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Medicare Part D, 2007.
This paper studies the US Medicare Part D program that provides insurance coverage for prescription drugs.
1,403 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that in the past few decades, the reduction of available Medicare funds in the US has emerged as a significant concern for taxpayers, elderly individuals, and government agencies alike. The writer points out that as a result, Medicare has often been a target for reformers in the past few years; however, as the aging population increases, so does a greater sense of urgency. In response to this growing crisis, the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 created a new and complex universal prescription drug entitlement, called Medicare Part D. This paper analyzes the basic contents of the Medicare Part D legislation, including the role of private groups and the implications of the drug subsidy for the nursing practice.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview and Content of the Legislation
The Role of Private Groups in the Drug Subsidy
Nursing Implications of Medicare Part D
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The benefits of Catastrophic Coverage vary depending on income levels, and extra-help programs are available based on financial need. Medicare Part D has been considered a complex plan for seniors as a result of the manner in which it works and the gap in coverage. This is complex for seniors because research indicates that the majority of needed prescription drugs by seniors fall into the gap in coverage bracket. Therefore, the major criticism of the drug subsidy is that it only truly assist seniors that either do not need very many prescription drugs, or those that are considered catastrophic coverage insured's. As a result, the bulk of this population is left to deal with paying out-of-pocket expenses for prescription drugs. Additionally, the plan is complex for seniors because the true cost of the drug entitlement expansion is unknown, and estimates could be understating the real cost."
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Medicare Part D, 2005.
This paper discusses Part D of the Medicare and the power given the regulatory agencies under this law.
1,280 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Medicare, which is the health insurance program by the United States Federal government, provides medical treatment to qualified recipients and is run by The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Part D is the new outpatient prescription drug benefit. The author points out that, because the enactment of Medicare Part D makes the United States Federal Government the biggest client of pharmaceuticals in the U.S. and possibly the world, drug development and approval process will be notably affected by this law through the direct involvement of CMS in application reviews. The paper stresses that, by using a system of risk corridors, which compares actual incurred drug benefit costs to estimated costs submitted in bids, Medicare limits the profits and losses of Part D drug plans.
Table of Contents
What is Medicare?
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and Its Influence on the Health Care Industry
Economics
How CMS Affects the Operation and Finance of Medicare Part D
From the Paper
"CMS is also working with other health agencies such as the National Cancer Institute with regards to research and development of drugs. A new policy gives them additional powers to pay for off-label uses of a new drug or device, so long as patients are in involve in studies to gather new data that may be beneficial to future patients. This policy however raised certain concerns from industry players as to fears the agency will reject compensation of new cures or procedures unless the post-approval studies are paid for by sponsors. Nonetheless, guidelines have already been drafted to address this concern."
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Implementation of Medicare Part D, 2007.
This paper discusses the prescription drug program that is part of the Medicare Modernization Act of 2003.
2,204 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper describes in detail the new prescription drug program that is part of Medicare, better knows as Medicare Part D. The paper describes each prescription drug program and discusses factors that should play into choosing a plan. The paper further describes how one becomes eligible for Part D. Also described is the development of health related public policy and the expansion of health insurance coverage. The paper concludes expressing hope that any cheating or fraud within Medicare Plan D would be reported immediately.
Outline:
Introduction
Social Forces
Political Forces
Cultural Forces
Technological Forces
Ethical Forces
Economic Forces
Effect of Current Issues on Future Initiatives in Healthcare Delivery
From the Paper
"Medicare Part D is a part of the social health insurance that is provided by our government. Social health insurance is an entitlement program, not a charity. Medicare benefits, including Part D, are earned by the enrollee during the course of their employment. The fundamental aim of this government provided program is to provide prescription health care coverage to the American society."
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Christianity from A.D. 50 to A.D. 100, 2001.
A discussion on how Constantine had some bearing on Christianity; the formation of single unified Roman Orthodox Church.
1,540 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This essay compares the Christian religion prior to and after the rise of Constantine from A.D. 50 to A.D. 100. The author examines the influence Constantine had on Christianity in forming a single unified Orthodox Roman Church.
From the Paper
"When Constantine the Great took the throne in A.D. 306, Christianity began to be more clearly adopted as the religion of the Roman imperial government. While a struggle for spiritual authority had been going on since the time of Jesus, it was from this official embrace of Constantine that the idea of forming a single, unified and orthodox Roman church began to develop."
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Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act, 2008.
An analysis of the benefits of the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Act.
885 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the Medicare Fair Prescription Drug Price Act of 2007 is an amendment of the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 (MMA) and how, according to the latter, Medicare beneficiaries receive a prescription drug benefit called Part D. Private prescription drug plans are also approved for Medicare beneficiaries by the federal government. It also discusses how government interference in MMA, according to the regulations of the 2007 Act, would work for the benefit of price regulation, but to the detriment of choice and market competition.
From the Paper
"The main benefit of Medicare Part D is to beneficiaries and taxpayers - in other words, to the public. Beneficiaries are allowed to choose whatever they prefer in terms of pricing and type of drugs. The market competition encouraged the negotiations between private plans and drug providers are therefore not beneficial only in terms of lower costs for certain drugs, but also in terms of choice. Some beneficiaries choose the higher priced drugs that work best for them, while others prefer lower costs for the financial benefits gained in this way. The plan therefore provides enough diversity for the public to choose from."
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Medicare Stakeholders, 2007.
A look at how the reduction of available Medicare funds will impact Medicare stakeholders.
1,387 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the growth of both life expectancy and the cost of medical care has resulted in a noticeable reduction of available Medicare funds for use in the near future. It looks at how this rapidly growing reduction of available Medicare funds has emerged as a significant concern for Medicare stakeholders such as the American Associationof Retire Persons (AARP), drug companies, insurance companies and healthcare providers alike. As a result, Medicare has often been a target for reformers in the past few years, as each of these stakeholders has a distinct role in the Medicare system from either a financial or funding standpoint.
Outline:
Introduction
Stakeholders
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The AARP, formerly called the American Association of Retired Persons, is a U.S. based non-profit organization, with the mission of enhancing quality of life for people over age 50 by providing a wide range of unique benefits, special products, and services for members. The AARP operates as a non-profit advocate for its members, and sells life insurance, investment funds and other financial products. The organization claims over 35 million members and membership is expected to grow significantly as baby boomers age. The AARP plays a role in Medicare from a financial standpoint in that the organization offers products to its members. This is different from the past when social security and pension plans were devised at a time when relatively few people reached the age of sixty-five, and these plans covered their support. "
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The Medicare Crisis, 2005.
A paper discussing the future of Medicare in relation to the increasing costs of Medicare in the healthcare system.
4,200 words (approx. 16.8 pages), 25 sources, APA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This report takes a look at how Medicare impacts the American healthcare system and attempts to answer questions about the future of Medicare. The paper also touches upon issues affecting the elderly regarding present problems in Medicare and future problems that are foreseen. In addition, this report looks at both present and future possibilities with regard to Medicare by looking at present risks and then makes conclusions and recommendations for both future research and for programmatic change and advocacy in healthcare.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Issues Under Investigation
Research Questions
Literature Review
Analysis
Recommendations
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Another issue associated with this topic is that one of the reasons that many older individuals are not prepared to face the costs of long-term care is because they think it is already fully covered by Medicare. Public education needs to be an important part of the insurance process, but often older individuals are confused by the plethora of insurance options and split coverage that are offered to them. Adding to this confusion, many older individuals assume that Medicare is prepared to give them long-term care allowances over sixty days. "A major obstacle to the development of long-term care insurance is the widespread misperception that Medicare and private health insurance policies that supplement Medicare cover long-term care, when in fact they do not...People must be educated concerning their need for private long-term care insurance" (Atchley, 2000, p. 367). Long-term care can be very expensive for those individuals who are not prepared to face these costs."
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Medicare: The Good and Bad of Senior Health Care, 2003.
An in-depth examination of whether Medicare is the best system for providing health coverage for an aging population.
18,105 words (approx. 72.4 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Medicare and the problems that it has faced recently. It deals with why this has become such a problem and whether there is anything that can be done to fix the failing Medicare system. Beginning with the statement of the problem and the rationale for studying it, the paper then moves on to discuss a review of the literature on Medicare and what kind of reform is occurring now, as well as what kind of reform has been suggested as being needed if Medicare is going to continue to help individuals. Right now, Medicare is experiencing some changes, but many do not feel that enough changes are being made. There are many seniors that are still struggling, and these people need help now. This is one of the chief problems of Medicare, as there are no easy solutions, and it is assumed that it will be some time before answers to its difficulties are found. Nevertheless, this paper is also concerned with the information collected in regards to the problems that Medicare faces, and it moves on to an analysis of the data that has been collected. This is followed up by the recommendations and conclusions that can safely be made and drawn about Medicare and where it is going from here.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Rationale for the Study
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope of Study
Definition of Terms
Overview of Study
Review of the Related Literature
Methodology
Data-Gathering Method
Database for Information
Approach to the Information
Validity of the Data
Originality of the Data
Limitations of the Data
Summary of the Information
Data Analysis
Summary and Conclusions
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Studies are important for many reasons, and one of the main reasons for any study is to look at something that desperately needs attention and determine what should be done with it. The Medicare system is such an issue. Attention is needed, because the system that people have relied on for years will soon begin to fail them. There is really no money left for Medicare to do anything more than what it is doing now, which is not enough. Until it finds a way to reform itself, many elderly people will go without adequate medical care, and these people were used to getting the care that they needed.
Now that Medicare has joined forces with managed care, it would seem that things would be improved, but the opposite has occurred and most people are not sure what they can do to correct this problem before it gets worse. There are those that said that managed care should never have a place in Medicare, and that would be one of the wrong ways to reform the system. That may be, but the managed care system and Medicare are together now, and that must be dealt with. There are clearly issues that must be addressed if Medicare is to be corrected, and the hope is that it can be accomplished before the system collapses entirely and causes more damage than has already been done."
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Medicare and Medicaid, 2002.
An analysis of the government funded healthcare programs, Medicare and Medicaid, focusing on the elderly population.
2,272 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a lengthy argument concerning the implementation of a national prescription drug plan for elderly persons that are dependent upon Medicare and Medicaid for their medical insurance needs. The paper claims that since prescription drugs are costly and vital to the improvement of the overall health and well-being of elderly persons, they should be the key characteristic involved in Medicare and Medicaid reform. The paper examines the importance of Americans becoming aware of government initiatives such as Medicare and Medicaid.
Introduction
A Brief History of Medicare in the United States
Problems that Medicare Faces
Medicare and the Prescription Drug Quandary
Medicaid Participation by Elderly Residents
History and Background of Medicaid
Research Methods and Resources
Conclusions and Recommendations
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Medicare and Medicaid are government-sponsored programs whose objective is to provide patients with health assistance upon meeting specific criteria. Medicare is the federal program that provides insurance for elderly patients aged 65 and over, and approximately 40 million people are enrolled in this program. Medicaid is an insurance program that is available for disadvantaged persons, including the elderly, who cannot afford health benefits because of low incomes or other factors. Both programs are subsidized by government funds and in many instances, will cover the costs of basic medical care as well as specialized testing and supplies."
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Medicare and Medicaid Programs, 2008.
This paper discusses the two health care programs, Medicare and Medicaid.
954 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that Franklin D. Roosevelt's financially recuperative "New Deal" and the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 during the Great Depression helped the American public back on the road to health. The writer points out that the Social Security Act of 1935 was sadly Roosevelt's last efforts to establish universal financial and health security. The writer discusses that another try at providing universal health came in 1965 with Medicare/Medicaid, but by this time until the present, however, history, economics and politics would be complicit in impeding a utopian vision of "affordable health care for all." This paper describes each program in terms of eligibility criteria, funding approval process, appeal procedures and scope of devices and services funded.
Outline:
Medicaid
Medicare
Medicare vs. Medicaid
From the Paper
"Franklin D. Roosevelt's financially recuperative "New Deal" and the Sheppard-Towner Act of 1921 during the Great Depression helped the American public back on the road to health. The Social Security Act of 1935 was sadly Roosevelt's (and all those who succeeded him) last efforts to establish universal financial and health security. Another try at providing universal health came in 1965 with Medicare/Medicaid; by this time until the present, however, history, economics and politics would be complicit in impeding a utopian vision of "affordable health care for all." This paper will describe each program in terms of eligibility criteria, funding approval process, appeal procedures and scope of devices and services funded.
"Medicaid is a federal program administered at the state level that aids individuals with low-income, insufficient or no health insurance. Health care needs are paid directly to care providers, in whole or partially subsidized."
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Medicare's Dilemma, 2002.
This paper examines the political, social and economic woes of Medicare's drug problem: No prescription coverage for the disabled and the elderly.
2,050 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 15 sources, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper covers the much debated issue of the Medicare program?s lack of prescription drug coverage for the elderly and disabled in the US. A brief history of the program itself, descriptions of and actions taken by the key players in the debate, including the Medicare recipients themselves, support/interest groups such as the AARP, the government, pharmaceutical agencies, and the American public are included.
From the paper:
"At the time of its establishment in 1965 through to the present, the U.S. Medicare program was designed to provide quality health care services for elderly and disabled Americans. The two-part program provides coverage for hospital visits as well as a limited amount of medical insurance to aid with doctors? bills and things of the like. Although it has always been one of the most popular federal programs among elderly and younger citizens alike, the Medicare program has been and remains to grow progressively ineffective in providing quality health care to its recipients. While issues such as the exclusion of certain medical procedures from Medicare?s coverage realm have come and gone, the single most longstanding issue of debate is that of prescription drugs."
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Medicare Policy Implications, 2007.
This paper provides an analysis of the insurance structure and a reflection on Medicare policy implications for a practicing physical therapist.
1,300 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer explains that the Health Insurance for the Aged and Disabled Act (Title XVII of the Social Security Act"), also known as Medicare, was enacted to provide Americans aged 65 or older, or the disabled under the age of 65, with a comprehensive, affordable medical insurance program. In addition, the writer notes that eligibility is based on having a certain amount of past employment earnings that contributed to the Federal Insurance Contribution Act tax. The writer discusses Medicare's two separate insurance packages: coverage for hospital insurance, Part A, and coverage for supplementary medical insurance, Part B.
Outline:
Analysis of Insurance Structure and Rationale
Considerations for Goal Setting/Treatment Interventions/Discharge Planning
Reflection on Documentation Requirements/Scope of Practice/Guide to PT Practice
Moral Decision Making/Clinical Decision Making/PT Education
From the Paper
"Treatment interventions must be described in the Intervention section of the notes, and must be appropriate to the patient's purpose of care. Successful interventions will usually demonstrate changes in the patient's condition and achievement of goals, and should be modified if they prove otherwise. Reimbursable treatment interventions must be specific to the scope of physical therapy practice, and require a qualified physical therapist to perform or guide them. Certain treatment interventions are listed as billable physical therapy interventions in the Medicare manuals, but other physical therapy related interventions would not be reimbursable if Medicare believes alternative health care professionals can execute them. Medicare also imposes limits on length of stay and number of treatment episodes, which can conflict with our ability to achieve set goals. This could conflict with our Code of Ethics, and beckons us to defend our clinical decisions and lobby for fewer restrictions (e.g. direct access)."
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Prospective Payments by Medicare, 2004.
A discussion on the rationale of reimbursement systems with respect to prospective payments in the Medicare system.
811 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the prospective payment system developed as a quality comparison tool in order to address the increasing costs generated from the Medicare system. The paper relates that the federal government introduced the prospective payment plan into the Medicare system and that under this system, hospitals are paid a pre-determined rate for each Medicare admission.The paper then discusses the effectiveness of the payment system and highlights the strengths and weaknesses. The paper concludes that the prospective payment system has withstood the test of 22 years and its strengths and weaknesses will continue to be debated but according to government standards, it has been an effective system.
Outline:
Introduction
Effectiveness of Prospective Payment
Strengths
Weaknesses
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Prospective Payment System is a way for spending to be curbed within the private sector (Tieman, 2003). Hospitals and healthcare facilities are given incentive to be efficient and cost-effective (Coulam and Gaumer, 1991). When the Prospective Payment System was implemented, there were strongly held expectations among promoters and skeptics (Coulam and Gaumer, 1991). Promoters of the policy hoped that payment reduction would be matched by lower levels of spending through a reduction in lengths of stay, a reduction in the intensity of care, and therefore, more efficient hospital operations. "
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Seniors and Medicare Reforms, 2005.
A look at medicare reforms and health care costs, questioning whether seniors are really better off.
22,651 words (approx. 90.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 176.95
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Abstract
This study looks at the Medicare reform issue and determines whether there is merit to the desires of those that wish to change the reforms that will go into effect in two years. Chapter One takes into account the problem, the overview of the study to be conducted, and how significant this study is. Also included is the rationale and scope of the study, as it is necessary not only to show how and why the study is important, but also to show what will be proved and how this will be carried out. Chapter Two is a review of sources that give indication as to the feelings and beliefs about Medicare reform, as well as what kinds of changes will actually occur when Medicare reform takes place. Positive and negative aspects are discussed, as well as a description of the sources. Chapter Three is the methodology chapter, and it explains what kinds of tools were used to create this study. Chapter Four deals with the analysis of the data that was collected in Chapter Two, since the opinions and beliefs of the individuals that are dealing with this issue are very important. Chapter Five then examines the recommendations that can be made as to how the program can be improved and looks at the conclusions that can be drawn from the information already collected about the issue at hand.
Table of Contents
Chapter One
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Overview of the Study
Significance of the Study
Rationale of the Study
Scope of the Study
Chapter Two
Review of Related Literature
Description of Sources Used
Positive Aspects
Negative Aspects
Literature Review
Chapter Three
Methodology
Research Design and Approach
Procedures Used and Data Analysis
Research Considerations and Limitations
Validity and Uniqueness of the Data
Summary
Chapter Four
Analysis of the Data
Chapter Five
Summary Conclusions and Recommendations
Bibliography
From the Paper
"This study that will be conducted here is a simple one. A review of the literature will be undertaken in the following chapter, and this will allow for study of the plans that the government has and the ways that they have decided to change the Medicare system. Sources will be used to show both the positive and negative aspects of changing the Medicare system, as well as to show the positive and negative aspects of the system that Medicare currently uses.
Only by examining both of these can it truly be determined whether the changes that are to be made to Medicare are going to be good or bad for the majority of people in the long run. It is possible that the changes that will be made to Medicare will actually help some people, but if they do not help the majority of those that use the system, then they are not really what is needed to fix Medicare. It is safe to assume that the Medicare system, like so many other health care systems in the United States today, is broken and needs to be fixed. However, there is grave concern about whether the reforms that are planned for Medicare are actually the fix that Medicare needs."
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