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Liquid Natural Gas Infrastructure Risks, 2007.
A risk assessment of liquefied natural gas facilities and the safety standards and technology associated with them.
8,834 words (approx. 35.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 128.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses safety and risk posed by liquefied natural gas (LNG) facilities. It specifically focuses on the safety of these facilities in that they are highly visible and make easy targets for terrorist attacks. The paper also discusses the safety standards and technology associated with LNG, particularly following a catastrophic event in 1944 in Cleveland. It describes the environmental effects of a disaster, as well as symptoms of exposure in an LNG accident. The paper concludes with a long-term risk assessment of the future of LNG.
Table of Contents:
The Infrastructure
Risks Associated with Spills
Cold Hazards
Pool Fires
Vapor Clouds
"A Cleaner Alternative"
By-Products of Combustion
Symptoms of Exposure in an LNG Accident
A Matter of Scale and Scope
Long Term Environmental Impact
Disaster Planning and Modeling
Evacuation
Contamination Control
Improving LNG Accident Response
How Real is the Risk?
Potential Scenario from an LNG Explosion in Boston Harbor
The Future of LNG Risk Assessment
From the Paper
"Up until this point, only one real world scenario of an LNG accident existed and it was long ago before recent developments in technology and safety protocol. Other assessments, such as those made by FERC and industry professionals are largely theoretical. They leave too many variables to chance. To accurately assess the real dangers of LNG, there is a critical need for credible, scenario based research. This is the next phase in the research cycle concerning the safety of LNG. If we are to remove the issue from the political battleground, we need more research-based evidence. In the case of LNG, valid research can be difficult due to the nature of the material."
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Sweetening Natural Gas, 2004.
Describes the most chemical process most commonly used for sweetening natural gas.
7,305 words (approx. 29.2 pages), 19 sources, MLA, £ 112.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by illustrating the process most commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. The paper then goes on to describe an alternative method used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and describes the benefits of this method, as well as some of the problems associated with it. Additionally, the paper points out that the water content of natural gas is an important engineering consideration concerning the sweetening process and presents an overview of the properties of pure acid gases and water and hydrogen sulfide. The paper then goes on to outline and explain additional processes and engineering considerations concerning the removal of hydrogen sulfide and includes some cost estimates and comparisons of the processes.
Properties of H2S and CO2
Vapor / Liquid Properties of Pure Compounds
Vapor / Liquid Phase Behavior
Acid Gas Compression and Dehydration
Metallurgy
Acid Gas Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection Facilities
Cost Comparisons with Small Scale Sulfur Recovery Options
Operating Costs
From the Paper
"Sour natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has to be removed to meet specifications for sales gas. Sour natural gas also contains carbon dioxide (CO2). The removal of CO2 and H2S, usually called acid gases, from sour natural gas is generally accomplished by means of a regenerative solvent. There are several amine solvents used for this purpose. Upon regeneration of the solvent, the acid gases are liberated, and are usually sent to a modified Claus plant, where the H2S is converted to elemental sulfur (Canjar & Manning 1967). The acid gas stream to the modified Claus plant consists of H2S, CO2, water vapor and minor amounts of hydrocarbon gas."
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Liquidity Risk, 2008.
An overview of liquidity risk and its affect on Northern Rock and Bear Stearns.
1,791 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how lately we have witnessed some debacles of the well-known financial institutions caused by liquidity crisis. In particular it looks at Northern Rock and Bear Stearns and how liquidity problems have deeply undermined the profitable trading strategies of the banks.
Outline:
Introduction
Causes of Liquidity Risk
Two Episodes of Liquidity Crisis
Episode 1. Northern Rock (NR)
Episode. 2 Bear Stearns
Liquidity Risk Management
Conclusions
From the Paper
"NR was a building society mutually owned by its depositors and borrowers in origin, and on 1 October 1997, it converted to a mortgage-trading bank of a moderate size. Since the demutualization, NR changed its strategies dramatically, and adopted an 'originate and distribute' business model. This aggressive business model has helped NR to expand its loan book substantially from L13bn to L87bn, and its share of UK mortgage market from 0.3% (of L 430bn) to 8.35% (of L1046bn) within a short 10-year period, from 1997 to 2006. By the end of 2006, NR has become the eighth largest listed bank by market value in UK. However, over the same period, the ratio of deposits to total assets in the bank fell from 72% to 27%. As viewed from the graph.1 below, at 31 December 2006, 70% (including Wholesale, Securitised bonds and Covered bonds) of NR's liabilities were funded by short-term borrowings, while a mere 22% of the funding is obtained from retail deposits. "
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Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking, 2008.
A summary and review of "The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use", the authors C.F. Lee, Y. Su, and B.P. Hazard
4,419 words (approx. 17.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 80.95
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Abstract
This paper critiques an article about the use of marijuana by American high school seniors, entitled "The Contingent Effects of Risk Perception on Risk-Taking Behavior: Adolescent Participative Orientation and Marijuana Use". The paper first explains that the authors of the report see marijuana use as an example of risk-taking behavior, and presume that a reduction in marijuana use would mean that the perception of risk has increased and that this is leading to a lower rate of use. The paper then goes on to summarize the report and explain its findings.
From the Paper
"The authors find that risk perception by itself accounts for about 21% of the variation in risk-taking behavior of marijuana use. Using the four participative orientations - sports, fun, school, and creative - the explained variance of marijuana use was increased to 33%, and all activity orientations except creative significantly affected marijuana use. Sports and school showed relatively small negative effects, while fun activities had a distinctively large and positive effect on marijuana use. The authors also find after analysis that the net effect of risk perception on marijuana use was statistically insignificant. "
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Risk Management and Risk Assessment, 2008.
An analysis of nine websites and their understanding of risk management and assessment.
1,192 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper defines risk management and assessment and discusses their importance to corporations and the public. The paper then focuses on effective risk management tools. It describes three websites and discusses their understanding of risk management. The paper also discusses specific websites that do not display a thorough understanding of risk management and assessment.
From the Paper
"Risk management needs to be understood from a variety of angles. Firstly, risk should be defined for its nature and effect upon not only the company, but also all possible stakeholders. Risk management procedures exist to protect both the workplace, the workforce, or the public. Risk to the corporation is anything endangering the vision, mission and profitability of the company. Secondly, risk to the workforce entails those risks that may result in injury or death to the employee, or that may lead to health or other physical hazards. Employees may also incur risks from non-physical sources such as long work hours or a highly stressful job situation, which could be brought about by a variety of factors. Thirdly, risks can also be posed to the public, in terms of health, safety and financial well-being. A gas company may for example risk the health of the surrounding population by exceeding legally allowed gas emissions."
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Risks and Bank Capital Regulation, 2002.
A study of the main categories of risk-- liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk and capital risk and how they can impact the viability of a financial institution.
1,795 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
One of the most fundamental objectives of bank management is maximizing shareholder value. To maximize shareholder value, bank managers must address the risk-return trade off inherent in many of their day-to-day financial transactions. This paper examines the different types of risk which fall into four main categories liquidity risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, and capital risk and shows how crucial they are to maximizing shareholder value. Examples from real life bank figures are used to illustrate examples.
From the Paper
"If a financial institution does not have enough liquid assets, then it is possible that a run on customer withdrawals could not be met. A common scenario in the Great Depression of the 1930?s, an inability to meet withdrawal demand can destroy the reputation of a financial institution. Carrying a disproportionately high liquidity risk has the potential to completely obliterate the good reputation of a financial institution, and ultimately result in the institution closing its doors."
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Cross-Border Risks and Capital Allocation Decisions, 2005.
This paper is a research proposal to study the international management of cross-border risks and capital allocation decisions in a high risk environment.
2,180 words (approx. 8.7 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, besides the risks inherent in domestic operations, banks, which are engaged in international activities also are exposed to "country risk," or the risk that economic, social and political conditions and events in a foreign country will adversely affect an institution's financial interests. The author points out that, from a practical perspective, accurate and timely country risk assessment is important not only because it affects individual investors but also because it can be systemic; one of the primary purposes of financial regulation is to manage systemic risk. The paper states that the research will be done using a case study methodology to study various country risk/cross border risk management models adopted by a sample of international banks and to assess their robustness and how well they are associated with a framework of planned management actions and capital allocation decisions.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Overview of Study
Purpose of Study
Key Term Definitions
Capital Allocation Decision
Country Risk Ratings
Risk
Preliminary Literature Review
Background and Overview
Current and Future Trends
The Countries' Performance in International Trade
Leverage
Various measures of liquidity
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
From the Paper
"A significant amount of cross-border lending takes place through offices in a bank's home country (or even one of its subsidiaries located in a third country), with no subsidiary (or even branch presence) located in the country in which the borrowing firm is headquartered. Retail banking requires a physical presence of some sort to provide points of contact with customers; by contrast, wholesale banking requires a much smaller investment. "For example, banks with no physical presence in a country can lend substantial volumes of funds to firms and governmental entities of that country through project finance and loan participations." The composition of borrowers will differ, though, depending on whether a foreign bank has a physical presence in a country or manages its loans from offshore locations."
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Database Security Risks and Strategies, 2001.
A paper that reviews database security risks and strategies in an internet world, focusing specifically on Certificate Authorities (CAs) and the specialized risks faced by CAs.
2,795 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that in today?s fast paced economy and exploding computing infrastructure, database technologies have become the backbone of internet and application services. With adoption of technology comes risk and traditional attacks on security, with databases not being immune. This paper examines some of the risks, strategies and important aspects of database security as it pertains to deployments and Certificate Authorities.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nature of Security Issues
Common Attacks
The Threats
The Methods
SQL Server Attacks
SQL Injection Attacks
Oracle Exploits
Prevention
Process over Technology
Best Practices for Protecting Databases
Application Development
Design Considerations for Certificate Authorities
Data Protection
Data Availability
Conclusion
Additional Information
Sample Vulnerabilities
Certificate Authorities
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Introduction The Internet has spawned a breeding ground for web applications and database systems to perform e-commerce, e-banking, and e-government transactions. Database systems have become an integral and required component of the Internet ecosystem to store security sensitive information. Since database systems are now the foundation for all sensitive data operations, database security has become increasingly important in not only e-commerce on the Internet, but also for conducting normal business operations for almost any organization. Compromise of database security poses new business risks not realized before in corporate IT systems."
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Risks, 2002.
Examines various degrees of risk-taking among people.
1,638 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
The paper shows that risk-taking is something common in all of us, but the degree to which it actually motivates us, may vary from person to person. The paper explains that people take risks for different reasons: Sometimes we are simply motivated by thrill of the unknown attached with risk-taking, sometimes we take a chance just to appear different and non-conforming and yet at other times we take risks because we just have to. The paper thus divides risks into three broad categories: Responsible, calculated risks; Risks for fun and irresponsible, harmful risks.
From the Paper
"A study conducted by Beaty et al. (1996) explored the experiences of 23 female risk-takers in a city jail and discovered much to their chagrin that, ?Maintaining sexual relationships with men and obtaining drugs were higher priorities for most women than protection against HIV disease.? (Beaty et al., 1996) No wonder these women ended up in prison. Men and women, who lead a high-risk life where they frequently take negative irresponsible chances, end up ruining their lives. In our intimate relationships, we may often go for unprotected sex either to experience the thrill of it or simply because we are afraid to ask our partner to use condoms. Women in Beaty study are good examples of negative risk-taking and its disastrous consequences. Upon exploration of their sex life, it was discovered that these women were using sex as a tool to maintain intimate connection with their partner."
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India's Infrastructure, 2007.
This paper examines India's infrastructure to determine the possibility of introducing the Stanley Hand Tools company.
1,498 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
The paper analyzes the infrastructure, both socially and economically, in India and the challenges and potentials that exist in the marketplace. The paper determines that while the Stanley Group may experience some immediate barriers to marketplace entry, the possibilities for entering the marketplace at this time, while the hand tool market is still fragmented and gaining a foothold in the industry, should pay off well for the Stanley Hand Tools company in the future. The paper explains that India is a country that is growing at an amazing rate in terms of both population growth, infrastructure growth and accompanying GDP growth.
Outline:
Objective
Introduction
Importance of Understanding Infrastructure
Stanley Hand Tools-Market Entry and Market Expansion
Risk Factors For Stanley in the Marketplace
Market Expansion
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The public and private works make the provision of roads, dam and canal works including irrigation and drainage provisions. Just as important is the transportation sector within a country which is inclusive of the railway system both in the cities and in the rural areas, interurban railways, ports and waterways and airports and other forms of transportation. Finally, the financial and banking services sector direct capital spending in the best direction. There is no way for expansion to take place in a country until a good base of infrastructure is in existence and this must be accompanied by economic growth which provides support for growth of the infrastructure and further development within the country."
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Risks of UK Software Outsourcing, 2005.
A paper on the risks associated with outsourcing UK software.
3,300 words (approx. 13.2 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 65.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of the inherent risk factors in outsourcing programming work from the United Kingdom to other nations such as India. The paper also discusses the various risk management techniques utilized by successful organizations that have outsourced software functions offshore and takes a look at the problem of litigation costs and management, which is considered to be the greatest risk associated with outsourcing.
Introduction
Analysis of Risk Factors
Risk Management Techniques
Litigation Costs and Management
Conclusion
From the Paper
"India has also worked hard to develop the high-tech sectors of its business, providing tax benefits and free federal education and state grants for information technology courses. This, combined with the cheaper labor in India compared to most Western nations, has made India a huge software outsourcing sector. Of course, Indian companies also offer a variety of call center services and other outsourcing, but the bread and butter of the industry has always been software development."
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Biologically-Active Natural Products, 2002.
This paper discusses the isolation and structural determination of biologically-active natural products by using various chromatographic techniques.
8,750 words (approx. 35.0 pages), 35 sources, APA, £ 126.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that nature acts as a pharmacy, offering us products, from the forest pharmacy and the pharmacy below water, with which we can heal ourselves: For example, aspirin, quinine, cyclosporins, and penicillin. This paper details the techniques that are available to researchers, to collect samples of natural products from the wild in a systematic manner, to extract compounds from these samples, to isolate the biologically-active compounds within these extracts, to characterize the biologically-active compounds chemically in terms of their structure, to evaluate the biologically-active compounds biologically, to determine potentially useful therapeutic effects and finally the methodology necessary to take these compounds to clinical trial. The author stresses the importance of finding new and more effective drugs to fight against bacterial infections and cancer. Outline.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Nature?s Pharmacopeia.
The Isolation of Biologically-Active Compounds and their Extraction Identification: Techniques
Introduction
Chemical Extraction
Biological Evaluation
Chemical Analysis
Chromatography
Solid Phase Extraction
Paper Chromatography
Thin Layer Chromatography
Flash Chromatography
High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Central Counter Current Chromatography
Determining the Chemical Structure of Compounds Isolated by Chromatography
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Mass Spectrometry
Drug Development
Examples of the Isolation and Identification
An Example of Extraction, Isolation and Chemical Characterization of Biologically-Active Compounds from Larch Wood
Biologically-active Compounds from Marine Organisms
What Compounds Have Been Isolated From Marine Organisms?
Biologically-Active Anti-Cancer Compounds ? Testing for Human Safety
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Chromatography is the process whereby two or more compounds or ions are separated through the distribution of the compound or ion between two phases, one that is mobile and the other which is stationary. These two phases can be of any combination: liquid-liquid, solid-solid, solid-liquid or gas-liquid, gas-gas, or gas-solid. There are many specific techniques for chromatography, some of which will be described below, and all follow the same basic principles. All forms of chromatography involve a rapid and dynamic equilibrium of molecules between the two phases, either free ? mobile - or absorbed ? stationary. Molecules will constantly move back and forth between the free and absorbed states, with millions of molecules absorbing and desorbing every second. The equilibrium between these states depends on three factors: the polarity and size of the molecule, the polarity of the stationary phase, and the polarity of the solvent. Thus, three different variables can be changed in chromatography, which can change the equilibrium between the stationary and mobile phases: this allows one to choose mobile and stationary phases that will separate just about any combination of compounds."
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Hedging Currency Risks, 2005.
This paper offers a critical analysis regarding the subject of hedging currency risks.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 7 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This eight page paper examines hedging currency risks. The author notes that in critically discussing the view that the efforts by companies to hedge currency risks are of little value to the owners of such companies, it is evident that there is much support for this view. For example, the writer points out that in a Mercer Management Consulting survey of 111 pension fund managers in North America, Australia, Japan and the UK, 86% of respondents said they consider the impact of hedging currency risks to be nil over the long term.
From the Paper
"In critically discussing the view that the efforts by companies to hedge currency risks are of little value to the owners of such companies, it is evident that there is much support for this view. For example, "in a Mercer Management Consulting survey of 111 pension fund managers in North America, Australia, Japan and the UK, 86% of respondents said they consider the impact of hedging currency risks to be nil over the long term". But this view is not universal by any means, for more than sixty-percent of the respondents in this survey believed that hedging currency risks "can have a short-term effect on volatility. Despite this reservation, 79% say they would allow fund managers to carry out hedging operations"."
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Socioeconomic Infrastructure in Developing Countries., 2005.
This paper looks at ways to deliver socioeconomic infrastructure in developing countries.
11,250 words (approx. 45.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 276.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at ways to deliver socioeconomic infrastructure in developing countries and what kind of infrastructure they need. It looks at models in Egypt, the Pacific Islands, Lao PDR and Haiti, and looks at the information technology industry and how important this is to delivering infrastructure in the technological era.
From the Paper
Information technology growth over the last two decades has grown in many sectors and industries which deal with the economy and infrastructure and is affecting many areas of decision making and organizational development. Information and communication technologies are now the building blocks for socioeconomic development and therefore nations around the world are attempting to capitalize on the capabilities of this technology to support planning, development and growth processes..."
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