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The League of Nations and the United Nations, 2005.
This paper discusses the participation of the U.S. in the League of Nations and the United Nations as an element of the American national interest.
1,730 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although the U. S. failed to support the League of Nations, America supported the United Nations because the supreme national interest of America was to obtain a world atmosphere in which the United States could grow its inner social values devoid of undue commotion or danger from the outside. The author points out that collective action via the United Nations instead of unilateral action was considered politically viable on key political issues. The paper concludes that the League of Nations and the United Nations disappointed hopes the following the two world wars because, in no way, can they be an autonomous political power; at best, the U.N. is a mirror image of the opposing interest of autonomous states.
Table of Contents
Introduction
America's Rejection to Support the League of Nations
The Historical Background
The Fundamental Principals that Lead to the Rejection of the League of Nations
America's Support for the United Nations
Using United Nations to Achieve the Goals of American Foreign Policy
The Fundamental Goal of Military Security
The Fundamental Goal of Political Security:
The Fundamental Goal of Stability and Welfare
The Fundamental Goal of World Order
Conclusion
From the Paper
"In the United States of America the major disagreement on both the groundwork venture and the refined Covenant of the League of Nations had been on the base that the League would function as an intrusion with the sovereignty of America and with the Monroe principle, that it concerned desertion of the traditional American policy, which had not been in favor of entrapped coalitions, and that the government did not have the power, within its Constitution, to insert such an agreement . Independence has revealed to be just so much freedom of action on the behalf of countries as is coherent with their responsibility, within international law and principles, to authorize the application of uniform independence or freedom of action by their sister countries. The League agreement had assured all States in their application of this sovereignty free from coercion by other Countries, and he who desires more is actually in search of the authorization thoughtlessly to ignore these commitments -- to refuse, for instance, the fair rulings of a properly established tribunal -- which is the German perception of independence."
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League of Nations and the United Nations, 2005.
This paper compares and contrasts the League of Nations and the United Nations.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 27.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer compares and contrasts the League of Nations and the United Nations as international organizations formed to maintain peace and international cooperation. The writer discusses the League's role in reducing international tensions and its limited effectiveness. Further, the writer discusses the complexity of the United Nations as an organization.
From the Paper
Inis L. Claude stated that 'One World' is in some respects an idea land an aspiration born of modern interpretations of ancient moral thoughts and of rational estimates of the requirements for human survival. Both the League of Nations and its successor the United Nations were created as international organizations with a vested interest in maintaining the peace, preventing war, creating a mechanism or set of mechanisms for international cooperation and diplomacy and otherwise serving as trustees of ... "
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The League of Nations, 2004.
An analysis of the aims, designs and success of the League of Nations compared to its predecessor.
5,002 words (approx. 20.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper outlines the aims and the design of the League of Nations following its establishment in 1919. It looks at the responsibility of the League of Nations and examines whether this new system of international organisation differed fundamentally from the one that had dominated the pre-war world up until that point. The paper is largely written in point form.
Table of Contents:
Section One:
Introduction And Overview
Section Two:
Executive Summary Of The Aims Of
The League Of Nations
Introduction
Aims Of The League Of Nations
Section Three:
The Aims Of The League Of Nations
Introduction
Overall Outline Of Aims
Examination Of Aims
Section Four:
Executive Summary Of The Design
Of The League Of Nations
Introduction
Design Of The League
Section Five:
The Design Of The League Of Nations
Introduction
The Overall Design
Section Six:
Executive Summary Of The Differences
Between The League Of Nations And Pre War International Organisations
Introduction
Section Seven:
The Differences Between The League Of Nations And Pre War International Organisations
Introduction
Section Eight:
Literary Review
From the Paper
"The history of the League of Nations, although being a legitimate field of study has been subject to very little revisionist literature. Even Boemeke, Feldman and Glaser offer little reassessment, regardless of the title of their work. Furthermore as Macmillan outlines "Only a handful of eccentric historians still bother to study the League of Nations" . Given this it is difficult to interpret and evaluate different schools of thought on this issue and the relative bias that such views would provide."
"During the research for this report two sources proved to be extremely useful. These were Leroy Bennett's International Organisations and Alan Sharp's The Versailles Settlement. Bennett's work focuses on the actual logistical processes involved in the League of Nations and outlines in eloquent detail the roles and responsibilities of the various organs of the League. Armstrong's From Versailles to Maastricht also achieves this."
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The League of Nations, 2004.
An analysis of the failure of the League of Nations.
2,265 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 48.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the failure of the League of Nations. The paper contends that the League failed because the major powers of the world would not support it. The paper goes further to explain that the governments of the major powers not only turned their backs and stopped listening to the League; they rejected it from the outset. The paper states that the failure of the League to accomplish their ultimate goal -the prevention of war- signalled its demise. The paper defines the League as an international experiment that was built with the best of intentions but only lasted until hostilities broke out across Europe a meagre 20 years later.
Outline
A New Authority is Born
Preventing War from 1920-1939
The Reasons of Failure
An International Experiment
References
From the Paper
"Globalization throughout the world in the last century has necessitated the creation of an international governing body. The present day's United Nations and its predecessor, The League of Nations, have fulfilled that role since the end of the First World War. Before the Great War, World War I, there was no international body and no way to resolve conflicts that led to war. The destruction of the Great War had ravaged the entire world and showed the leaders of every nation that war was not helpful to their countries, even if they were victorious. These leaders desired to form an assembly of nations that could represent the world as a whole and assure the prevention of war. Woodrow Wilson, the President of the United States in 1919, was the biggest supporter of the idea of a League of Nations and he thought that the world's problems could be resolved peacefully in a diplomatic way. "
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The League of Nations, 2002.
Examines the reasons for the the failure of the League of Nations set up in Geneva in 1920.
1,066 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The League of Nations, which lasted from 1920 to 1946, was born out American outrage over the idea that Americans were sacrificing increasing numbers of men towards making the world safe for democracy while Europeans were concerned with potential war booty. This paper traces the beginnings of the League with Woodrow Wilson's "Fourteen Points", his intentional exclusion of Russia and Germany from the League and the part the League played in causing the Second World War.
From the Paper
"Americans distrusted foreign alliances after the revelation of the secret treaties and subsequent revelations that most of the horror stories of German atrocities that encouraging America?s entry into the war had been fabricated in London. (Brinkley, p. 358.) Whether or not America?s participation in the League of Nations could have prevented World War II is a matter of speculation, but Wilson predicted the possibility as he fruitlessly campaigned for his cause. The complex issues leading to World War II were based in the harsh terms of the Treaty of Versailles that included reparations of $32 billion. The forces in Germany that had pursued policies of world domination before 1914 remained powerful and expectant; the German right denied there had been any Allied victory."
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League of Nations, 1993.
A look at its background, founding, reasons for failure, WWII, American policy, aims, major efforts and the impact on the United Nations.
3,375 words (approx. 13.5 pages), 8 sources, £ 82.95
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From the Paper
"The following is a survey of the League of Nations, the predecessor to the United Nations which was created at the Paris Peace Conference after World War I. This survey will outline what the League was, why the United States -- after originally being the driving force behind the League's creation -- ended up refusing to participate in it, what successes the League had, and why it failed in the 1930s, leading to World War II.
In the aftermath of World War I, the "war to end war," the victorious Allied leaders were deeply concerned to ensure that such a war could not happen again. Among the means considered for preventing future general wars was the formation, for the first time, of an international organization that would embody the "world community," and that would act to restrain potential future aggressors. Such organizations had been proposed before, both..."
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The National Football League (NFL) and Finance, 2003.
Examines financial issues faced by the NFL players and management.
1,247 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
Financial issues in the NFL have been problematic for the owners and players alike. Over the years, efforts have been made to resolve such areas of conflict. Inroads have been made, but the matter is far from resolved. This paper examines issues, including player?s salaries and the controversial salary caps. It also looks at ticket sales and television and licensing agreements.
From the Paper
"Ticketing has become a year round strategically focused initiative, not only due to revenue generated by tickets, but also the residual effect of attendance on the revenue derived from parking, concessions, and merchandise at the stadium. Therefore, teams that do well at the box office also do well in other areas of stadium revenue. To avoid losing seat sales and supplemental revenues, professional sports franchises are being forced to alter antiquated ticket selling practices and implement a proactive approach to selling tickets."
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Nationalism and the Founding of Nations, 2007.
A discussion of whether it is nationalism which engenders nations or the opposite.
1,990 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 14 sources, APA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
This paper argues the case in favor of the stance that nationalism engenders nations, and not the other way around. The paper points out that there has yet to be any real consensus reached among historians regarding this question. It asserts that a large proportion of this debate relies on the context in which the argument is made, i.e. the time-frame and historical references used. Furthermore, definitions of the terms "nationalism" and "nation" vary from one source to another. The paper attempts to define these key terms. The interaction between nations and nationalism is analyzed using the nationalist movement of eighteenth and nineteenth century Germany as a reference point. The paper concludes that analyzing the origins of the nationalist movement illustrates how nationalism preceded the nation.
From the Paper
"It has already been said that a nation is not something overly definitive, so how can we justify its existence? It is generally accepted that any nation of people exists because that certain group of people have something or some things in common; race, language, culture, history etc. But it is inadequate to define a nation by describing it as an entity in which all individuals share common characteristics, because there will always be exceptions to the rule. Yet, if we try to define a nation using only a single rule, e.g. the necessity of a shared culture, then we narrow it down to too fine a focus, and potentially exclude a large number of people who identify themselves as being part of that nation. Renan, for example, championed heritage and the shared "heroic past" of a people as the only required component of a nation."
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Two Nations Within a Nation, 2002.
A justification for slavery.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 6 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that slavery was good for blacks. The author explains that the moral justification to slavery used by Southerners was that there was an inherent 'inferiority' in dark-skinned peoples. This meant that 'superior' races had a legitimate right to control them as they saw fit.
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Nation - Nation State, 2002.
Defining the difference between a nation and a nation-state.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
Even though these concepts seem very similar, this paper uses contemporary examples to show the difference between a nation and a nation-state. It discusses the history of Zionism, the "Nation of Islam" quest by African-Americans, and the ongoing wars in the Balkans. It also looks at different factors taken into account when defining these concepts - religion, history and culture.
From the Paper
"Defining the difference between a nation and a nation-state can seem more like a bit of philosophical hair-splitting than a useful distinction for a political scientist to make in analyzing the present global situation. However, to better understand the assumptions that underline the terms of ?nation? and ?nation state? it is useful to unpack such concepts before passing judgement on what is a nation or a nation state in the real world of lived political existence."
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Nationalism and the Modern Nation State, 2004.
A comparison of Umut Ozkirimli?s work, entitled "Theories of Nationalism: A Critical Introduction" and Stuart J. Kaufman?s "Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War".
842 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper examines these two writers' views on nationality and concludes that, although Kaufman is more inclined to speak of ?hatreds? rather than ethnic identities, Kaufman also, like Ozkirimli, stresses the importance of understanding the emotional significance of ethnic and national identity when constructing a nation state, rather than the idea that ethnicity exists as a linear, enclosed historical trope within definable and easily recognizable boundaries;ethnicity is ?felt,? rather than historically in evidence, for both authors.
From the Paper
"The overview present in Umut Ozkirimli?s analysis is a warning not to dismiss the importance of nationalism, and also a caution not to accept certain groups? claims to nationhood wholesale and at their face value, as the concept of what constitutes ethnicity shifts and changes, depending on individual?s particular political alliances in a particular historical context. Ozkirimili?s work has a far more dispassionate tone, in contrast, to Stuart J. Kaufman?s Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Kaufman?s work, in contrast to Ozkirimli, is more stridently prescriptive in nature. However, Kaufman is also more rigorous in his use of international political theoretical frameworks to justify his suggestions to policymakers."
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Quebec Nationalism vs. Canadian Nationalism, 2006.
A discussion on why nationalism is stronger in Quebec than it is in the rest of Canada.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
It is very clear that nationalism is stronger in Quebec than it is in the rest of Canada. While Quebec remains a province of federal Canada, the question of seceding from Canada and becoming an independent country is never far from the agenda of most politicians in Quebec, and generates immense patriotic fervor throughout Quebec. This factor makes Quebec entirely different from other Canadian provinces. For example, we never hear talk of British Columbia seceding from Canada and becoming the Republic of British Columbia. In order to understand this peculiar situation, this paper investigates Canada's past and, specifically, the history of Quebec with Canada.
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The Philosophy of the United Nations, 2004.
Discusses the ineffectiveness of the United Nations and its anti-American philosophy.
4,358 words (approx. 17.4 pages), 20 sources, MLA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the United Nation's need to change or risk being a useless organization. It looks at how the basic philosophy of the United Nations is anti-American and how the United Nations is biased toward the countries that are anti-communist. In addition, the link between rogue states, terrorism, and terrorist leaders with the United Nations is discussed, showing that the United Nations supports terrorists in some ways. The fact that the United Nations has failed to prevent and has provoked more than one hundred wars throughout the world since its inception is also shown in the report. This report also looks at the United Nations charter and how it misleads one to believe that it is advocating peace when, in fact, it is a blueprint for war. A final subject examined by this report is the different actions that can be taken to improve the idea of the United Nations, as well as the organization as a whole.
The UN Was Founded by Communists
The UN?s Basic Anti-American Philosophy
All General Secretaries of the UN Have Been Socialist One-Worlders
The United Nations Supports Terrorists
The United Nations Does Not Settle Disputes
The United Nations is Really a War Organization
Proposal
Changing from the Charter Up
Reforming the Security Council
Noble Efforts, Futile Actions
A United Nations to Serve ALL not ONE
End Terrorist Ties
From the Paper
"Here is a trivia question. Are the following events promoting peace and freedom? The year is 1961 in Belgium?s former colony in Africa known as the Belgian Congo. Belgium had granted independence to its colony. A Moscow-trained communist named Patrice Lumumba Gained control of the newly formed government. Lumumba and his communist allies immediately began a brutal consolidation of power. In response, Moise Tshombe, the pro-Western, anti-communist black leader of the Congo?s province of Katanga, seceded and declared his region an independent nation."
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The United Nations and the Restoration of Democracy, 2003.
A critical analysis of the United Nations' 1994 intervention in Haiti to restore Jean Claude Aristide to power.
5,869 words (approx. 23.5 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 97.95
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Abstract
This paper provides an inquiry into the unique United Nations? intervention in Haiti. After a brief introduction to Haiti?s history and violent politics the paper focuses on the events leading up to the United Nations? intervention. The events comprising of the UN-monitored elections in 1990 leading to the installation of Jean- Bertrand Aristide as President, his overthrow and exile in a military coup, economic sanctions and naval blockade of Haiti and finally approval of the UN Security Council, for the first time, for forcible intervention to change the Government is briefly discussed. The paper focuses, in particular, on the decision making process in the United Nations Security Council. The lessons learned from the Haiti action are analyzed and conclusions are drawn regarding pointers to the future role of the UN in Peacekeeping and Nation Building.
Questions Discussed in the Paper:
What prompted the United Nations Security Council to sanction force for the restoration of democracy?
Was international peace and security so threatened by Haiti?s military government that the United Nations felt compelled to intervene?
Did the United Nations exceed its mandate?
Has democracy become such a widely accepted international norm that the United Nations has a right to restore it when a legally elected regime is forcibly overthrown?
If so, why only Haiti?
Did the United Nations allow the USA to use the Security Council to pursue its own regional purposes?
What role did the regional and other powers play in the build up to the intervention?
Has the concept of sovereignty been eroded by the actions of the UN Security Council in the 90s?
What are the consequences and lessons learned from the UN intervention in Haiti?
Does the United Nations have the wherewithal and resolve to sustain such interventions on a regular basis?
From the Paper
"Aristide ,who was attempting many revolutionary reforms which alienated the elite, was overthrown in a military coup d?etat in September 1991. While Aristide went into exile, members of his movement were subjected to executions, oppression and grave violations of human rights. The Organisation of American States imposed a trade embargo on Haiti. By February 1992 about sixteen thousand refugees fleeing Haiti had already arrived in Florida. In 1992 an OAS mediated accord to create a government of consensus failed. Meanwhile the US President signed an order stating that all boat people attempting to enter USA from Haiti would be sent back without determining whether they had legitimate claims for asylum."
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