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Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, and International Politics, 2005.
An overview of the relationship between liberal and neo-liberal theories and international politics.
861 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
According to sociologists, since the 1970s, market-based economic policies have been institutionalized as a nearly global policy paradigm embodying first, liberalism, and later, neo-liberalism. The purpose of this report is to discuss the theories of liberalism and neo-liberalism in studying international politics and to identify the limitations of these approaches.
From the Paper
"In neoliberalism, which developed in the final decades of the twentieth century, a set of economic principles became part of the accepted framework for thinking about and acting upon both the economy and the relations of states to one another. Neoliberalism assumed that a positive outcome both economically and politically would be generated through a wave of reforms ? privatizations, dismantling of social welfare programs, the retreat of the state from economic regulation, tax cuts, and the opening of national boundaries."
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Liberalism and Neo-liberalism, 2005.
This paper discusses theories of liberalism and neo-liberalism in international politics.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer examines theories of liberalism and neo-liberalism in international politics. The writer discusses neo-liberalism as based in liberal democracy. The writer identifies limits of both theories. Further, the writer discusses major problems and limitations with each theory.
From the Paper
"According to sociologists, market-based economic policies have been institutionalized as a nearly global policy paradigm embodying first liberalism and later neo-liberalism. The purpose of this report is to discuss the theories of liberalism and neo-liberalism in studying international politics and to identify the limitations of these approaches. All such theories in the context of international relations are designed to solve the problems and puzzles of state behavior by offering a causal account of a particular outcome or pattern of behavior in ... "
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Neo-Liberalism, 2002.
A discussion of the consequences of neo-liberalism.
1,925 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an insight into "Neo-liberalism", a set of economic policies that have become widespread during the last 25 years or so. It looks at how the capitalist crisis over the last 25 years, with its shrinking profit rates, inspired the corporate elite to revive economic liberalism and that's what makes it "neo" or ?new?. It defines some of its main features such as cutting public expenditure for social services and deregulation and discusses how around the world, neo-liberalism has been imposed by powerful financial institutions like the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the Inter-American Development Bank and it is raging all over Latin America. It evaluates the social, cultural, political and economical consequences as well as its effect on globalization. It concludes by asking the question of what kind of society do we want faced with a new kind of economic determinism that assumes that it is the only possible option and that all aspects of human life ? political, social and cultural ? are determined by the profit motive.
From the Paper
"Neo-liberal economics empowers and enriches big business, especially multinational corporations, and impoverishes damned near everyone else, including workers, peasants, the middle class and small business. Monetary policies attack wages through high interest rates and high unemployment. Unemployment, reduced wages and expensive credit all dramatically increase the amount of unwaged work we have to do to survive. Financial deregulation has diverted profits from new machines to all kinds of unproductive speculation. Industrial restructuring breaks workers' power and increases that of corporate capital."
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Globalization and Neo-Liberalism, 2002.
A look at the relationship between globalization and neo-liberalism in Canadian political contexts.
2,150 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 3 sources, £ 55.95
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Abstract
This paper is a discussion of the inter-relationship of globalization and neo-liberalism. The essay describes how globalization processes have re-enforced the movement of neo-liberalism, with an emphasis on Canadian political contexts.
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Argentina and Neo-liberalism, 2008.
This paper explores the effects of neo-liberal policies on Argentinean human development.
2,769 words (approx. 11.1 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that although governmental incompetence has contributed to its problems, Argentina's present impoverishment and dependence is very much a product of neo-liberal policies foisted upon the country by powerful international actors like the World Bank and International Monetary Fund. The paper provides an overview of Argentinean domestic policy, notes the neo-liberal agenda and impact of the World Bank and IMF and illustrates the consequences flowing from neo-liberal policies made all the more powerful by compelling global phenomena. The paper shows how while neo-liberalism is certainly not all bad, it does discourage the sort of internal development a poor and weakened nation like Argentina desperately needs.
From the Paper
"Before proceeding too far, it is necessary to provide some background information on the country of Argentina; this background, needless to say, can offer a great deal of insight into why Argentina's current predicament is as bad as it is. For most of the twentieth century, Argentina's economy has been characterized by stagnation and by recession; indeed, since the middle 1970s, per capita income has tumbled and (by the middle 1990s) was less than that of relatively poor nations such as Chile and Malaysia. Additionally, the emigration of Argentineans seeking a better life has emerged as a pressing concern in recent years. To all of this must be added the fact that Argentina's interior - which comprises roughly 70 percent of the nation's land and, as of roughly a decade ago, comprised just under a third of its population - has been chronically poor since at least the 1930s (Sawers, 3-4)."
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Neo-Liberalism, Social Welfare and Feminization of Poverty, 2005.
The paper examines neo-liberalism, social welfare in Toronto, and the feminization of poverty.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper examines neo-liberal economics and their effects towards feminization and racialization of poverty in the Greater Toronto Area. The focus is on single mothers, a changed environment in a city close to ghettoization and the extreme difficulty of leaving the welfare system. Part of the paper includes a report on fieldwork undertaken involving discussions with welfare workers critical of the system and welfare mothers. Troubling factors include a changed Toronto culture in which the poor and their situations are not known by other citizens. Future implications are discussed.
From the Paper
"Neo-liberal economic and social welfare policies have aggravated the feminization and to a degree, a racialization of Canadian poverty, as affects greatly single mothers with dependent children. In Toronto, some factors preceded local budgetary reductions, including federal reductions in place for almost two decades. (See O'Neill: 1998, Yalnizyan: 1998) Moreover, women now face a changed culture that is less understanding of poverty, or empathetic towards the poor. Jim Stanford mentioned, a decade ago, a failure to understand that recession unemployment was not a temporary phenomenon but signaled lost, i.e. absent employment opportunities, in keeping with shifts.."
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Neo-Liberalism, Separatists and the Federal Government, 2002.
Examines the relationships between Quebec separatists and neo-Liberals such as the Canadian Alliance Party (CAP).
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
Despite their obvious differences on the issue of special status for Quebec, the separatists and the neo-liberals are united in advocating a smaller federal government. In opposition, they cooperate in critical attacks on the government although, ultimately, their objectives are actually contradictory.
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Neo-Liberalism and Ecological Sustainability, 2003.
Examination of liberalism vs. ecological sustainability.
2,550 words (approx. 10.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
This paper explores how in today's society neo-liberalism and capitalism go hand in hand. As governments scramble to find new ways to save money by cutting costs, many economic policies have had negative influences on regulatory bodies in the area of environment and society. The writer reviews the reductions in the size of the governments environmental watchdogs, the department of natural resources as well as the department of fisheries and oceans which have thus hampered in the efforts to monitor and control the environment. The paper concludes that barriers placed on environmental resources have become stronger as corporations grow to consume larger and larger amounts of capital, and the resources necessary to create that capital. The main theory behind neo-liberalism is to allow the markets to dictate everything and to have governments remain an influential bystander. The writer finds that it is difficult to imagine how an environment could survive on its own.
From the Paper
"If the demand is there for a large market in house furniture, the neo-liberal state would allow for the consumption of whatever amount of lumber was necessary to create the furniture, even if that demand meant that an entire country were left forestless in order to provide those trees. Neo-Liberals would argue that those trees would be replaced afterward but as we can see from the current illustration we can deduce that that replacement would only come when it was absolutely necessary for the good of the corporations that need the trees."
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Neo Liberalism in Argentina, 2002.
An examination of the political climate in Argentina and the effect on its population.
1,982 words (approx. 7.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper begins by explaining the political system of neo-liberalism in Argentina. It then discusses the economic effects of this system as well as its social effects on Argentinian society. It concludes with a look at technological advances in Argentina and how these are assisted by the political system.
From the Paper
"The overriding agenda of Neo-Liberals is to reconcile the workings of market institutions with the needs of social cohesion, and claims of individual choice with responsibility to society. This remains the agenda of liberalism -- and of the parties of the center and left today. But it is courting disappointment to expect that we can learn a great deal from the liberal thinking of yesterday about how to implement that agenda at a time when economic globalization and cultural diversity are advancing as never before. In a curious twist, some who 20 years ago embraced collectivist institutions uncritically and scorned individualism as a barbaric relic of bourgeois culture are now among the most vociferous defenders of individual rights and marked reforms (Gray, 1996)."
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Neo-Liberalism in Chile, 2006.
This paper examines the "The Chilean Miracle," which is basically Chile's ability to escape the hyperinflation and stagnation suffered by many of its Latin American neighbors.
852 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper details the neo-liberal economic reforms that took root in Chile during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet, which continue to this day. Chile's experimentation with neo-liberal ideas started in the 1960s when a group of Chileans, who had studied economics in Chicago, who returned to implement what they learned. The writer of this paper details the five cardinal points of neoliberal economics which Pinochet was determined to embrace. The market was to rule supreme, unrestrained by the intervention of government or labor unions. To reduce government interference in the market and reduce government debt, the government withdrew itself from many social welfare programs. This paper analyzes Pinochet as a leader who was able to manipulate institutional changes in his favor, while simultaneously convincing the public that he was acting on their behalf. The writer contends that although democratic principles continue to lag in Chile today, the nation's economic system continues to thrive under a neoliberal, capitalist regime.
From the Paper
"One might state that need not condone the horrors of the Pinochet regime, to grant that some economic successes did result from his policy, and that the reforms may have been necessary. In concrete policy terms, this change enabled an opening of Chile's economies to the world through free trade. Tariffs were reduced and there was an elimination of state-sponsored subsidies of inefficient businesses, combined with an opening of capital markets, relaxation of restrictive labor laws, a reduction in public employees, privatization of state-owned enterprises and changes in formerly inflexible currency regimes and foreign exchange policies. It is unlikely that such sweeping and foreign domestic reforms could have been accomplished so quickly, and been sustained in the 1990's in the absence of a military regime."
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Realism, Internationalism, and Liberalism, 2004.
A look at realist, international society, and liberal approaches to international order.
1,600 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer distinguishes among the three most common theoretical approaches to international order. These approaches are realism, international society (internationalism), and liberalism. It begins by defining international order. The rest of the paper is divided into four sections. First, it compares the way proponents of realism, liberalism, and internationalism perceive the international order and the role of states within it. Secondly, it explains the goals of the realist, liberal, and internationalist approaches. Third, it compares how the international actors behave according to each approach and how they achieve their goals. Fourth, it outlines the limitations of the different approaches. The writer concludes by describing each theory's place in today's world.
From the Paper
"Before approaches to international order can be explored, international order itself must be defined. The international order is an anarchic system of states. It is "a pattern of activity that sustains the elementary or primary goals of the society of states or international society." International order is distinguished from world order in that world order refers to the most primary goals of humanity, not states. Although all approaches agree that international order is weak, classical realism assumes permanent anarchy, liberalism sees a global community, and internationalism sees the potential for a less violent, more lawful order."
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Neo-Liberal Institutionalism, 2005.
This paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of neo-liberal institutionalism.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, £ 54.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the strengths and weaknesses of neo-liberal institutionalism. The writer looks at the significance of the Prisoner's Dilemma to the discussion. The fundamental difference between the realist and neo-liberal institutionalist is examined in this paper. The writer suggests that the weaknesses of neo-liberal institutionalism may outweigh its benefits.
From the Paper
"The neo-realist-neo-liberal institutionalism debate develops along a number of criticisms, primary among which is the realist or neo-realist assertion that international institutions play a minimal role in shaping international politics and that the prospects for cooperation in anarchy are bleak. Neo-liberal institutionalism questions these claims, challenging the logical coherence of the neo-realist argument and arguing that the explanatory power of neo-realism is weak because it fails to move beyond an emphasis on the primacy of states as key actors in international relations. In this ..."
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"Globalization: Neo-liberal Challenge, Radical Responses", 2006.
This paper examines author Robert Went's book "Globalization: Neo-liberal Challenge, Radical Responses" while focusing on the writer's view that the current trend towards globalizing the economy must be demystified and demythologized.
881 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews and analyzes the views of the author and Dutch economist Robert Went as detailed in his book "Globalization: Neo-liberal Challenge, Radical Responses." In his book, Went attempts to put the phenomenon of globalization in its proper historical perspective, rather than normalizing it as an inevitable and positive development from capitalism's supposed victory over world socialism. This paper also discusses Went's fears that life-threatening ecological deterioration and a pervasive dictatorship of the market will result from globalization. This paper explains and details Went's views on the nature of globalism, which the author contends has fundamentally changed for the worse due to the significant increase in the number integrated global markets.
From the Paper
"The first of the harms perpetuated by globalization are social inequality. 1960 the average income of the richest 20 per cent of the world's population was 30 times higher than that of the poorest 20 per cent. In 1995 this disproportion between the incomes of rich and poor had grown to 82:1, according to Went. If globalization is allowed to continue in its current form, Went warns that worldwide social inequality will intensify, that there will be a long lasting leveling of lower income and working class wages, and a general worsening of working conditions for all people, all over the world as an eventual result. Went also fears that life-threatening ecological deterioration and a pervasive dictatorship of the market will result from globalization, if the current pace of globalization is not kept in check and its form is not altered."
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Canada's Welfare State vs. Its Neo-Liberal Economics, 2002.
Argues that the Canadian government has begun to shed its socialist programs in favor of a more free-market approach to economics.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
Summary: This paper is written about the movement from the Welfare State to neo-liberalism in that social programs and social justice are no longer the priorities of Canadian governments. A subservience to the free market and to the pursuit of profit has taken effect.
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