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Local Zoning, 2003.
This paper argues, using the history of zoning in New York City as an example, that local governments should control local zoning.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that local municipalities are in the best position to judge where zoning divisions should occur and when and if any exceptions to such zoning regulations should be made. The author points out that the most characteristic channels for airing contentions are public hearings and systematic consultations, with everyone involved in a particular decision having the opportunity to have their opinions heard and their interests understood. The paper relates that the concept of local zoning began on July 25, 1916, when the New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment approved an ordinance to control building volumes and land uses throughout greater New York.
From the Paper
"Speaking in front of the Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions, President of the Department of Taxes and Assessments, Lawson Purdy, stressed the economic character of the problem facing them at the time: "Tenement houses, more euphoniously called apartment houses, built to the full limit allowed by law, have intruded into a territory beautifully developed with single family dwellings at great cost, well constructed, in condition to last for a hundred year, and have destroyed their value in large measure" By and large, the Commission's Final Report advanced the notion of the protection of the home as a primary goal of the proposed regulations."
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Local Power and Zoning, 2003.
Examines the issues surrounding municipal legislation and zoning.
4,461 words (approx. 17.8 pages), 50 sources, APA, £ 80.95
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Abstract
In order to understand what factors to determine the division of authority between local governments and the states, this paper clarifies the effect of local government?s autonomy behind zoning decision mechanisms undertaken by local governments. Section 2 explains two different legal terminologies - Home Rule and Dillon?s Rule. Section 3 explains that zoning is considered as a municipal property right in context of the Tiebout-Hamilton-Fischel world and is understood as the local ?police power?. Section 4 presents the debate of recent proposals, examines which states were likely to take over land use regulation from local governments and presents a case study of compromise between Home Rule and state intervention: the Long Island Pine Barrens Protection Act. The paper includes tables and maps.
From the Paper
"Most characterize Dillon?s rule as a rule of ?strict? construction that gives as little power as can be reasonably intimated by the state legislature?s grant of authority (e.g. Ownes, 2000). In Dillon?s Rule, interpreting that local governments are creatures of the states, empowerment depends on statutory action at the state level, is just one of the many rules of statutory construction employed by courts. In particular, some state courts use Dillon?s Rule as a guide when interpreting grants of authority from the state legislature to local governments."
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Law and Economics and Zoning, 2006.
An examination of zoning and how it affects economics.
2,111 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the economic perception of zoning as somehow infringing on the rights of property owners and indirectly interfering with the free market. It explains that some researchers disagree with this perception and say that the primary criticisms directed towards zoning are that zoning is unfair to some property owners to a greater degree than others and therefore inherently biased, and that zoning adds unnecessary and often excessive transaction costs that in effect are economic externals. The writer notes that not having any controls on the economic development of a region would result in commercial activity being developed in or near residential neighborhoods that would negatively impact housing values of all the surrounding neighborhoods. The writer believes that zoning is in itself useful and necessary but there should be a bargaining element introduced that removes sole decisive power from the municipality to one degree or another. The writer concludes that currently there is no alternative to any zoning decision made by municipalities and this is not necessarily good either.
From the Paper
"Many economists consider zoning a response to population growth and specifically urban sprawl in that zoning can be considered a solution to these problems relative to land use issues. Zoning is essentially an extension of political control over the development process within communities. Political controls over land use manifested through zoning laws are in place in every province of Canada and, in many cases, rationalized through environmental reasons or, conversely, are used to indicate that public utilities or services do not have the ability to service additional development in a given area."
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New York Zoning, 2002.
An analysis of the zoning system employed by New York city as an example of land use.
1,135 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper examines New York city's zoning laws as a principle means of regulating land use. The paper shows that through zoning, a city regulates building size, population density and the way land is used. Zoning recognizes the changing demographic and economic conditions of the city and is a key tool for carrying out planning policy. The writer uses New York city as an example, as it enacted the nation's first comprehensive zoning resolution in 1916 and continues to be a leader in zoning policy in the United States.
From the Paper
"New York City's Department of Planning is responsible for implementing the zoning regulations. In order to effectively carry out the concepts identified by the zoning regulations, the city has been divided into three basic zoning districts: residential, commercial and manufacturing. These categories are then further subdivided into retail or manufacturing areas, parking, building or residential. Areas designated as public parks do not fall under these regulations."
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Zoning in NYC, 2002.
An examination of the zoning laws in New York City and some of the hurdles faced when trying to implement them.
958 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the logic and reason behind zoning laws - whereby the City Planning Department claims that zoning shapes the city. It looks at the history of the development of some of these laws and how the NYC zoning plans have become models for other major cities. It also examines why the City faces obstacles in trying to implement certain zoning policies.
From the Paper
"In New York City, zoning is a principal means of land use regulation. According to the New York City Department of City Planning, zoning shapes the city. Through zoning, many aspects of the city are defined and regulated, including building size, population density and how the land is used. Zoning focuses on the changing demographic and economic conditions of the city and works to carry out planning policy.
In 1916, New York City passed the first comprehensive zoning resolution in the United States. The city?s first Zoning Resolution, which was a fairly simple document, determined height and setback controls and separated what were seen as functionally incompatible uses, including factories, from residential neighborhoods."
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New York City?s Zoning and Setback Laws, 2004.
This paper discusses the history of the use of zoning and setback laws that shape New York City and its architecture.
1,670 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that New York City was the first community in the nation to institute a zoning ordinance, the New York 1916 Zoning Resolution, to establish specific height and setback controls on all buildings in an attempt to create a barrier that would stop manufacturing and industry from encroaching on Manhattan's office and department store district. The author points out that New York had the unique problem of skyscrapers blocking sunlight; therefore, the zoning ordinance laid down rules that buildings would forever be shaped similarly to a wedding cake, layered toward the top in like a stair-step method. The paper explains that newer zoning requirements must take into consideration the idea of environmental and resident protection, social and economic well-being, and the use of natural resources, such as ponds and wildlife habitats.
From the Paper
"There were attempts by newly disgruntled landowners, those who were zoned out of profits, to try to label the new zoning ordinances as unconstitutional. One specific case set the precedence for the rest of the country. In a small town in Ohio, the local government passed a zoning ordinance and the result devalued some sixty-eight acres of land that was owned by an Ambler Realty Company. Ambler Realty Company subsequently sued the town Euclid because they claimed that their land was literally taken and that the zoning ordinance was in violation of the Fifth Amendment of the United States Constitution. Ambler Realty Company?s argument was the literal interpretation of the Constitution, which says that private property cannot be revoked for public use unless the party revoking the land provides due or just compensation."
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Zoning in Urban Areas, 2002.
Examines zoning in urban areas, the arguments of critics of the issue and Bradley Karkkainen's defence.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the issue of land use zoning in urban areas. Briefly the economists' critique of property and land use zoning is identified and outlined. The quality of Bradley Karkkainen's critique "Zoning: A Reply to the Critics" is then assessed.
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Exclusionary Zoning, 2000.
The legal and historical analysis of the purposes and constititional effects of zoning practices since the early 20th century. Includes examples, definitions, property rights, individual vs. state power, police aspects, housing and more.
8,325 words (approx. 33.3 pages), 10 sources, £ 93.95
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From the Paper
"Exclusionary Zoning
This law review article discusses the constitutional law aspects and effects of exclusionary zoning during the period leading up to and including the Supreme Court's decision in Village of Euclid, Ohio v. Ambler Realty Co. 272 U.S. 365 (1926) and subsequently. Although from their inception, an important purpose and effect of the zoning involved in Euclid and other pre-World War II city and suburban zoning ordinances and regulations was economic or de facto segregation along class, ethnic and racial lines, federal and case law decisions were not based on a segregation rationale; rather, they followed an elaborate common law and later welfare state jurisprudence which were rooted in balancing private property rights and the police powers of local government in the federal system. However, while..."
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Exclusionary Zoning, 2001.
History and background. Impact of urban development. Zoning ordinances, discrimination, judicial decisions.
4,050 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 16 sources, £ 93.95
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From the Paper
"The urban neighborhoods of America?s major cities are deteriorating, trapping city residents in a cycle of poverty as jobs disappear and housing stock decays. In contrast, affluent suburbs are sprawling outward from the central cities, leading to the creation and maintenance of exclusionary enclaves in which predominately white, middle- to upper-middle class (and beyond) professionals are concentrated (State-sponsored growth..., 1127). In order to maintain homogeneity in such residential communities, zoning ordinances have been used which forbid multiple-family housing and require single-family housing to meet high minimum square footage requirements. By enacting..."
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Zoning, 2002.
This paper provides short essay responses on several different issues that affect public policy in Canada.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 5 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
The issues which affect Canadian public policy are discussed in this paper and include: Zoning Laws (definitions and impact on microeconomics), Global warming and issues of international equity, Information Technology and privacy issues, inequality and government policy and the economic impact of globalization.
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Zoning Ordinance & Washtenaw County, 2006.
A critique of the Pittsfield Charter Township, Washtenaw County and the City of Ann Arbor Dispute.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 2 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the Washtenaw County intention to pursue development for the construction of a homeless shelter in the Pittsfield Charter Township, Washtenaw County. The paper goes on to discuss how the development of the homeless shelter was approved for funding by the City of Ann Arbor, which intended to work with Washtenaw County on the construction project.
From the Paper
"County and the City of Ann Arbor Dispute The Pittsfield Charter Township, however, contested the construction of the homeless shelter, contending that the location of the property owned by the country was in Pittsfield Charter Township. Pittsfield Charter Township, therefore, made claims that the property fell within the realm of the zoning ordinances for the township and because of this factor the township sought legal action against both the City of Ann Arbor and Washtenaw County ("Pittsfield"). "
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Economic Development and Enterprise Zones, 2008.
An analysis of the purpose and implications of enterprise zones and minority, women and disadvantaged business enterprise programs in North Carolina.
1,349 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the implications of economic development, particularly in the form of enterprise zones. The paper defines enterprise zones and discusses their purpose, and focuses on the strengthening of enterprise zones in the state of North Carolina. The paper also looks at the cost benefit analysis and the incentives for the government to set up th development programs in the form of minority, women and disadvantaged business enterprise (MWDBE) programs. Finally, the paper looks at the ethical consequences associated with the programs.
Table of Contents:
Enterprise Zones
Enterprise Zone and Economic Development
Cost Benefit Analysis
Incentives
Ethical Consequences
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The city of Charlotte focuses consistently on the needs of the community and the ethical standards that are essential in evaluating programs and the populations that those programs affect ("City", 2006, p. 14). In some locations the economic development initiatives that have been attempted through the creation of enterprise zones have not been affective because of the government's willingness to bend rules regarding enterprise zone policies and support wealthy business owners. Yet, in North Carolina this issue was alleviated with the changes in the policies associated with enterprise zones in 1999. It is for this reason that it is evident that the inclusion of MWBDE businesses within enterprise zones in North Carolina would be handled with the utmost ethical considerations, leading to a successful partnership between enterprise zones and the disadvantaged businesses in the zone areas."
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"Exports and Local Development: Mexico?s New Maquiladoras", 2006.
This paper discusses Patricia Wilson's "Exports and Local Development: Mexico's New Maquiladoras", which studies the intensely debated assembly industry in Mexico, called the maquiladoras.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 0 sources, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Patricia Wilson in her book "Exports and Local Development: Mexico's New Maquiladoras", which she based on extensive field study of more than seventy maquiladora plants, compares Mexican industry with the more successful Asian industry to evaluate how policy initiatives could help Mexico utilize local linkages to draw on the local and foreign-owned assembly plants. The author stresses that Mexico needs to attract investors in the high-tech, high value-added industries equivalent with the "new" maquiladoras just as the governments in South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan are actively discouraging investments in labor-intensive industries in order to promote the industrial upgrading of their economies. The paper stress that subcontracting is an untapped source of great promise as demonstrated by the East Asian export processing zones, which create overflow effects in the domestic economy, increasing the level of integration between the industrial activity of the enclave economy and foreign companies.
From the Paper
"Wilson states that this obligates malleable production regularity and the promotion of programmable technology. It would permit a diversity of products to be constructed without costly retooling or exorbitant downtime. The work structure needs to be altered, as well as the connections between firms. A pliable work organization entails circulating the workers and attempting a diversity of chores. Commonly a group at a work station would be more efficient, instead of single people on an assembly line and implies that labor in descriptive rings focused on forecast issues and answers. Wilson adds that it is very important to establish and sustain an immediate connection with the suppliers and fusing computer guidance for the material flows and lower inventories."
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The Juice Zone, 2008.
Presents a STEP and SWOT analysis in order to market the Juice Zone company in Saudi Arabia.
892 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the Saudia Arabian market in order to determine how best to market the Juice Zone company in the region. The paper first presents a brief overview of the Juice Zone and then provides an overview of the Saudi Arabian market. Next, the paper presents both a STEP analysis and a SWAT analysis for marketing the Juice Zone in the region.
Outline:
Company Overview
Market Overview
STEP Analysis
Social
Technological
Economic
Political
SWOT Analysis
Strengths
Weaknesses
Opportunities
Threats
From the Paper
"Another important cultural, and legal, consideration in Saudi Arabia is Shariah, or Shari'ah, or alternatively Sharia: Islamic Law. Islamic law is based on the principles of moral, ethical and religious conduct as outlined in the Koran. Siddiqi describes Shari'ah as: "The value system of Islam provides guidelines for all aspects of human behaviour, including economic, legal, political, social, material, cultural and moral affairs, contained in the Shari'ah..." ("Banking" par.1). The general importance of Shari'ah can not be discounted because it has a profound impact on the business, financial and banking industries in Saudi Arabia."
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