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Legal Implications of Steroid Use by Amateur Athletes, 2006.
A review of the legal implications of steroid use by amateur or professional athletes today.
1,737 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper provides a review and discussion of the scholarly and peer-reviewed literature concerning steroid use among amateur and professional athletes and the legal implications thereof, followed by an analysis of the salient issues.
Contents:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Effects of Steroids
Incidence of Use
Analysis of Legal Issues and Controversies and Reactions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In 1976, amateur athletes were tested for prohibited substances at the Olympic Games in Montreal and again at the 1983 Pan American Games in Caracas, Venezuela; the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) banned anabolic steroids in 1973 and began random testing of student- athletes for performance-enhancing substances and recreational drugs in 1986. (Allison et al., 2003). Drug testing originally took place only at Division I football bowl games, and at some NCAA championships; however, since 1990, football players in Divisions I-A, I-AA, and II, as well as Division I indoor and outdoor track and field athletes, have been subject to drug testing all year long. Furthermore, Allison and his colleagues report that all NCAA student- athletes are subject to drug testing at NCAA championship events and at post-season bowl games (NCAA, 1998). Not surprisingly, the use of such drugs has attracted attention from those who would seek to gain a competitive edge over their peers as well as those who would attempt to discourage such usage. To better understand the rationale behind such efforts, the general effects of steroids are discussed further below."
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Athletes and Steroid Use, 2006.
A discussion regarding the use and abuse of steroids by athletes participating in competitive sports.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 6 sources, £ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the abuse of steroids in the athletic world and presents a strong argument against the use of steroids by young athletes or by athletes of any age. This paper emphasizes how these substances destroy young bodies and present a moral affront to the sporting ideal of fair play and competitive integrity.
From the Paper
"The paper begins first by discussing what these drugs do to the bodies of individuals. Specifically, emphasis is placed upon their impact on vital organs and their impact upon reproductive capabilities. At the same time, space is devoted to detailing the short-term benefits or "boosts" which make steroid ingestion so desirable for many athletes. From there, the paper turns to the fairly ubiquitous abuse of steroids in America - a discussion which is important because it highlights just how many Americans are placing their lives and health at terrible risk in pursuit of a peculiar image or in pursuit of athletic glory. Not to be overlooked is the treatment of the steroid or drug problem in professional sports.
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Steroid Use in Teen Athletes, 2007.
A discussion on steroid use in athletes, focusing on teenage boys.
954 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how, physiologically, anabolic steroids can cause increased incidence of acne, increased susceptibility to injuries in the muscles and tendons, liver disease, tumor growth, and early-onset cardiovascular disease. The paper reviews issues surrounding the use of steroids by teen athletes, what drives them to do it, and the results of studies on the effects on these athletes and their performance.
Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Discussion
Conclusion
References
From the Paper
"Teens who use steroids are noted to be more irritable, more aggressive and even more violent. Some teens that use steroids actually report a heightened degree of awareness while they use the drugs, which can sometimes lead to steroid induced psychosis. To add to this there is a degree of psychological dependence that comes from the changes the steroids make to the teen male athlete's body and his performance. The athlete begins to feel that the steroid is the whole reason behind any improvement in ability or stamina, in better physical looks. Those teens that use steroids on a regular basis also report a significant increase in somatic complaints as well as depression, anxiety and even periods of intense rage."
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Athletes and Steroids, 2005.
This paper discusses the problem of athletes using steroids and banned substances.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper is an exploratory analysis of research on different views regarding the use of steroids and banned substances by professional athletes. The author includes information about two bills currently pending in Congress that would severely increase penalties for athletes testing positive.
From the Paper
"The use of steroids by professional athletes has become a source of controversy in American society. In testimony before Congress, major league baseball MLB player Jason Giambi estimated the number of players who use steroids as ..."
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Age, Anabolic Steroids and Athletes, 2005.
A research paper to assess the effect of age and steroids on an athlete's performance, aggression and anxiety.
4,327 words (approx. 17.3 pages), 21 sources, MLA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper is a research study to answer three questions to improve knowledge within the physiological and psychological fields of sport science. The first and second questions studied are the effect of anabolic steroids on an athlete's performance and aggression personality measure. The third research question aims to find out if older athletes (aged 35-45 years) experience higher anxiety than younger athletes.
Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Method
Results
Research Question One
Research Question Two
Research Question Three
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There is debate as to whether older people are really at lower risk for depressive disorders, or whether endorsement of symptoms is low. A study by Christensen et al, (1999) assessed the effects of age on anxiety and depression, and examined whether age had direct effects on self-report of individual symptoms independent of its effect on the underlying dimensions of anxiety and depression. Structural equation modelling was used to assess the structure of the items and their associations with age and a number of demographic variables. They sampled 2622 participants aged between 18 and 79 years. Results found that both scales were found to fit satisfactorily to a two factor model. Items with direct age effects reflected physical (feeling slowed down; waking early) and psychological (hopeless about the future) components of depression."
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Athlete's Use of Steroids, 1990.
This paper discusses side effects and criticisms of the use of steriods by athletes.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, £ 49.95
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From the Paper
"For years the problem of drug abuse, particularly the use of anabolic steroids, was hidden and/or denied at all levels of the sports world. To speak of it was almost taboo. Now, however, the problem has become too widespread, the results too obvious, the dangers too terrible. The purpose of this paper will be to discuss the use of anabolic steroids in sports; their success in building muscular power while also destroying the body and the mind. In addition, the criticisms aimed at the use of steroids as well as what the sports world is attempting to do to restrict their use will also be discussed.
Anabolic steroids are synthetic versions of the male hormone testosterone (6:88). Athletes have come to rely on the drugs to build up muscle, strength and endurance. In small doses, these drugs have legitimate medical uses such as for cases of soft- ... "
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Equal Opportunities for Athletic and Non-Athletic Students, 2004.
Examines the pros and cons of granting scholarships to students who have actively participated in sports programs.
796 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 19.95
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Abstract
This paper, while acknowledging the positive side of and the need for athletic scholarships, focuses on the negative aspect of athletic scholarships. Some of the negative aspects highlighted in the paper are that athletic scholarships provide an advantage to student athletes that are unfair to non-athletic students. With such a great emphasis on sports, many students feel inferior to athletes, even though they may participate in some other type of extracurricular activity. Furthermore, the paper argues that it is unfair for athletic students to receive all the perks and credits even though they are often absent from the classroom due to practice or competition. At the conclusion of the paper, it is suggested that, while athletic scholarships should be available to athletes, schools should make a greater effort to provide equal opportunities for all other students as well.
From the Paper
"As today?s society focuses more and more on sports, the educational world is evolving to keep up with the pace. As a result, today?s student athletes have even more opportunities and options available to them than they did just a decade ago. In addition to more scholarships in both high school and college education, student today are offered the opportunity to receive part of the credit required to graduate by actively participating in sports."
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Athletes and Women, 2004.
A look at the growing problem of violence against women committed by professional and amateur athletes.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
Using Jeff Benedict's "Public Heroes,Private Felons", this paper discusses the issue of athletes and rape and sexual violence against women. The paper explains Benedict's thesis that the glorification of sports heroes sends a message to them that their behavior will be tolerated.
From the Paper
"Jeff Benedict's text "Public Heroes, Private Felons: Athletes and Crimes Against Women" is an expose of the sordid underworld in which an unfortunately significant number of amateur and professional athletes engage in sexual assaults, rape and other forms of violence against women. Benedict makes the point that the celebrity of these athletes and, in the case of professionals, their wealth, makes possible a lifestyle that is at best rampantly permissive and at worst criminal, at least with respect to the maltreatment of..."
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Nutritional Needs of Athletes, 1990.
This paper discusses the nutritional needs of professionals and amateur athletes: Vitamins, minerals, diet and liquids.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
"The relatively new science of nutrition is taking on a much larger role in athletics today. The current fitness and health food craze has dramatized the potential danger poor nutrition can have on performance. The purpose of this report will be to discuss the nutritional needs of athletes, both professional and amateur. Included in the study will be a look at the latest information on elements of nutrition such as vitamin needs, diets and liquid requirements.
The term "nutrition" describes the method by which materials from the environment are consumed in order to provide the nutrients and energy necessary to support a healthy body. Nutrients, comprised of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, alcohol, vitamins, minerals, trace elements, dietary fiber and water, are found in varying quantities in all foods. No one food ... "
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Athletes Cheat All The Time, 2006.
Examination of the widespread use of performance-enhancing supplements (steroids) among professional athletes.
1,436 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a closer look at steroid use in professional baseball and at the Olympics. The paper shows specific examples of recent cheating among athletes worldwide. The paper also provides explanations of drug-screening procedures used today and ways that athletes are successfully able to cheat the screenings, as well as their competitors and the fans.
From the Paper
"Cheating is everywhere. It has become a widespread epidemic in the sense that it has almost completely incorporated itself into the American society of today. Not gradually; the change has been dramatic and has covered all angles and perspectives. Anything and everything that has a corner with the possibility of being cut will ultimately be cut. Moreover, based on this extremely wide variety, it would take days to cover each individual type of cheating. Therefore, choosing one single and important aspect, in this case, athletes who cheat drug screenings, allows the reader to obtain a much more specific and individualized sense of the much broader dilemma that is occurring everywhere all over the world. Athletes have found ways to cheat drastically in both the minor and major leagues of baseball as well as in the Olympics."
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Imagery Training and Novice Athletes, 2004.
Research proposal to study whether sports imagery training can benefit novice athletes as well as professional athletes.
758 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper is a research proposal to study the effects of sports imagery training on novice athletes and athletes who enjoy their sport recreationally. The paper begins with an overview of the positive effects of sports imagery training and then looks at some of the studies done and literature available on the subject. The paper suggests a study that will seek to answer the questions as to whether or not sports imagery training is of value only to the professional athlete or if it can benefit athletes at all levels.
From the Paper
"The positive effects of sports imagery training has been validated by athletes and trainers at the highest level of athletic competition. When the athlete visualizes the individual aspects of an athletic competition, they approach the event with more confidence, and are able to attain significantly higher scores. In one study, findings revealed that the Five Step Strategy, which includes mental readying, imaging, focusing, executing, and evaluation procedures, significantly influenced performance in tasks that were low cognitive demand and higher physical demand tasks. The study showed support for a hypothesis that performance in tasks appearing to contain a greater number of motor elements is enhanced more with the FSS than those having a high number of cognitive elements."
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African-American Athletes, 2006.
This paper discusses the history of African-American athletes, the myths and features many individual athletes.
6,730 words (approx. 26.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 106.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, before World War II, Black athletes were restricted from all professional competition because white athletes' fears of losing to Black athletes was masked by fabrications such as African-Americans were subhuman with their strength coming from their jungle ancestry rather than intelligent and hard work: This myth continues today. The author points out that Black athletes face enormous obstacles when opting for managing, coaching or executive positions in sports. The paper relates that, although some may claim that lower class African-Americans now are more interested in crime than athletics, the exceptional Black athletes, such as Tiger Woods and Vanessa Williams, are examples for young Black Americans that there can be much more in their futures than jail cells or graves.
Table of Contents
History
History Makers
Althea Gibson
Jackie Robinson
Jesse Owens
Willie O'Ree
Prominent Contemporary Sports People
Media Portrayal
Current Perceptions and Issues
From the Paper
"Denise Meridith (2001) touches upon the same issue in her article featuring Venus Williams. Her behavior, appearance and style of play are seen as threatening by some. Assertiveness and confidence are viewed as "arrogance" in a black woman. And similarly reference is made to her physical strength rather than skill or intelligence resulting in her success. This is media-promoted as somehow not being "feminine" enough. Meridith makes a derogatory remark comparing the skeletal Ally MacBeal to the muscular Williams, saying that it is healthier to strive for muscles than for bones in one's appearance. However, the media promotes thin as beautiful. Also, the sexy Anna Kornikova is not as powerful or successful in her play as the Williams sisters, but the media focusses on her achievements, because she is the epitomy of feminine beauty."
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Paying Student Athletes, 2008.
Argues that student athletes should be paid.
830 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the big business environment surrounding student athletes is a significant transformation from the athletics of 1905, when the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) ruled that student athletes should not be paid so that they can fulfill the amateur criteria for student athletics competition. The author states that student athletes are exploited because of the failure of universities to educate them and because of all the time they must spend practicing, traveling and playing the game. The paper suggests a graduated salary cap based on college completion provided by professional sports organizations, which will help the professional sports leagues, colleges and student-athletes.
Table of Contents:
Background
Introduction
Arguments In Favor Of Paying Student Athletes
Conclusion
From the Paper
"People in favor of payment to student athletes inquire as to why the NCAA, many coaches, and administrators get huge amount of money and yet for the student athletes the payment is restricted to athletic scholarship. One of the supporting arguments for paying student athletes is that by paying student athletes properly the unlawful methods of payments would reduce. Another argument in favor of student athletes is that that the scholarship given to the student athletes is not enough and it does not cover all costs related to attending college."
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Nursing Implications, 2007.
A discussion on whether or not the implications of nursing pediatric patients recovering from transplant therapy differ from the implications of nursing adult and/or geriatric patients.
2,324 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explores whether or not the nursing implications change with regards to providing care to adult versus child transplant recipients. The paper looks at some of the obvious differences between children and adults but also takes time to explore the many similarities between patients of all ages. It also delves into the philosophical, possibly even moral, reservations some nursing professionals might have with treating certain patients and considers what the appropriate response should be. The paper also looks at the other "actors" - family members, even school officials - for whom the professional nurse must have proper deference and briefly considers the implications that these relationships will have upon the patients' long-term well-being.
From the Paper
"Transplant therapy for children versus transplant therapy for adults - especially older adults - is similar in the sense that both instances demand nursing professionals respect the pain and fearfulness of the subject's family. However, one can argue that any position which cleaves to the view that the two should not be treated differently is nonetheless a rather naive one. For one thing, elderly patients are not attending (or about to attend) school as are children. Because of this fact, Brosig (2006) insists that transplant teams should be in contact with school personnel so as to "optimize outcomes" via coming up with an individualized approach to facilitating the child's scholastic efforts."
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