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Legal Ramifications of the Iraq War, 2005.
A discussion of the legal arguments surrounding the Iraq war, dismissing legitimacy claims.
3,675 words (approx. 14.7 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 70.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Iraq war from within the framework of the 'just war' theory and the legal parameters established by the United Nations through the Law of War. Through a critical analysis of the justifications presented for the war versus both the letter and the spirit of international law, the paper argues that this is an illegitimate war. The paper contends that the United States is in violation of international laws.
Outline
Introduction
The Legitimacy Question of the Current War
The Doctrine of Preemption and International Law
United States' Violations of International Law
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Following the destruction nations suffered in the wake of World War Two, the international community realized the necessity of establishing mechanisms for the prevention of war and the control of warfare. One means of preventing war was to establish a set of laws, outlining the precise circumstances under which wars may be conducted. The legal circumstances under which war can be conducted are expressed in the United Nations' Charter and the Law of War, both of which are based on the "just war doctrine" (Falk). The just war doctrine emphasizes the difference between wars that are morally principles and which are, basically, justified and those which are neither justified nor based on accepted principles. According to the United Nations' Charter, wars are just only in two cases. The first case is if it is a war of defence against a real threat, or against an actual attack, carried out by another nation (Falk). The second case is if the United Nations Security Council determines that a particular nation is in violation of international law, persistently rejects the application of international law and denies the validity and legitimacy of its institutions, thereby constituting a real threat to regional/global peace and security (Falk). In this case, the United Nations Security Council passes a resolution that legitimizing and authorizing war (Falk). This is what occurred during the first Gulf war of 1991."
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Legal Naturalism vs. Legal Positivism, 2002.
A comparison of laws understood to come about naturally or through some form of positive creation.
2,630 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper examines two of the general theories of law - legal naturalism and legal positivism, both of which have had an enormous influence on law throughout history. The first part of the paper looks at natural law which describes those diverse theories of law that do not accept human law as true law and hold that a particular "something other than the positive law is the true law". The second section examines legal positivism where one of several general theoretical traditions is based on the belief that the source of knowledge lies in experience, not in reason, nor in mind.
From the Paper
"A good example of the usefulness of classical legal naturalism can be seen in the rise of commercial law in the Middle Ages in Europe. As Glendon, Gordon, and Carozza point out, the rise of commercial law took place when Roman civil law provided no adequate coverage of new problems that arose as trade "emerged from the localism and relative economic stagnation of the Middle Ages" in the form of international banking, expanded maritime trade, and rising commercial centers."
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Legality of U.S. Invasion of Iraq, 2004.
An examination of international codes of law in order to determine whether the U.S. invasion of Iraq was legal.
3,102 words (approx. 12.4 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
This paper points out that there are three underlying concepts that must be assessed in determining whether, under international law, the United States? invasion of Iraq in 2003 was legal or not. The first of these is the United Nations? principle that conflicts should not be resolved unilaterally, but rather with the consensus of that body. The second is the Geneva Conventions principle against targeting civilian populations and civilian infrastructure not justified by military objectives. The third is the necessity of an individual state to protect itself; that is, the United States.
From the Paper
"Before one even begins to look at what experts in international law believe about the invasion, it is necessary to consider this: both the United Nations Charter and the Geneva Conventions protocols have been used to justify various forms of international actions in the past, so it is not possible, without the incident actually landing in an international tribunal, to definitively say that the U.S. invasion of Iraq was legal or not. All that is possible at the moment is providing the full range of expert opinions regarding the subject. Still, the main focus in determining the legality or illegality of the act must remain the United Nations. Founded in order to prevent foster nations? settling disputes without the need for force, its Charter is the foundation on which relations between sovereign states is governed. In addition, justification for the action is a proper concept to consider: the principles set forth in the United Nations Charter are imprecise, leaving room for proving that a nation?s actions were consistent with the letter and spirit of the articles in question."
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E-Business Legal Issues, 2007.
This paper discusses e-businesses and their many legal and regulatory ramifications.
918 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper presents a legal analysis of the e-business conducted by an international fictitious company, Boffy S.A., to provide a clear example of the issues companies face as a result of e-commerce. The paper focuses on the international e-business issues that can arise, offering possible solutions as well as analyzing what jurisdiction and court would be applicable in this case.
Outline:
Introduction
Overview of Legal Issues
Legal Issues in Operating International E-Business
From the Paper
"In the past few years, the topic of e-business and its' utilization through the Internet have emerged as a significant factor for businesses and has simultaneously gathered a great amount of interest. The operation of e-businesses has revolutionized communication and has changed the ways companies do business. From online customer service to remote diagnostics, the World Wide Web offers businesses tools that enhance production, sales, customer satisfaction and profits, as a result. The Internet has created the world of e-commerce, or e-business, where companies use Internet-enabled technologies to exchange goods, services or information and to deliver value to customers in entirely new ways."
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Illicit Drug Abuse and Ramifications, 2002.
By examining the movie "Trainspotting" (1998), the paper looks at the effects of drug abuse on youth in society.
1,450 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
A discussion of the ramifications of illicit drug use. This paper demonstrates a critical understanding of the ramifications inherent in illicit drug use and related drug issues to specific examples highlighted within the film ?Trainspotting.? Different forms of drugs, from the softest to the hardest type are mentioned and the side-effects examined.
From the Paper
"Drug use has existed for thousands of years, but it has only been during the last few decades that abuse has become a social problem, particularly among young people. Perhaps the main reason for the rise in drug abuse is the very simple fact that drugs are more available today than fifty years ago. And the primary reason for the abundant availability of drugs today is a simple fact as well, money. Drug trafficking is a multi-billion dollar business that involves a myriad of players and dealers. What once was found only in urban back alleys, now can be found literally anywhere, small rural towns, suburban shopping malls, even local schools. Drug abuse can be found in most every family. Moreover, hardly a week goes by that tabloids do not glare with headlines concerning a celebrity going into rehab for a drug addiction, whether prescription or illegal. Drug use has been glorified and demonized in the media depending on the political air of the times. However, the media has also portrayed drug use and abuse in very realistic fashion, from feature news reports to movies. Regardless of how it is depicted, drug use is real and drug awareness has become a part of our everyday life."
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The Legalization of Gay Marriage in the United States The Legalization of Gay Marriage in the United States, 2006.
A discussion regarding the controversial issue of same sex marriage in the USA.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 0 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the long debated issue of gay marriage in the United States. This paper reports how proponents of the issue contend that same sex marriage is not about gay rights but about human rights. It further discusses how these individuals believe that gays in modern society have long been subjected to inequalities and a lack of support from the social order. The opponents of the gay marriage issue refer to a stereotypical framework for gays in general that suggests that gays are evil and dangerous to children.
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Workplace Privacy, 2007.
An analysis of the legal and ethical ramifications of employee testing and surveillance.
1,688 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses workplace privacy. It looks at the new and increasingly controversial ways in which employers can impinge upon an employee's privacy, such as drug testing, genetic testing and electronic surveillance. It then discusses, in detail, the legal and ethical ramifications of employers using these tools and how they can impact on the workplace.
From the Paper
"From the utilitarian standpoint, it is certainly imaginable that genetic testing, drug testing, and electronic surveillance might contribute to the overall good by increasing the output of various businesses. However, it is also imaginable that the negative aspects associated with these measures might detract from the total happiness of society: increased surveillance and the inability to use certain drugs might decrease employee contentedness; meanwhile, genetic testing might leave major subsets of society out of the economy and impoverished. Deontologically, people might take a stand for personal physical privacy as an innate moral good; yet, precisely what each deontologist might define privacy to be may vary. Consequently, some deontologists might think that workplace surveillance and drug tests are morally acceptable, while genetic tests are not. Others might organize their beliefs differently--all measures may be seen as morally unacceptable, for instance. Essentially, attesting to be either a utilitarian or a deontologist gives little indication of which way an individual might lean with respect to physical privacy in the workplace."
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The Spanish-American War, 2002.
Examines the causes and consequences of the 1898 Spanish-American War.
2,616 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
John Hay, the U.S. Ambassador to London, called the war of 1898 with Spain ?a splendid little war.? His statement, often quoted about the war, indicated his recognition that this war would change the position of the United States in the world and have ramifications for decades to come. This paper shows that the Spanish-American War often gets little attention in history texts, overpowered by the bigger, longer-lasting wars such as the War Between the States, World War I and World War II. The fact is that the Spanish-American War, which included significant action both in the Caribbean, especially Cuba, and the Pacific, especially involving the Philippines, had complex causes and complex long-term ramifications.
From the Paper
"The war of 1898 represented a turning point in the United States? international standing. The country acquired its first overseas territories and pushed Spain out of the Western Hemisphere (Rodriguez, 1998). It laid the groundwork for our involvement in World War II, as our growing interests in the Pacific had a profound effect on Japanese action in that arena. Until the Spanish-American war, our influence had been limited to North America. Now we had presence in both major oceans and had contended with other great powers, either by warfare or by maneuvering, and had emerged victorious (Rodriguez, 1998). It was not a challenge to defeat Spain, but the long-term effects of the war dramatically affected history for the following century. The groups who drew us into the war, both in the Caribbean and the Pacific, revolutionary factions in both Cuba and the Philippines, did not fare well. Cuba was liberated from Spain but under profound influence of the Untied States. In the Philippines, the people simply traded one country?s domination for another?s."
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Legalizing Surrogacy, 2002.
The paper suggests that the concept of surrogate mothering should be legalized.
870 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the moral and legal ramifications of surrogacy being recognized by the law and by the state. It examines the impact this might have on childless couples, how the truth might effect the child in the future and how, in the end, the best interest of the child should be the main factor in this decision making process.
From the Paper
"A clean break from the child is what the mother must make. Deliver the baby and walk away--no binding emotional ties. Surrogate mothering takes place when an infertile couple asks another woman to carry their fertilized egg in her womb. The woman is usually paid to carry the embryo and once born she hand over the child to the couple. However, this creates a number of moral and ethical problems that are quite a dilemma. Though the concept offers a very effective solution to the problem faced by couples that are unable to have children the fact remains that the emotional toil on the surrogate is high. That there are legal problems involved is also something that cannot be doubted. Is the state entitled to interfere in a personal issue if a surrogate decides that she will keep her child? Then consider the medical issues."
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Legal Theory and Institutions, 2005.
Discusses the doctrine of judicial precedent in the process of adjudication and legal reform in the legal system of England and Wales.
1,912 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the doctrine of judicial precedent in the process of adjudication and legal reform in the legal system in England and Wales. Judicial precedent is an important element of the Western legal system, but it is not in continental civil law systems. In particular, it discusses how the judiciary has received much criticism in the procedure of precedent.
From the Paper
"The historical power struggle began in the 17th century between the legislature and the Crown (Stuart Monarchy) and ended with Parliament becoming an independent in the power of making law in the name of the Crown. Nowadays, the ultimate power of making new law lies with the primary legislature (Parliament). Parliament has the capability of authorising and altering laws and as Parliament is an elected house, the power is given through democracy, but this is not so in the House of Lords because they are not an elected chamber. The House of Lords has received proposals for reform and those proposals are to modify the traditional form of the Life Peerages Act 1958 and the Peerage Act 1963. "
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Weapons of Mass Destruction in Iraq, 2006.
Argues that the US was right to invade Iraq in 2003 because Iraq possessed and intended to use weapons of mass destruction.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This political study argues that the American cause for the invasion of Iraq was valid due to the availability of weapons of mass destruction (WMD) in Iraq before 2003. American military forces invaded Iraq in 2003 due to the fact that Saddam Hussein had created, stored, and was going to attack his neighbors with various missiles and chemical based weapons. In this manner, the evidence supporting the fact that Syria had helped Saddam Hussein move the weapons before the American invasion of 2003 is presented in this study. Although the United Nations had previously thought that there was an absence for cause for the American invasion of 2003 of Iraq, the evidence is growing against these claims.
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Iraq War, 2005.
Argues that the real reasons for the war with Iraq had nothing to do with the threat Iraq posed and had everything to do with the control of the vast oil reserves in that country.
2,613 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This report focuses on showing how the leaders of the United States and other First World nations have blatantly attacked a sovereign nation with the sole purpose of extracting that nation?s oil reserves for the oligarchy and future positioning of the precious resource.
From the Paper
"Some history on the Iraqi nation has shown that they are and have not been financially stable even with all of this natural resource available. Iraq is actually an original member of the Ottoman Empire but was occupied by Britain during World War I. ?In stages over the next dozen years, Iraq attained its independence as a kingdom in 1932. A "republic" was proclaimed in 1958, but in actuality a series of military strongmen have ruled the country since then, the latest was Saddam Hussein.? (Iraq) In the mid 1980?s, the nation of Iraq created for itself a massive financial problem due to its high expenditures to support an eight-year war with Iran. Iraq also suffered mass destruction of their oil export facilities during that war which caused them deplete income and forced them to borrow large amounts of money from the world in an effort to maintain itself. ?Iraq suffered economic losses from the war of at least $100 billion. After hostilities ended in 1988, oil exports gradually increased with the construction of new pipelines and restoration of damaged facilities.? (Iraq)"
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Information Systems in Business Management, 2008.
This paper researches the ethical, legal and cultural ramifications of information systems on managing both business practices and employees.
3,397 words (approx. 13.6 pages), 27 sources, APA, £ 66.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to assess the impact information systems have had on managerial processes in business. The paper hypothesizes that interaction through use of information systems alters legal, moral or cultural perceptions, creating an environment where an individual may conduct activity that typically would not be done in a face-to-face meeting. The paper also attempts to demonstrate that some individuals in management use information systems as the sole form of communication with subordinates, resulting in poorer quality products and services. The paper concludes that information systems are excellent complimentary business tools, but cannot replace basic human interaction.
Outline:
Introduction
Hypothesis
Research
Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Information systems have changed the world. From communication to education, information systems have increased the availability of information and the speed of communication forever. Information systems can convey a myriad of messages from simple quick reminders via text messages to the most complex technical messages.
"The effectiveness of messages transmitted via information systems relies on more than just the communication itself. Understanding the meaning behind the communication requires specific efforts from both the sender and recipient of the message. This raises certain important questions and concerns. Is it possible for a sender to convey complete concepts via information system communication without personal contact? Are recipients as receptive to messages transmitted via information systems compared to messages presented in face-to-face meetings?"
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Interrogating Juveniles without Parents, 2007.
An analysis of the ethical and legal ramifications of interrogating a minor without his/her parents present.
3,149 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 16 sources, MLA, £ 63.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the ethics and legality of interrogating juveniles without their parents being present, particularly if the juvenile has requested their presence. It discusses tactics used in interrogations in order to improve the chances of receiving a confession. It then discusses whether there are special Miranda rules for juveniles and the consequences of that. The paper ends by discussing any practical considerations that should be taken into account when dealing with juveniles.
Table of Contents:
Just the Facts
Case by Case
II. The Interrogation
Interrogation Points
Criminal Interrogation Ethics
To Tell the Truth
Juvenile Facts
III. The Presumption of Innocence
BARD
Just the Facts
No Question
Practical Considerations
From the Paper
"Geraghty & Drizin (1999) contend that Judges frequently fail to speak up and propose thoughtful solutions for the senseless injustices they see done to children on a daily basis. Some judges who are empathetic to the new juvenile justice draconian approaches fail to speak out as they support the "get tough" policies. Other judges fail do not verbalize counter thoughts as they are concerned they would inevitably become entangled with the political process and violate the Code of Judicial Conduct's prohibition and foster the impression they lack impartiality. This researcher posits that one daily injustice regularly practiced in the legal system is the interrogation of isolated juveniles."
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