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Mencius and Hsun Tzu, 2002.
A comparison of two Chinese philosophers.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 7 sources, £ 50.95
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Abstract
A dialogue between the Chinese philosophers Mencius and Hsun Tzu who followed the thinking of Confucius and yet, presented two completely different views of human nature.
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Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu, 1995.
Compares philosophies, impact on Taoism, ideas on immortality and individuality, implications for governing oneself and others.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine Taoism in terms of the impact of that religion of Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu. The study will compare these two men's philosophies and ideas as they relate to Taoism, and will explore the implications of their thoughts for governing oneself and others. Also included will be the consideration of the relationship of their approaches and contemporary counterculture.
A comparison with the conformity of Confucianism shows the non-conformity to be a clear reflection of contemporary counterculture. The latter rejects the traditional culture just as Taoism rejects Confucianism. It is no surprise, then, to find the contemporary counterculture leaning toward Taoist thought, Lao Tzu and Chuang Tzu in its attempts to find an alternative world view and a fresh, radical, individualized and more ..."
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"Basic Writings" ( Chang Tzu ) & "The Way & its Power" ( Arthur Waley ), 1993.
Describes the teachings of Chinese philosophers Chuang Tzu & Lao Tzu & their influence of Zen.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
" This study will describe Chuang Tzu's approach to the realization of spiritual truth, as explored in his Basic Writings. The study will also consider similarities in teaching methods and concepts between Chuang Tzu and Zen in China, insofar as we can discern Zen as being represented in Arthur Waley's The Way and Its Power: A Study of the Tao Te Ching and Its Place in Chinese Thought. Strictly speaking, Zen in China is addressed indirectly in Waley's work, but this study will treat the ideas of Lao Tzu, which Waley primarily deals with, as parallel to Zen concepts and attitudes.
As we read in Burton Watson's Introduction to Chuang Tzu's work, "The central theme of the Chuang Tzu may be summed up in a single word: freedom. Essentially, all the philosophers of ancient China addressed themselves to the same problem: how is.."
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Confucianism According to Mencius, 2004.
Discusses the views on human nature held by the Confucian scholar, Mencius.
2,879 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper talks about the Confucian scholar, Mencius, and his claim that human nature is good. The paper compares this claim with that of Kao Tzu, who disagreed, saying that human nature is neither good nor bad, but it can become good or bad. The paper also examines Mencius's idea of an innate moral sense, which he termed "the four sprouts", Mencius's views on equality, and learning and self-cultivation.
From the Paper
"Human nature (hsing), according to Mencius, is a combination of basic ?humaness? (jen) and a spirit of rightness or good. Kao-tzu's analogy of bowls seems to suggest that these qualities come from a compilation of experiences that make up an artificial or empirical hsing. Human nature is a product of genes (innate hsing) in the context of environment. Mencius counters this point with the assertion that human nature has a purpose and a direction, like water that has to flow downhill, unless it?s diverted by something. The need is innate, while the obstacles may set the hsing on a ?wrong? path. The water will make its way to the ocean, however, because it will follow the laws of its nature to flow downhill. Kao-tzu is left with arguing that hsing comes from the process of living ? not what is born with the child. Humaness is born with the individual (internal) while rightness is learned through experience (external)."
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Mencius, Xunzi & Confucius, 2005.
An examination of the theories of Mencius and Xunzi in relation to Confucius.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
The paper compares ideas of Mencius and Xunzi in relation to Confucius. The paper examines how Mencius and Xunzi were Confucian in outlook but Mencius had an optimistic view of human nature in great contrast with Xunzi. Mencius was harder on those with authority, whereas Xunzi saw the Dao as important for everyone, and with people of all kinds able to radically transform themselves.
From the Paper
"Mencius and Xunzi offered philosophies that show that they do belong to the same Chinese civilization and that they inherited the ideas of Confucius. (551-479 BC) However, they departed from Confucius in ways that would help to create other lines of Chinese philosophy. In all three, one sees a division between the social and the individual, but also, thought on how leadership influenced the individual, and the role of both individuals and the ruler in making a better society of better people."
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Education and Chuang Tzu, 2002.
Examines the dpiction of a Taoist eucation in the witings of Chuang Tzu.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 1 source, £ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper will argue that in order to understand Chuang Tzu's perception of "The Way",one must see it as more than a philosophy. As will be seen, Chuang Tzu's vision of Taoism includes a strong component of mysticism that may create confusion with some readers. However, it is important to understand that this mysticism falls short of being religious, for the rigorous internal logic of a dogmatic system is alien to "The Way". Rather, as will be argued, Chuang Tzu employs mysticism as a means of allowing those new to "The Way" to understand the necessity of transcending common sense categories.
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Chuang Tzu, 2002.
A look at Chuang Tzu's texts and the Tao of living.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This undergraduate paper examines the texts attributed to Chuang Tzu. It takes a specific look at the meaning of mutilation and death, how to view these two physical states, and how to avoid harm and death. It follows Chuang Tzu's model of how we can make our lives compelling.
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Mencius and Xunzi on Human Nature, 2008.
A discussion of the views of two influential Chinese philosophers from the third century B.C., Mencius and Xunzi, on human nature.
3,570 words (approx. 14.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the views of Mencius and Xunzi, Chinese philosophers from c. 300 B.C., who belonged to the school of thought of Confucius (551-479 BC). It compares their differing approaches to human nature and relates that while Mencius saw the individual as fundamentally good, Xunzi's viewed human nature as bad and in need of care and correction. The paper addresses the influence of these two extremely influential philosophers, whose contrasting approaches continue to be seen today in Chinese civilization. The paper concludes that their thoughts on human nature are timeless and, thus, they will continue to be reviewed and discussed for many years to come.
Outline:
Introduction
Human Nature as Corruptible
Man as Weak and Bad
Implications over Time
Concluding Remarks
From the Paper
"Mencius spent years moving from court to court and we presume that he had many chances to see how feudal rulers chose to lead. He was a sought after advisor to different rulers towards much thinking on what worked and what did not to restore order, for example, or prevent future troubles. He seems to have come up with something like the Social Contract that shaped Western thinking in the modern era in a model of a decent kind of leadership and attention to the needs of life and protecting citizens to which individuals could adhere. If a decent environment was not provided, then the people should be expected to overthrow those in power towards new leadership. In the view of Mencius, a ruler must show jen in humaneness, humanity and benevolence, as a very old Chinese concept indeed. (Chan Jen) There should also be the yi of righteousness and a sense of duty, if a ruler wanted to see righteousness, cooperation and industriousness amongst his subjects."
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Martin Luther King and Lao Tzu, 2004.
Compares the philosophies of two great leaders, Martin Luther King and Chinese Lao Tzu.
1,034 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
Martin Luther King of the modern United States and Lao-Tzu of ancient China were two great philosophers whose great differences stemmed from their core beliefs. The paper shows that Lao-Tzu believed that the way for humankind to achieve happiness was to connect fully with nature and to not try to control everyday events. It shows, in comparison, that Martin Luther King believed that humankind should confront evil and correct the wrongs of the world.
From the Paper
"King?s philosophy was more in line with that of Confucius, who believed that people must make a social difference. However, Lao-Tzu?s approach to ?do nothing? was not the same as King?s approach to ?do nothing? when demonstrators were attacked. Lao-Tzu?s view was mystical. He would have recognized that while Martin Luther?s King?s approach may have appeared to be ?doing nothing? at first, actually it was the final action of an elaborate plan designed to make a very big social difference. It started with King?s followers educating the activists very careful about the philosophy of non-violence. They planned where they would demonstrate, and when. They planned what they would wear and exactly what they would do when they ?did nothing.?"
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The Mencius, 2002.
A look a the theme in Mencius regarding governmental benevolence.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 1 source, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This is a paper that reports on a particular theme in the Mencius, a classic Chinese philosophical text. It gives a very brief discussion of the author and his context and then proceeds to show specifically how Mencius and his co-authors use familiar (and familial) examples to illustrate the overarching principle of benevolence in government. This was meant to appeal to Chinese rulers and bureaucrats at the time, by using simple language and concrete examples as well as a simplified doctrine of governmental behavior that reduces to one principle of benevolent rule.
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Sun Tzu's "The Art of War", 2008.
Analyzes, chapter by chapter, Sun Tzu's military treatise from the 6th century B.C., "The Art of War", based on Thomas Cleary's translation.
2,175 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Sun Tzu's "The Art of War" is an in-depth collection of the strategic, operational and tactical nature of warfare and military strategies and tactics. The author relates that this ancient military book "The Art of War" has been adopted in various business and management milieus. In first reading, the military aspects are prominent; however, the paper states that the reader realizes that this book is also Sun Tzu's diary because what he wrote was not based on theories or suppositions but rather were his every day experiences.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Chapter I. Strategic Assessments
Chapter II. Doing Battle
Chapter III. Planning a Siege
Chapter IV. Formation
Chapter V. Force
Chapter VI. Emptiness and Fullness
Chapter VII. Armed Struggle
Chapter VIII. Adaptations
Chapter IX. Maneuvering Armies
Chapter X. Terrain
Chapter XI. Nine Grounds
Chapter XII. Fire Attack
Chapter XIII. On the Use of Spies
Perspectives and Opinions
From the Paper
"Warfare is not a static or constant affair. It is instead and fluid and continuous engagement despite the lull perceive at times. The term "fog of war" is apropos to the reality of engaging the enemy wherein constant movement and engagement numbs the mind at times and it fails to determine who it is fighting. Thus, warfare should be fluid in a way that the better general controls and dictates the fluidity of the movement. Like an orchestra conductor, he must know the total meaning of the music and be able to call out each and any member of the orchestra at the right time to bring harmony to the song."
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Sun Tzu & Machiavelli, 2006.
A comparison and contrast between Sun Tzu's "The Art of War" and Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince".
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 0 sources, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This essay compares Sun Tzu's "The Art of War" with Niccolo Machiavelli's "The Prince" and applies the principles of both works to the modern business environment. The paper asserts that although the writings were not intended to be applied to business leadership,these classic works are nonetheless timeless strategic guides for the ultimate success. The paper demonstrates how, in today's business world, many aspects can be applied in less dramatic and literal fashion while still having great significance. For example, the paper discusses how in "The Prince", Machiavelli suggests eliminating whole opposing families in order to reduce the threat of revenge. This philosophy has many applications in the business world without the literally executions. Likewise, the paper assesses Sun Tzu's work, which recommends removing the head of an insubordinate conscript to prove a point or to increase discipline. While the literal interpretation may have been acceptable in ancient China, other more symbolic interpretations are applicable to the business world today, argues the paper.
From the Paper
"Very little is known about the author of the Art of War but there has been much supposition and speculation. The book was thought to have been an instructional manual for potential generals in ancient China. The Art of War could also be considered as an instructional science of strategy document. The basic philosophy has become a Chinese mental martial art called bing-fa which because of the ambiguous nature of Chinese Hanja can be translated into literally 'competitive skills' or 'martial art'. The manual is a series of nine chapters which provide insights into how to address the challenges and how to mentally prepare for both leading others or a methodology for one's personal success. Because of the title and the militarily based examples, most believe that the sole purpose of the work was to teach how to fight battles. Modern interpretations and adaptations of the principles continue to help individuals create an internal and powerful system for success."
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Lu Hsun, 2002.
Examining the life and work of Chinese political writer Lu Hsun, advocate of Communism.
1,527 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, on his death, Lu Hsun was celebrated by Mao Tse-tung and others of the Communist Party as a spiritual father of the revolution, as its literary voice. The writer questions if this was simply the party taking advantage of the now silent writer?s reputation, or whether he was truly the revolutionary that Mao claimed him to be.
From the Paper
"Even though Lu Hsun was a devoted Marxist, and is credited with bringing many devotees into the fold of communism, he himself balked at joining the party, and never did, which was perceived as no small matter in determining enemies of the state during the cultural revolution that was to shortly follow. On studying Lu Hsun?s life and his thoughtful approach to it, one realizes that it is doubtful that this was merely an oversight, but rather represented a hesitancy on his part to fully embrace the revolution that was unfolding. It may have been that he was not convinced that the revolution that had yet to mature in China was the real revolution. Throughout his work, he shows a tendency to rate the quality of revolutions, as he believed not all were equal. ?But only great revolutions can change literature, not small ones, for these do not count as revolutions.? (Hsun/Yang p327)"
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On Leadership: Sun Tzu, Clausewitz and Machiavelli, 2008.
A summary and review of the assessments of leadership of Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz and Niccolo Machiavelli.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses aspects of leadership as discussed by Sun Tzu, Carl von Clausewitz and Niccolo Machiavelli as well as the evaluation of one's situation in decision making and the shortcomings of incorrect planning and strategic action. The paper emphasizes that leadership is in no small part the ability to sort through the chaos of a situation and to persevere in imposing order. The paper states further that the ability to discern and to be flexible in one's approach, coupled with the relentless pursuit of a goal, are the keys to final success.
From the Paper
"In this conduct toward the goal, there is no substitute for lucid thought. Discernment, and with it the ability to be flexible in one's approach, coupled with the relentless pursuit of the goal, are the keys to final success. A strategic leader often has control over nothing more than his own talents: his imagination, his creativity, and his intuition. The skilful and successful leader is the one who can, in the chaos of a situation, use these attributes, along with their "iron will and a powerful sense of purpose" to overcome the chaos and the opposition that confront him. Remarkably, one of the most profound statements that Clausewitz made about war remains true about war and about virtually any demanding situation:"
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