 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that numerous countries have created specific agreements aimed at protecting our natural environment. The paper points out that these treaties are formal agreements between states, which present guidelines aimed at various environmental problems. The paper then goes on to discuss and analyze the Kyoto Protocol, the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, the Montreal Protocol, the Energy Charter Treaty, the Outer Space Treaty and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The paper concludes that it is abundantly clear that all of the above-mentioned protocols and treaties have the capability to greatly affect the present and future status of our global environment but only if all nations and not just a few agree to their principles and guidelines.
From the Paper
"In 1945, President Truman challenged the Freedom of the Sea doctrine by extending the United State's jurisdiction regarding natural resources up to 200nm. At this time, conflicts of sovereignty, oil exploration, mining and fishing were beginning to wreck disastrous effects on our ocean environments which led to the first UNCLOS conference in 1958; however, no agreement was reached regarding the breadth of the territorial sea. A second conference (UNCLOS II) took place in 1960, whereby a 6nm territorial breadth was proposed, yet this too suffered the same fate as the previous conference."
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Environmental Racism, 2008.
A look at the phenomenon of environmental racism in the United States.
2,116 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals that environmental racism underlies policies, practices and directives which discriminate against people of color in environmental issues. The paper looks at studies that show how race has remained a major determinant of socioeconomic predictors and that more than half of the populations living in proximity to hazardous waste facilities were African-Americans, Hispanics, Blacks or Asia/Pacific Islanders. The paper discusses how environmental racism has persisted despite increased advocacy and awareness. The paper then looks at the major environmental health hazards that include lead poisoning, toxic housing, toxic schools and asthma.
New Ways of Viewing the Same Situation
Color Tips the Balance
Environmental Racism Persists Despite Increased Awareness
The Income Gap is Wider Today
The EPA Ineffective, the Rise of the Environmental Justice Movement
Citizen Action and Litigation
From the Paper
"Inequality among communities is a concrete reality. Economics, political influence and race are among the criteria in the distribution of amenities as well as dis-amenities (Bullard 2003). Racism is a very major consideration in the United States. Environmental racism is one of its forms and found in housing, employment, education and voting. It is an environmental policy, practice or directive, which discriminates, intentionally or not, according to race or color. It is a form of environmental injustice concretized and reinforced by government, legal, economic, political and military institutions. It blends with public policies and industrial practices, which make Whites benefit more than color people to whom the costs are passed on (Bullard)."
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Environmental Terrorism, 2007.
This paper discuses environmental terrorism and analyzes the Gulf War oil spill of 1991 as an example.
3,035 words (approx. 12.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that environmental terrorism is one of the most significant terrorist tactics that not only impacts multiple nations but also serves to destroy the livelihood of the natural environment. The author relates that the Gulf War oil spill annihilated an entire shoreline and was responsible for billions of dollars in reconstruction and economic fallout. The paper emphasizes that Saddam Hussein's intent was not only a military strategy as a reactive and symbolic agent to the U.S. intervention, but was also an ideological principle rather than malice towards the environment. The author points out that, nonetheless, the Persian Gulf oil spill demonstrates strong similarities to the model of environmental terrorism developed by Daniel Schwartz and contains a number of characteristics that classify it as an act of environmental terror.
Table of Contents:
Terrorism on the Rise
Environmental Destruction as a Symbol
The Persian Gulf War
The Oil Spill: Historical Review
Terrorism Defined
Terrorism during War
Modeling Environmental Terrorism
The Justification for Environmental Terrorism
The Persian Gulf Oil Spill: Terrorism and Justification
From the Paper
"Saddam Hussein's invasion of Kuwait in 1990 would be the introduction of the United States involvement in Middle East affairs. Hussein's stranglehold upon the citizens of Iraq was known across the world; with his intolerance to those who dissented by government or religion feeling the wrath of his punishment. Notable acts of genocide against Kurds and Shiite Muslims in the 1980's brought his notoriety to the international scene. However, the Iraqi oil reserves were not to be rivaled by many countries, and Hussein's invasion of Iraq only served to increase the country's wealth."
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