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Medical Developments in Medieval Islam, 2004.
A look at the early medical practices used in medieval Islamic countries.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This essay provides a short outline of the extensive medical developments that were first used in medieval Islam. It explains that developments occurred in all areas of medicine including facilities, bacteriology, anesthesia, surgery, ophthalmology and pharmacology. The paper concludes that the influences of Islamic medicine can still be seen even today in the modern world.
From the Paper
"Candidates for medical study received basic preparation from private tutors through private lectures and self study. Anatomy was taught by the dissection of several organisms. Alchemy was a prerequisite for entry to medical school and the study of medicinal herbs was also included in study. Once the basic training was complete, the candidate was admitted as an apprentice in a hospital where he did full clinical training. Students were assigned in small groups and to experienced instructors for ward rounds, discussions, lectures, and reviews. As the students progressed in their studies they were exposed more and more to the subjects of diagnosis and judgment. The students had the responsibility of keeping records for all of the patients (Syed)."
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Medieval Islam, 2002.
A look at the bginnings of Islam and its subsequent rivalry with Christianity.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
A paper on Medieval Islam and the link between the place in history to the time. This essay provides an analysis of the growth of Islam and subsequent rivalry with Christianity.
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A Covenant of Coercion -The Treatment of Dhimmis Under Medieval Islamic Law, 2001.
The following paper explores the origins of Islam, focusing on the traditional spiritualism of India with the emergence of the Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century A.D.
1,715 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Islam's long history of persecution and discrimination aimed at religion outside the realm of Muslim belief, leads to the conclusion that Islam is neither a tolerant religion nor a compromising civilization. The violent terrorist actions of many of today's modern Muslims serve only to underscore this basic belief.
Table of contents
The Seventh Century - The Peaceful Pact of Dhimma,
The Medieval Era - The Deterioration of Dhimma
From the Paper
"It was tolerance and patience that Paul the Apostle preached with these words to the Thessalonians of biblical Greece, along with a warning that iniquity, or gross injustice, was even then rampant among mankind. As history unfolded, Paul's words of warning were to materialize among the Thessalonians, as well as among the majority of Eastern Europe's civilized world, disguised in a face of tolerance. This face of tolerance called itself Islam."
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The Nation of Islam: Are They Islamic?, 2002.
Compares the Nation of Islam with traditional Islam.
1,030 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Nation of Islam as a social movement and tests whether its traditions and roots are really found in traditional Islam.
From the Paper
"The presence of God (Allah) is another and maybe the most critical difference between the Nation of Islam and traditional Muslims. The Nation of Islam was founded in the 1930?s by a man named W. Fard Muhammad. Fard Muhammad believed he was sent to wake ?the black nation to the full range of the black man?s possibilities in a world temporarily dominated by the blue eyed devils.?(5) It is the Nation of Islam who has since said, ? We Believe that Allah appeared in the Person of Master W. Fard Muhammad, July, 1930; the long awaited ?Messiah? of the Christians and the ?Mahdi? of the Muslims.?(6) Fard Muhammad taught that the African American culture was unique and separate from that of ?the Caucasian devils.?(7)
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Political Islam and Islamic Fundamentalism, 2002.
This essay describes how and when Islam made an impact as a political ideal as well as its repercussions leading up to today.
2,090 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper elaborates on Islam and its religious politcal history for the past 100 years, including the later part of this century. It offers some insights into what may have given rise to what is now known today as Islamic fundamentalism.
From the Paper
"While the roots of political Islam can be traced back to the time of Mohammed, the real impact of Islam as a political ideal came about with the Iranian revolution and the Ayatollah Khomeini. The new brand of political Islam that Khomeini brought to Iran was a new, more militant Islam than the world had previously been exposed to. During the time of the Ottoman Empire, Islam was spread as the ideal religion, however, there was room for both branches of Islam, Sunni and Shiite, to practice. There was also a place for Christians and Jews, although it was on the second class level. However, Khomeini?s brand of religious zealotry was harsh and dictatorially strict."
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Medieval Birth Control, 2002.
A look at methods of birth control and the social, cultural, judicial, scientific, and religious views towards it, in both medieval Islamic and Christian societies.
3,081 words (approx. 12.3 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the use of birth control in Islamic and Christian regions during medieval times, its prevalence and acceptance in Islamic regions versus Christian regions, and the social and cultural implications surrounding it. Through an analysis of the reasoning of medieval Islamic jurists regarding contraception in contrast with the writings of St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, it shows how Islam permitted birth control, and Christianity did not. It looks at how Islamic rulings were based primarily on reason and logic and were rooted in a strong understanding of the principles of biology, not religious fervor. In contrast, it shows how, tragically, countless women died in Europe because Church leaders denounced contraception and kept from the public contraceptive means.
From the Paper
"Knowledge of the biology of reproduction is one important factor affecting attitudes on birth control and abortion. Another is the nature of human life, for example, when does the fetus have a soul? The Islamic argument for the permission of contraception is a fascinating case where biological and scientific knowledge directly influenced ethical attitudes. Medieval Arabic literature, such as treatises on medicine, materia medica, and popular literature treated both contraception and abortion as two aspects of birth control. They recognized the difference between the two, and could distinguish between preparations that would work only as a contraceptive, as an abortifacient, or would work for both purposes."
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Italian Cities in Medieval Europe, 2002.
This paper examines why Italian cities in medieval times developed at a faster rate than other European cities, becoming the richest in medieval Europe, possibly the world.
1,354 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the reasons behind the huge development of medieval Italian cities in relation to the rest of Europe. These factors include: Their superior organization, military history, geographical advantages in terms of trade and commerce and the unique form of government dividing the country into city states.
From the Paper
"Medieval times saw an expansion in city life all across Europe, but nowhere more so than in Italy. As early as the tenth century, Italian towns, though still inferior to those in the East, had become far larger than those in other Catholic European countries. From 1100-1250, the population of many Italian cities grew considerably, rising from around 5,000-6,000 people to between 30,000-40,000. This was because of a number of factors, most notably the commercial revolution and explosion of trade, which Italy was in a unique position to exploit, due, among other things, to her history and geographical location."
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Medieval Theocracies, 2007.
This paper explores Christian and Islamic medieval theocracies.
871 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author argues that in order to understand religion and politics during the Middle Ages, it is important to study both Christian and Islamic medieval theocracies. First, the concept of a theocracy is defined. This is followed by a description of Islamic law and religion, which are intertwined. Medieval Islam is then contrasted with Papal Christianity of the same era. Despite their differences, the author explains that Christian and Islamic theocracies shared the same concept of expansion. This is illustrated through Islamic and Christian crusades and forced conversions.
From the Paper
"Before one can appreciate the differences and similarities between medieval Christian and Islamic theocracies, one must have a thorough understanding of the mechanics of a theocratic political system. In a theocracy, "the divine power...governs an earthly human state, either in person...or, more often, via its religious institutional representative(s)..., either replacing or dominating the organs of civil government as clerical or spiritual representative(s) of god(s)." (Wikipedia Contributors). Therefore, technically the Papal States in Italy were Europe's only real example of a theocracy. (Wikipedia Contributors). Likewise, when Medina was ruled by Muhammad and Muhammad's theocracy in Mecca are considered Islam's true early theocracies. (Wikipedia Contributors). However, the reality is that, in medieval times, many countries were practical theocracies. While they were nominally ruled by monarchs or other political figures, these leaders were oftentimes so heavily influenced by religious leaders that it became impossible to separate political and religious doctrine."
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Arab Muslim Culture and Medical Intervention, 2008.
A case study analysis of the factors of the sunrise model in Islam, how it affects medical care and the importance of its understanding for nursing practice.
947 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, of the seven influencing factors in the Sunrise model, the one which is most prevalent in the Muslim tradition is religious and philosophical factors. The paper then attempts to demonstrate just how complex these factors can be and the dilemmas they create unless the principles of transcultural nursing are applied. The paper also presents a case study that addresses the issue of serious illness and how it is perceived as God's will. It also illustrates the cultural conflict that is almost unavoidable and therefore, why culturally congruent care must always be the central goal.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Analysis
Accommodation/Negotiation
Approaching Cultural Conflict
God's Will and Resignation
Culturally Congruent Care
Conclusion
Appendix
Case Study
From the Paper
"There are several points in the case study where a nurse can be tempted to wonder why the parents do not simply use common sense. Such an attitude means imposing Western views. The only way the situation can be resolved is through the use of religious and philosophical factors. Through these factors, the nurse can fully understand all the issues confronting the family. In this way, the appropriate approach to this situation also can be taken. Culturally competent care essentially refers to providing care that will enable people to regain and maintain their well-being and prevent later health issues (Leininger & McFarland, 2002). In order to accomplish this type of care, nurses must become completely familiar with different cultures. They must also be able to relate these cultures to their own cultural experiences and their own cultural beliefs and values."
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Medieval Medicine, 2005.
This paper considers in what sense today's university medical faculties be described as the embodiment of late medieval medicine.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper focuses on medical practice and teaching at the European universities during the Middle Ages c1200-1550. Questions considered include what was taught and how, how this relates to wider trends in society and medicine and an assessment of whether one can conclude that university medicine was the embodiment of medieval medicine's highest ideals.
From the Paper
"The rise of university medical faculties was the culmination of a 'new emphasis upon the classical, intellectual strand in medicine' which had been occurring in the centuries prior to the establishment of medicine as a university subject. This new emphasis on classical texts and literate learning emerged in Salerno during the 11th and 12th centuries. Getz describes Salerno as 'the first medical university in western Europe' although he goes on to qualify this remark stating that it was 'scarcely typical of medieval universities and best understood as a learned guild of medical practitioners.' Despite Getz' vagueness on what actually constitutes a university the importance of Salerno must be recognised and it is with Salerno that one can begin to see what principles medieval medicine was based upon. "
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Healthcare Industry and Medical Malpractice in the U.S., 2006.
Evaluates the current situation of medical malpractice and the crises in the healthcare industry in the United States.
5,460 words (approx. 21.8 pages), 23 sources, MLA, £ 94.95
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Abstract
The massive United States healthcare system plays an important place in society. Enormous amounts of money spent on health care, fail to a large degree in terms of healthiness or life expectancy. Medical malpractice aggravates this situation due to inflating costs. This paper analyzes how the legal system in the United States is putting pressure on the healthcare system, looks at ways that healthcare delivery has gotten more expensive and potentially more harmful or wary of risk. Tort reform is examined with the potential to help reduce medical costs, but does not seem to be a sufficient long-term goal. Finally, the paper explores the idea of medical courts or tribunals, specialized medical decision makers that could help to increase fair and reasonable judgments for medical malpractice claims.
Paper Outline:
The United States' Legal System is Killing Healthcare
The Impact of the Legal System on Healthcare in the United States
Tort Reform
Medical Courts and Medical Administrative Tribunals
Benefits of Medical Courts and/or Tribunals
From the Paper
"The United States legal system, at both the state and federal level, has never had the direct impact on an industry as it has on the U.S. health care industry. Currently, outside of very lax civil procedure rules, anyone can bring a medical malpractice claim and receive compensation without any factual findings made by a judge or jury. In other words, claimants may receive compensation from defendants without proving their allegations. Parties in medical liability lawsuits can hire so-called experts who routinely testify for the plaintiffs or defendants and skew their testimony towards the side who paid them to testify."
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Medical Geriatric Case Study, 2006.
This paper is a medical case of a 66 year old male, referred for home care evaluation due to poly-pharmacy and multiple medical conditions with poor control.
3,965 words (approx. 15.9 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 75.95
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Abstract
This paper indicates that the patient's past medical history includes poorly controlled type 2 diabetes and hypertension and significant obesity; however, at the home visit, he was in no apparent distress. The author points out that the Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM) is a method of providing a thorough family assessment in a healthcare setting, utilizing three major categories: 1) The structural dimension of family life, 2) the developmental dimension of the family life and 3) the functional dimension of the family life. The paper concludes that, on the surface, it would seem that all the pathology in this family lies solely in the range of the patient's medical problems; however, the Calgary Assessment Model indicates that many of the issues surrounding his poor diabetic control, weight gain and high blood pressure were related to family dynamics and lack of education surrounding disease state and disease management.
Table of Contents
Presenting Problem
Past Medical History
Past Surgical History
Review of Systems
Current Medications
Social History
Objective Data
HEENT
CV
Neuro
GU/Rectal
Mental Status Exam
Assessment
Plan
Calgary Family Assessment Model (CFAM)
Calgary Family Intervention Model
Problem List and Discussion
Relative Lack of Knowledge of Diabetes
Relative Lack of Knowledge of Hypertension
Relative Social Isolation
Critique of the Calgary Assessment Model
From the Paper
"Home visit was accomplished on 2 April 2005. The visit was accomplished in the midmorning and present at the visit were the patient, Mr. Schelley, his wife of 40 years, Mrs. Annette Schelley, and their 38 year old son, Thomas, who lives in the household with Mr. and Mrs. Schelley. The family lives in a 1200 square foot ranch house in a middle class neighborhood. It is a two bedroom, one bathroom house purchased by the Schelley's five years ago when Mr. Schelley took early retirement from a local manufacturing plant. Thomas returned home about a year ago after separating from his wife. He is currently unemployed and living in the extra bedroom. His presence in the house is a source of significant stress and the cause of many arguments between Mr. and Mrs. Schelley. This write-up was done from information obtained over the course of two home visits.."
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Medical Decision Making and Research, 2006.
A research paper on parental authority limits in medical decision making and medical research.
5,086 words (approx. 20.3 pages), 17 sources, MLA, £ 90.95
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Abstract
This research paper describes the Western medical approach to patient treatment which requires that the patient be informed of his illness and arms him or her with the autonomy to choose the kind of care and treatment he or she will have. The paper further takes a look at the history of this medical doctrine in the United States and its implications for parental authority regarding medical decision making and research.
From the Paper
"A physician who makes a diagnosis of a diseased condition, which means a short and painful life for a patient must make a choice of outright informing the patient of his condition, discussing treatment options with his or her family in the absence of the patient, or discussing the condition and the options with the patient's family and in his or her presence (Veatch 2002). Cultures differ in determining the option among these three. Since the era of liberal biomedical ethics in the 70s in the United States, the focus has been the competent patient. In the East, traditional Europe and Latin America, the family makes that decision, whether the patient is present or involved, and especially in terminal disease conditions, such as cancer. Western cultures, particularly American, uphold the ideology of liberal individualism, which gives priority to the patient's own decision and which embodies the doctrine of informed consent. The doctrine requires that the patient be informed and arms him or her with the autonomy to choose the kind of care and treatment he or she will have. This means that it is unethical and illegal to submit the patient to treatment options without his knowledge and consent and that the right to accept or refuse the options is reserved to him or her alone (Veacth)."
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The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), 2005.
Looks at the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA), which requires employers with 50 or more employees to provide up to twelve weeks of unpaid, job-protected leave "each year for specified family and medical reasons."
1,560 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) was designed to help those individuals who need to care for either a close family member with a serious medical disorder or to assist employees when a serious medical condition arrives without notice. The paper first describes some of the provisions of the FMLA, including entitlements to leave, the maintenance of health benefits during leave, job restoration after leave, and protections for employees who request or take FMLA leave. The paperalso relates the process by which an employee can use FMLA leave. The paper concludes that the success of this legislation has led many states to pass similar acts.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Leave Entitlement
Maintenance of Health Benefits
Job and Benefits Protection/Restoration
Notice and Certification
Illegal Acts
FMLA Case Examples
Conclusion
From the Paper
"As is the case with many federally-backed laws, the FMLA includes a number of items that are required by both parties. First, an employer is not allowed to "interfere with, or deny the existence of any right provided" by the FMLA. In addition, an employer is not allowed to "discharge or discriminate against any individual for opposing any practice or because of involvement in any proceeding related to FMLA," meaning that employers must adhere to all anti-discrimination laws within the United States."
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