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Liberal Feminism vs. Lesbian Feminism, 2002.
This essay focuses on two prime theoretical aspects of feminism, namely liberal feminism and lesbian feminism.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
Both the theories acknowledge the fact that women have long been oppressed by predominant male attitudes and ideas, as well as an essentially patriarchal societal structure. The former theory is reformist in the sense that it seeks to work within the existing system, and wants to modify it in order to ensure women have equal opportunities as men, be they in education, career, or politics. The latter's focus is on giving women their unique sexual identity by challenging the imposition of heterosexuality and giving lesbianism its due recognition.
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Liberal Feminism and Critical Race Theory, 2002.
Compares and discusses two theories - liberal feminism and critical race theory and their effect on society.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
It will be argued that, while liberal feminism presents useful insights into the general workings of patriarchy in our society, it lacks the detailed modes of analysis of critical race theory. As such, the latter represents a more significant feminist challenge to existing oppressive power structures in our society.
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Liberal Feminism and the Division of Labor, 2002.
A look at liberal feminist perspective on gender segregation in labour.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the liberal feminist perspective on gender segregation in labour. It argues that liberal feminist perspectives are inadequate in pointing to the real problems that oppress women.
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Liberalism versus Feminism, 2004.
The paper is a comparative analysis of the various philosophies of liberalism and feminism.
1,765 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that feminism and liberalism often have been intertwined epistemologically because, in a liberal view, the basic task of government is to protect the equal liberty of citizens and equal rights in the total system of basic liberties. The author points out that feminism, as a liberal philosophy of social rights, really only emerged in the United States in the 1970s, a decade behind the rise of the American women's movement in the 1960s. The paper stresses that, liberal Western philosophy is derived from the experience of predominantly white and heterosexual men; therefore, feminist philosophical forms, unlike past forms of liberalism, first have had to critique established views of the "self," rather than to accept the existence of the "self" as a given, and then define the best ways to protect these rights.
From the Paper
"A politician of a centrist bent may be called a liberal if he or she allows that gays and lesbians should be permitted to legally wed. A woman who runs her own business may be called a feminist. However, these individual's real political convictions may bear little resemblance to such great liberal thinkers as John Rawls and John Stuart Mill and to such self-identified feminists as Naomi Wolf and Luce Irigaray. Rawls and Mill, Wolf and Irigaray themselves span quite different areas of the political spectrum, not in terms of its continuum of liberal versus conservative, but the fact that Irigaray might deny that such a creation of a continuum of liberal v. conservative, feminist v. anti-feminist is itself a male creation, part of the polarizing, dual discourse of patriarchy."
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Liberalism, Marxism and Feminism in Canada, 2008.
A comparison of Marxist, feminist and liberal approaches to social policy in Canada from the first nations period to the present.
1,453 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the Marxist, liberal and feminist approaches that are all concerned with the needs of the oppressed. The paper looks at the liberal perspective that is especially focused on the individual's human rights and highlights its similarities and differences to the Marxist approach of the capitalist and class system. The paper discusses the feminist perspective that is primarily concerned with patriarchy and women's oppression and notes the similarities and central differences to the other perspectives.
From the Paper
"The Marxist, liberal, and feminist approaches share a pivotal characteristic in common in that all three are concerned with the needs of the oppressed. The liberal perspective is especially focused on the individual's human rights. Overall, "the Liberal Party was ultimately successful in identifying public needs, designing solutions to national social problems, and finally implementing programs". When the Liberals developed their system of social security, they did so as one aspect of a comprehensive national policy designed for social improvement. In sharp contrast to the Marxist approach, the liberal perspective is accepting of the capitalist system as not only necessary but as beneficial for the disadvantaged classes. The Liberal Party worked in stages to achieve the welfare state, the first phase being made up of National Health Grants, along with the later expansions in 1951 of the old-age pension program, and the emergence of hospital insurance in 1957."
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Liberalism, Neo-Liberalism, and International Politics, 2005.
An overview of the relationship between liberal and neo-liberal theories and international politics.
861 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
According to sociologists, since the 1970s, market-based economic policies have been institutionalized as a nearly global policy paradigm embodying first, liberalism, and later, neo-liberalism. The purpose of this report is to discuss the theories of liberalism and neo-liberalism in studying international politics and to identify the limitations of these approaches.
From the Paper
"In neoliberalism, which developed in the final decades of the twentieth century, a set of economic principles became part of the accepted framework for thinking about and acting upon both the economy and the relations of states to one another. Neoliberalism assumed that a positive outcome both economically and politically would be generated through a wave of reforms ? privatizations, dismantling of social welfare programs, the retreat of the state from economic regulation, tax cuts, and the opening of national boundaries."
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Liberalism and Neo-liberalism, 2005.
This paper discusses theories of liberalism and neo-liberalism in international politics.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer examines theories of liberalism and neo-liberalism in international politics. The writer discusses neo-liberalism as based in liberal democracy. The writer identifies limits of both theories. Further, the writer discusses major problems and limitations with each theory.
From the Paper
"According to sociologists, market-based economic policies have been institutionalized as a nearly global policy paradigm embodying first liberalism and later neo-liberalism. The purpose of this report is to discuss the theories of liberalism and neo-liberalism in studying international politics and to identify the limitations of these approaches. All such theories in the context of international relations are designed to solve the problems and puzzles of state behavior by offering a causal account of a particular outcome or pattern of behavior in ... "
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?Liberated Parents, Liberated Children?, 2004.
A review of the book, "Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family", by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish.
1,108 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 0 sources, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the book, "Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family", by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish, which discusses their experiences attending a series of parent workshops given by child psychologist, Dr. Ginott. It looks at how its approach to parenting appears to be very simplistic in nature: do not control your children, but rather respect them for their individuality and uniqueness. It discusses how punishment is not an effective tool for establishing a trusting relationship, nor is a power trip, or being too protective or defensive. It shows how an adversarial relationship with a child will normally escalate or deteriorate as he/she gets older and becomes more defensive and less intimidated.
From the Paper
"Similarly, a child?s autonomy need not threaten a parent. Dr. Ginott saids, ?We help most by not helping.? How many parents are afraid of what will happen if their children fail? If their school project is not perfect or if their hair is sticking up or they wear clothes that are wrinkled? The problem is that the parents? self-esteem is so wrapped up in their children?s success or failure that it is taken as a personal affront. If the son a daughter does not make the team or get invited to a party, it is as if the parent did not make the grade. The child who is better prepared for the future is the one who has to remember to return his/her books to the library, finish a homework assignment or even makes the same mistake over again."
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?Liberated Parents, Liberated Children?, 2004.
A review of the parenting book, "Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family", by Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish.
1,460 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how authors Adele Faber and Elaine Mazlish wrote their counter-cultural book, "Liberated Parents, Liberated Children: Your Guide to a Happier Family", regarding tips and tactics for parents to use as they raised children before the term ?counter-cultural? had become politically correct. It looks at how, in 1974, when the majority of children were being raised under the questionable, permissive advice of Dr. Spock, these authors focused on another aspect of child rearing. It looks at how they were significantly influenced by child psychologist Haim Ginott ,who believed that it was the emotional well-being of the child that would guide his actions.
From the Paper
"This differentiation between giving of ourselves to our children, and giving ourselves over to our children is the delicate line which Mazlish and Faber walk throughout their book as they discuss skills for parents to learn to build emotionally balanced and self-secure children. The approach which encourages parents to remain in their authority role in the child?s life, as well as equips the parent to connect with the child?s feeling is the element of this book which sets it apart from other works. Dr. Spock taught parents to reason with their children rather than correct them. By doing so, the well intentioned doctor instructed parents to abdicate an important role in their children?s development, which is the role of authority to which the child is accountable."
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Neo-Liberalism, Social Welfare and Feminization of Poverty, 2005.
The paper examines neo-liberalism, social welfare in Toronto, and the feminization of poverty.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, £ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper examines neo-liberal economics and their effects towards feminization and racialization of poverty in the Greater Toronto Area. The focus is on single mothers, a changed environment in a city close to ghettoization and the extreme difficulty of leaving the welfare system. Part of the paper includes a report on fieldwork undertaken involving discussions with welfare workers critical of the system and welfare mothers. Troubling factors include a changed Toronto culture in which the poor and their situations are not known by other citizens. Future implications are discussed.
From the Paper
"Neo-liberal economic and social welfare policies have aggravated the feminization and to a degree, a racialization of Canadian poverty, as affects greatly single mothers with dependent children. In Toronto, some factors preceded local budgetary reductions, including federal reductions in place for almost two decades. (See O'Neill: 1998, Yalnizyan: 1998) Moreover, women now face a changed culture that is less understanding of poverty, or empathetic towards the poor. Jim Stanford mentioned, a decade ago, a failure to understand that recession unemployment was not a temporary phenomenon but signaled lost, i.e. absent employment opportunities, in keeping with shifts.."
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John Stuart Mill: A Liberal Feminist, 2004.
This paper discusses John Stuart Mill's feminist views, specifically as expressed in his essay "Subjection of Women".
1,655 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that John Stuart Mill is often classified as a Liberal Feminist because of his "Subjection of Women", which explores the concepts of Liberal and Radical Feminism in relation to Mill's theory of utilitarian and his ideas about women's place in economic and societal terms. The author points out that Liberal Feminism is a branch of feminism, which uses the language of liberty, rights and legal equality, as opposed to the radical branch of second wave feminism who believed that the main tenet of feminism was the oppression of women by men. The paper states that most of Mill's writings are concerned with middle- or upper-class married women and he favours the traditional division of labour within the family; this incongruous coupling of patriarchy and capitalism by John Stuart Mill and the Liberal Feminists is criticised.
From the Paper
"John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) was raised as a Utilitarian, influenced by Jeremy Bentham and his father, James Mill. His writings include On Liberty (1859), Utilitarianism (1863) and the Subjection of Women (1869), as well as many articles in various periodicals including the Utilitarian journal the Westminster Review. In 1851, after a long relationship he married Harriet Taylor, to whom he was apparently devoted, although her contribution to his work is disputed. To this Okin states: 'the difficult circumstances of their relationship must have increased the strength of his convictions, and of his determination to do what he could to have women's many disabilities remedied.' On her death in 1858 Mill was allegedly devastated: 'His despondency was frightful.'" His Utilitarian beginnings were at odds with his later liberal
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Transnational Feminism, 2006.
A discussion of transnational feminism - feminism in the era of globalization.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper uses the quote: "Culture...consists in the way analogies are drawn between things, in the way certain thoughts are used to think others" as a focal point to make a connection between Shohat's argument that globalization just be seen as part of the much longer history of colonialism, and the sexualization of female bodies in popular culture. The paper analyzes gendered politics of power that position women differently than men, comparing to narratives of progress, development, the modern, social evolution and their opposing narratives (i.e. primitive, underdeveloped, backward uncivilized, caught in a timeless past). The paper concludes that in order for feminism to become transnational the elite women in the richer countries must be able to consider and conceive the plight of the rural women in a third world country and what their specific needs might be, even though those may be very different from their own.
Table of Contents:
Objective
Introduction
The Feminist Agenda: Transnational Feminism
Women's Organizations: Whose Agenda Calls the Tune?
Transnational Feminism: Different Cultures and Different Definitions
Colonialism and Globalization: Same or Different Agenda?
Globalization's Agenda
Women in the New Millennium
Summary & Conclusion
From the Paper
"In a work in writing that addresses the agenda of the transnational feminist against war the author Bachetta et al (2001) states that the first thing that must be done in reaching the goals set forth that first the thorough analysis of the "gendered and racialized effects of nationalism" must be addressed. Brenner writes that "Capitalist Globalization has had a profound yet contradictory impact on women's lives and on the possibilities for contesting male domination in both the core and periphery of the world capitalist system." And she states that "women's life conditions are in many respects growing worse.""
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Postmodern Feminism and Public Administration, 2007.
A look at the contributions of the postmodern feminist theory to public administration.
1,083 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the principles of postmodern feminism, highlighting this tradition's important break from traditional liberal feminism. The paper examines the writings of postmodern writers such as Simone de Beauvoir and Judith Butler, especially their writings on the social construction of the "masculine" and "feminine." It then looks at traditional public administration's "hard" approach that conflicts with ideas that have been referred to as "soft." The paper argues that postmodern feminism can help to create a synthesis between these two approaches, one that combines the best features of both the "hard" and "soft" styles of public administration. It also contends that postmodern feminism jars administrators from their comfort zones and in the process, generates new and innovative modes of thinking.
Outline:
Postmodern Feminism
Public Administration
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Far from being a monolithic entity, feminism has a variety of traditions and focuses. This diversity is reflected in the various approaches of feminism towards studying and criticizing the representation of women in public life. Traditional liberal feminism, for example, has focused on key questions of access. This first wave of feminism believed that when women had access to public institutions such as education and the work place, then gender inequity would be erased. The period of "modernity" was therefore characterized by women's access to areas of public life that was traditionally reserved only for men."
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Feminism, 2005.
This paper discusses the political elements of the theory of feminism, which is also viewed as a social theory.
2,210 words (approx. 8.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that feminism is a much lesser studied theory than liberalism or realism in the field of international relations; nonetheless, it deserves attention because women have had an impact on the foundation of international relations. The author points out that feminism, along with other gender theories, are based on three assumptions: 1) Women should be fully incorporated into the field of international relations to ensure an equal voice for everyone, 2) there should be a distinct and noticeable re-focusing of international relations and 3) it assumes that post-positivist methodology should be used in order to deconstruct gender issues at the international level. This paper explains that radical feminism is opposed to integrating existing feminism into any frameworks because it is trying to create a distinctly feminine analysis, which isn't subservient to a male agenda the way other theories have been in the past: They criticize both liberal and critical theories of feminism.
From the Paper
"The next category of feminism that we are going to take a look at is Marxist or critical feminist theory. This theory largely suggests that the problem in the world is capitalism, which has resulted in making women work as a labor of love, for no economic reward, in a sense rendering them invisible. This theory searches for the answer to why women and men have appeared in international relations, instead of a focus on how, like so many other subcategories of feminism. To look at it from a different perspective, critical theory asks us questions like: "What ideas about the appropriate relationship between women and men, feminine and masculine, inform the practices of particular actors and institutions? And what material conditions and social forces contribute to the reproduction of those practices? Finally, are attempts to alter those understandings and practices facilitated or hindered by prevailing material conditions?""
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