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Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt, 2004.
An overview of the environment and development of Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt.
2,244 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper describes early life in Ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia and how the environment developed. The writer explains the significance of agriculture in bringing the people to live together in villages and sustain themselves from farming near the rivers and waterways. The paper includes details of recent archaeological discoveries in the area that support the claims.
From the Paper
"Since the early years of archeological studies, it was thought that these developments occurred concurrently, meaning that they were devised and utilized at approximately the same time; however, recent archeological research has forced this view to change, for it is now clear that "Mesopotamia and its environs were far ahead of Egypt, at least temporarily, some five thousand years ago" (Snell, 178). Numerous village/farming communities in present-day Iraq date back to the mid seventh millennium B.C.E., and the remarkable fortified town of Jericho appears to be even older. In Egypt, the oldest settlements, located near the delta of the Nile River, do not seem to have been founded much before 4500 B.C.E., and furthermore, an urban society like those found in Mesopotamia seems to have never developed there."
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Goddesses in Ancient Mesopotamia and Greece, 2002.
A look at the role of goddesses in ancient Mesopotamia and Greece through a literature review of their portrayal.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper is on the "comparison the role of goddesses in ancient Mesopotamia and Greece". It explains the roles they had and if they had similar functions in the Mesopotamian and Greek sources? Considering Ninsun, Ishtar, Thetis, Athena, Hera and Aphrodite. It is primarily based on the "Epic of Gilgamesh", the "Odyssey", and books I, VI, and XII of the "Iliad".
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Medicine and Health Care in Ancient Mesopotamia, 2002.
An analysis of health care systems, medicine and civil medical liability in Ancient Mesopotamia.
1,845 words (approx. 7.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
An examination of the health and medical systems of Ancient Mesopotamia. The concept of sickness is defined for this time period and those who treated the sick, the medical practitioners, are discussed. The paper also looks at the monetary payment structure for medical services and the subsequent penalty structure if payment was not made.
From the Paper
"During the past century, the rise of modern medicine and biotechnology has been astronomical. Scientists have engineered artificial limbs and organs, developed vaccines for numerous diseases, discovered preventative medical strategies, and created procedures to deal with most known ailments. Specialists have arisen in many fields and a complex payment structure involving insurance and HMOs has been established in modern times. Given this, it is interesting to notice that several of these same features were present in the medical world of ancient Mesopotamia. Of course, the Mesopotamians did not have the levels of understanding that exist today, but it appears that their knowledge was much greater than one would initially assume."
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Mesopotamia and Egypt, 2005.
This paper discusses the development of the great civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt.
905 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the major event marking the beginning of civilization was the development of agriculture, which was made possible by the presence of three important rivers--the Tigris and Euphrates in Mesopotamia, the "Cradle of Civilization", and the great Nile River in Egypt. The author points out that, only after the development of village/farming life, the civilized societies of the Assyrians, the Babylonians, the Hittites and the Sumerians in Mesopotamia and the Egyptians in the Nile River valley originated or further developed concepts such as government, law, formal religions, writing, monumental architecture, measurement and calculation. The paper relates that, in the days of the Pharaohs, the land of Egypt was dotted with marshes and island ridges and what is now arid desert valley was grassy meadows well suited for grazing cattle and hunting --the fertility of Egypt was proverbial.
From the Paper
"In contrast to the civilizations that arose and perished in the "Cradle of Civilization," the Nile River defined the culture that lived by virtue of its presence--ancient Egypt. Originating deep in Africa, the Nile River descends through many cataracts to sea level at the delta in Egypt, where in its annual flooding, rich soil is deposited. Hemmed in by its narrow valleys, the Nile flows through regions that may not have a single drop of rainfall in a decade. Yet crops grow luxuriantly from the fertilized silt, just as they did in ancient times. Thus, the great Nile made life possible and allowed the peoples of Egypt to build one of the greatest civilizations of all time."
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Mesopotamia, Egypt and the Hebrews, 2002.
Traces the development of civilizations from Mesopotamia and Egypt and the influence of the Hebrews on their societies, as seen in historical ancient documents.
1,704 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
Mesopotamia was the land of four primary civilizations: the Sumerian, the Akkadians, the Babylonian and the Assyrians. The paper shows that the Hebrews, like the Akkadians, belong to a group of people known as Semites and from there we can see the influence of Mesopotamian culture in some of the Hebrews traditions. The paper shows that during the same time, civilization began in Egypt. A distinct difference can be seen in the social, religious and political system from Mesopotamia and the link between the two civilizations are the Hebrews. The paper examines historical documents from all three societies - "The Epic of Gilgamesh", first passed on by word of mouth and later recorded by the Sumerians around the third millennium and finally edited and written down in cuneiform by the Babylonians; "Instructions of Kagemni", a set of etiquette amongst Egyptian noblemen and government executives; and finally the Holy Hebrew Bible ("Tanach"). The paper shows how the three societies are linked through proof in these documents.
From the Paper
""Hymn to Aton" reflects the political and social status of the time and adds to the importance of the aid of god to proper management of a territory and the people within. This was the first and only attempt of a Egyptian ruler to a monotheistic society. It could be argued that this could be an isolated attempt or that the Hebrews somehow influenced Amenhotep IV to this change. It is very important to consider this possibility since it would make the transferring of similar traditions between the Mesopotamians, the Egyptians and the Hebrews civilizations understandable.
The role of women is important and well respected in Egyptian civilization, perhaps more than Mesopotamian. The "Hymn to Aton" recognizes the importance of both sexes for procreation. This document is used just as the "Laws of Hammurabi" to better control his territory at a time when the clergy and the multitude of gods and temples are gaining popularity and, obviously, control."
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China, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Indus Valley, 1994.
Compares the development & cultures of four civilizations from 4000 B.C. to 1500 B.C.
2,475 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 8 sources, £ 61.95
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From the Paper
"INTRODUCTION
Civilizations developing in different parts of the world show similar features and pass through the same series of stages extending form the Neolithic to the modern period. These stages are differentiated according to technological gains, economic structure, and artistic expression. An examination of four civilizations in different parts of the world extending from the period of approximately 4000 B.C. to 1500 B.C. will show some of the similarities and some of the differences that can be discerned among them.
CHINA
The geographical features of China determined the development of its first civilizations, and indeed geography plays a role in all of the ancient civilizations and how they.."
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Philosophies of Egypt, Mesopotamia & Greece, 1993.
Scientific, practical & intellectual knowledge & innovations of ancient pre-Socratic civilizations. Looks at their views of astronomy, astrology, mythology and cosmology.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, £ 56.95
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From the Paper
" The ancient Greeks of the early classical age were not remarkable among ancient civilizations for their engineering skills or their practical knowledge of the world around them. For example, Greek temples such as the Parthenon have had an enormous influence upon subsequent Western architecture, both directly (e.g., the public monuments of Washington, D.C.) and indirectly (in shaping Western ideas of architecture). Yet they were quite limited in their exploitation of the potentialities of stone. The arch was almost completely unused by the Greeks, in sharp contrast to the extensive use the Romans made of it.
Yet the early-classical Greeks, and in particular the so-called pre-Socratic philosophers, beginning with Thales, are rightly regarded as the forebears of Western science, and more broadly of the Western view of the world as operating by.."
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Ancient Religions, 2002.
Description and comparison of the religions of ancient Greece, Egypt and Mesopotamia.
1,206 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses and contrasts the main religions of three civilizations which shaped world history - the religions of ancient Mesopotamia, Greece and Egypt. The paper provides reflections on god/human relations and the way people gods were perceived in different societies.
From the Paper
"In the kingdom of Egypt, beliefs were different because of its isolated position. Situated in a river valley, surrounded by deserts, Egyptians hardly knew what invasion meant. The Nile, with its mild and indescribably fertile floods, gave the habitants of this region assuredness that the gods were with them. The climate was warm and humid, natural disasters were extremely rare. In other words, the gods loved people, and people loved them; in The Leiden Hymns for example, Amon Ra, was described as the ?all powerful one (yet kindly, / whose heart would lie open to men)? (Norton Anthology 45)."
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Ancient Afterlife: Perceptions and Rituals, 2002.
This paper describes the afterlife rituals and the perceptions during life as to what the afterlife will be for Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece.
2,039 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an examination as to how these people imagined the afterlife through daily prayers and customs. For each civilization, the writer presents rituals, festivals and writings from the time in order to help the reader understand the type of lifestyle each civilization lead. In addition there are detailed descriptions of the burial processes and practices for perserving their dead.
From the Paper
"In Egypt, death was just a right of passage to the next domain, however in order to die properly, the right spells and incantations must have been performed. As shown in The Book of the Dead, written around 2400 B.C. there were very serious rituals that must be performed in order to pass on properly. These spells and incantations reflected how much the Egyptians expected from their society. For example when an Egyptian dies they must face the gods and must repeat lines from the spell ?The Protestation of Guiltlessness?. A few lines from this poem are as follows: ?I have not committed evil against men; I am pure! My purity is the purity of the great benu-bird?; I have not told lies; I have not trespassed? (as on another?s land). These are just a few of the many lines that tell of a persons character in hopes of being accepted into their afterlife. The Egyptians were well known for having a mixture of human and animal characteristic in their gods. For example Seth (desert god) was depicted with a doglike body, long neck, upright tail, and squared ears. The vulture goddess Nekhbet was tutelary goddess of Upper Egypt, while her counterpart in Lower Egypt was cobra goddess Wadjet (Nagle, 28)."
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Comparative Governmental Systems: Ancient and Modern, 2004.
Shows how modern democratic thought originated from Ancient Greece and Rome.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
Some of the key features of both ?democracy? and the American Constitution have their origins in ancient history. If one looks at Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and India, we may discover traces of democratic thought that precipitated the rise of each of those lands and peoples. The paper shows, however, that many of the critical threads of Western political thought can be directly catalyzed by the very birth of Western society in the classical civilizations of Ancient Greece and Rome. The paper traces concepts of democracy and citizenship from ancient times and shows how they affected modern forms of government, in particular, the American Constitution and Britain's Houses of Lords and Commons.
From the Paper
"In effect, this republic-representative democracy was therefore established in which the people chose representatives to run the state for them. The Roman Republic was a government headed by elected leaders, yet real power was held by the Senate, which represented the upper class, and two consuls, who served as heads of state. If we
examine Ancient Roman society even further, we can identify origins of the United States Constitution: the Bill of Rights. For instance, the rights of all citizens were protected by a code of laws known as the Twelve Tables of Law."
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Ancient Family Structures, 2001.
An examination of the roles of families in Mesopotamia and Egypt, looking at how family structure determined and ordered everyday life and looking particularly at the role that women had in these different societies.
1,455 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The writer explores these ancient civilizations and focuses on the family unit. The paper shows that women enjoyed a degree of independence and authority within the family. It shows the fashion and artistic tastes of people in this time era as well as the role of women in religion and worship.
From the Paper
"Because the classical civilizations of Egypt and Mesopotamia flourished so many years ago, we might assume that there are no important common links between their own culture and our own. However, while there are obviously vast differences between Sumer and Los Angeles, for example, there are also key similarities between those ancient cultures and our own. This is true in part because our own societies are the inheritors of the accomplishments of the peoples of the classical world, but it is also true because many of the functions performed by the most important institutions are still essential. Children must be raised and educated. Clothes must be made and laundered. The sick must be tended to and the aged helped along. Crops must be planted and reaped and the gods given praise. "
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Egypt, 2004.
A comprehensive discussion on civil society in Egypt.
10,844 words (approx. 43.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 152.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an overview of civil society in Egypt. Firstly, a brief historical overview of civil society in Egypt is presented and an analytical overview of the political situation in Egypt is provided, illustrating the authoritarian nature of the regime and assessing the influence of the regime on the growth and nature of civil society. Next, an analytical overview of the economic situation in Egypt is presented, assessing the influence of the economic malaise on the growth of civil society. Next, a sectoral overview of civil society organizations in Egypt is presented, by dividing the civil organizations in to categories (service provision, charity and welfare, guilds and unions, development civil society organizations, political parties, human rights/citizenship rights, research organizations, cultural groups, and finally sports clubs) and within this section, several organizations within each category are discussed, in terms of their activities. This section includes information on the total number of CSOs in Egypt. This section also highlights the fact that a culturally specific approach is necessary when discussing CSOs in Egypt, as a large quantity of Islamic groups are spread throughout the sectors. Next, an in-depth analysis of three groups and their activities is presented: one Islamic, one political party (maybe the Muslim brotherhood) and one an International NGO.
From the Paper
"Researchers have identified that several elements have shaped the profile of Egypt's civic sector: government policies shifted over time from laissez faire to increased government control under different regimes, yet religion has always been an element of associational life in Egypt (Kandil, 1999). In a 1993 survey, it was found that about 31% of associations were Islamic and about 7% were Christian: most of these organizations provided health services, social assistance, and religious services (Kandil, 1999). Further influences on civil society have been identified (by Ibrahim et al., 1998) as the state, traditional forces (via the Communities of Virtue), and external Western forces: it is argued that the current status of civil society in Egypt has come about due to a complex historical - and current - relationship between these three factors (Ibrahim et al., 1998)."
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Economic Development in Egypt, 2001.
Examines effects of 1978 Camp David Accord (peace agreement betw. Egypt & Israel). Its impact on Egyptian economy. Policies of Sadat & Mubarak. Egypt's position in Mideast & its economic future. 10 Tables. 1 Chart.
1,035 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 15 sources, £ 95.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction:
Egypt has had a long, troubled road to economic development. From the first attempts at industrialization in the early 1800?s to the country?s present-day struggle, Egypt has faced social and political hurdles as well as troubles in the world economy throughout its attempt to become an industrialized nation. This paper will examine that struggle with special emphasis on the impact of the Camp David Peace Accord on economic development in Egypt.
The economic history of Egypt, beginning in the mid-1800?s, will first be explored in order to put post-Camp David development.."
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Urbanization in Mesopotamia, 2005.
This paper discusses a program of urbanization in Mesopotamia, which was implemented to ensure the stability and security of the empire.
2,825 words (approx. 11.3 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that urbanization, the arrangement of the design of the private and public buildings of a city and that of the intra-city arteries of communication and fortifications, reflects the needs and aspirations of the community within the existing frame of the ecological and technological areas of the period. The author points out that during the last phase of the Assyrian empire, beginning with the reign of Ashur-Dan II (934-912 BC) and lasting until almost 600 BC, when the Assyrian empire dominated most of Mesopotamia and parts of Palestine, Egypt, Media and Anatolia, the Assyrian kings radically transformed the cultural, political and geographical landscape of Upper Mesopotamia by the implementation of the processes of urbanization. The paper stresses that the Chaldean tribal groups, a loosely connected with prominent chieftains opposing urbanization, shifted allegiance according to the distribution of military strength, refused to pay taxes or to render services to the government, waylaid caravans and to attack and plunder settlements and small cities.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Program of Urbanization
Administrative Restructuring
Capitals
Economic Foundation
Southern Societies
Uruk and Ur
Anti-Urban Bias
Citizenship
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In these Mesopotamian cities, there grew a concept of citizenship that was the result of the driving force of the urbanization process. The old and important cities enjoyed certain privileges and exemptions with respect to the king and his power. They had a legal status that differentiated in essential points from that of any other community, In Babylonia, these cities were Nippur, Babylon, and Sippar, in Assria, the old capital Asur, and later, Harran in Upper Mesopotamia. In principle, the inhabitants of these free cities claimed freedom from work, freedom from military service, as well as a tax exemption. These privileges were neither new nor exception, Certain persons with restructed libery, in the Sumerian empire of Ur were said to be exempted from carrying earth, and inhabitants of Nippur were exempted from military service and paying tribute in silver and gold. This shows that the resistance against the claims of a central authority for services of its subjects is characteristics not only of a non urbanized group, but also one of the aspirations of city-dwellers."
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