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Zipf's Law and Benford's Law, 2007.
An analysis of the mathematical significance and applications of Zipf's Law and Benford's Law.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses both Zipf's Law and Benford's Law. It describes the theories of each law in detail and discusses how they can be applied to various situations. It describes Zipf's Law as not a theoretical law, but rather an experimental law. The paper then discusses the significance of these two laws to the field of mathematics.
From the Paper
"However, there is some lack of precision where this is concerned. Most items have to occur a number of times that is actually an integer (Li, n.d.). In other words, a word that is seen within a document cannot appear in that document 2.5 number of times. It either must appear, in this example, 2 times or three times, since there cannot be an area of the document where only 1/2 of the word appears. Despite the fact that there is some variation and lack of precision, however, when wide ranges are examined and one only desires to have a relatively close approximation, many of the natural phenomena that are seen in this world do obey Zipf's law (Li, n.d.). This is seen to hold true as long as the individual examining the issue is not looking for scientific precision and will accept the slight variation that is seen."
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American Law and Jewish Law, 2003.
Discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha).
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha) in terms of change, obedience and morality. It discusses each legal systems' approach to obeying the law, law and change, and the nexus between law and morality.
From the Paper
"In discussing the idea of law legal scholar Dennis Lloyd stated that contemporary law in Western society is very much the product of influences emanating from the ancient Greeks and Hebrews who individually brought a ..."
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Case Law and Statute Law, 2005.
A theoretical comparison of these two sources of English law.
834 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to define the differences between England's common and statute laws. It looks at how the laws are formed as well as their fundamental purpose. It examines how statute is interpreted and acted upon by the courts and how it follows that precedents are formed as new cases arise. It also demonstrates how over time, statute will become part of common law as judges follow previous decisions in new cases where applicable.
From the Paper
"For political bills or proposals to become statute, that is to become Acts of Parliament, they must first be debated in the House of Commons (this is made up of elected representatives of the wider public, Members of Parliament or MPs). However, this is just the start if the process: the proposed legislation must then be accepted by MPs by way of a successful vote and further ratified by acceptance in the House of Lords. The House of Lords is the supreme court in Britain and may refuse to pass the law; but a bill can be forced through using the Parliament Act if such action is deemed necessary for Parliament to fulfil its obligation to make laws in the best interests of the nation. "
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Social Law and Statutory Law, 2006.
An overview of the juvenile justice system in the U.S. and how it deals with juvenile delinquency.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the juvenile justice system in the United States, explaining the reasons why it is separated from the regular crime system and how it is influenced by the political and social conditions of the state. Particular attention is paid to the juvenile justice system in California and how the system has increasingly focused on incarceration rather than rehabilitation. Finally, the paper discusses evidence indicating that mental health services at an early age are highly effective in treating potential juvenile offenders and turning them away from a life of crime.
From the Paper
"The main object of separating the juvenile justice system from the regular crime system had been on the assumption that minors were different from adults in their ability to make decisions and understand consequences, "The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveniles who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults" (Roberts, 2005). It was observed that the younger the offender, the more likely that a repeat offense would be stopped and a change in behavior would be observed. It was, therefore, thought that youngsters should be given the benefit of the doubt and should not be treated as adult offenders."
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Competency to Stand Trial in American Law and New York Law, 2000.
A brief look at the notion of competency or fitness to stand trial, as the notion has been shaped and changed since the 1960s.
2,235 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 14 sources, £ 48.95
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From the Paper
"The history of the doctrine of competency to stand trial arose in English common law out of a concern for fairness in the trial of accused persons who, if found guilty of criminal charges, would suffer deprivations of liberty and other penalties. One of the earliest United States Supreme Court cases (Dusky v. United States,1960) determined that a defendant's competency to stand trial depended on "whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding" and "whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him"."
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Business Law - Issues in Contact and Agency Law, 2008.
The paper discusses the legal issues arising from interpretations of Contract law and Agency law.
1,542 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer describes the case of an individual who entered into two separate legal situations, one contractual and the other relating to Agency law. The writer relates the difficulties that arose during the course of these transactions and of the legal action taken by the individual to gain compensation for alleged losses. The author examines the history of the two disputes and the legal differences between the two cases.
From the Paper
"In Jose's mind, he had accepted the Winnebago owner's final offer to sell the Winnebago for $25,000. According to the Winnebago owner, his original offer was to sell the vehicle for $30,000. When Jose offered $20,000 instead, that was a counteroffer which he rejected immediately. The Winnebago owner had then made a new offer to sell the vehicle to Jose for $25,000 which Jose never accepted, because when Jose responded "OK. If you change your mind, please call me," that was a rejection of his last offer. As of that rejection, the parties no longer had any outstanding offers or counteroffers on the table any longer except for the seller's original published offer of $30,000. Unfortunately for Jose, the lawyer he consulted confirmed the Winnebago owner's point of view and advised Jose to forget about any claim against him for breach of contract (Halbert, 24)."
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Nuremberg Laws vs. Jim Crow Laws, 2008.
A comparison of the practical differences between the Nuremberg Laws in Germany and the Jim Crow Laws in the United States and the racism upon which each of these legal systems was based.
8,467 words (approx. 33.9 pages), 46 sources, APA, £ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Nuremberg Laws in Germany with the Jim Crow Laws in the United States. It discusses each of these areas of racial regulation in turn and then further examines the subtle distinctions and clear practical differences between the dangerous racism upon which each of these legal systems was based. The paper includes APA style footnotes but does not include a bibliography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Jim Crow Laws in the United States and Nuremberg Laws in Germany
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Similarities in Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws' Regulation of Interracial Relationships and Underlying Legislative Intent
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Contrast within in the Nuremberg and Jim Crow Laws on Interracial Relationships
Segregation in Education: Further Parallels in the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
Segregation in Education: Contrasting Aspects of the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: Similar Laws and Practices Causing "Civil Death" of African-Americans in the United States and Jews in Nazi Germany
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: The Final Solution and the Purely Aryan State, and Further Examples of Where Nuremberg and Jim Crow Differ
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This huge disparity can be best explained by referring back to one of the most predominant differences in the purposes of the racially hierarchical systems in place in each country. The Jim Crow laws were passed because Southern state lawmakers were struggling to protect and preserve the white supremacy that they had always lived with, and prevent African-American advancement as a necessary part of this objective. Yet in Germany, the Nazi party's goal was always the total extermination of all undesirables, including Jews, and the legislative deprivation of citizenship was at least in some respects merely a means to that end. Finally, to go along with this fundamental difference, there is one last similarity between the racial laws of these countries: the painful memories of both the Holocaust and the Jim Crow era, and all of the violations of rights, liberties and freedoms that comprised both of these experiences, are certainly still fresh in the recollection of all nations involved, and are still highly prominent historical issues today even as those who lived through these events are increasingly no longer with us."
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Local Law Enforcement of Immigration Laws, 2006.
A discussion regarding the controversial topic of illegal immigration.
1,228 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper takes a look at the problem of illegal immigration into the USA. According to the paper, recent attempts to address the issue through local enforcement may have unsuspecting consequences and a negative impact on the Latino communities.
From the Paper
"According to critics, the Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 led to the legalization of vast numbers of undocumented immigrants as a means of reducing unsanctioned immigration, however its main effect was to reinforce and expand established cross-border migration networks and create a thriving business in fraudulent documents (Nevins). These unintended consequences laid the foundation for the anti-immigration backlash that eventually emerged during the 1990's, partially due to political and bureaucratic entrepreneurs who sparked public sentiment by focusing on the border as both the source of the problem and the site of policy solution (Nevins). Others argue that the backlash was not merely against illegal immigrants, but was rather directed against immigrants in general, particularly "the nonwhite, non-English speaking, and the relatively poor" (Nevins). These concerns resulted in a declaration of "war" against unauthorized immigrants which led to a short-term shift in INS (Immigration and Naturalization Service) policing tactics along the Mexico-U.S. border and to the massive infusion of enforcement-related resources, such as California's Operation Gatekeeper (Nevins). "
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Common Law, 2005.
An analysis of the differences between common law and equity law.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses common law and explains its interpretations and many applications. The paper examines the history of the development of common law, and explores its connection to and the differences between equity law. The paper further details common law and explains it as an adversarial judiciary system of laws. The paper continues by explaining equity law and its origins. The paper concludes that in 1873 courts of law and equity were united in England. In the United States, courts of equity also developed, however there was no distinct separation between courts of law and equity in the federal system.
Outline:
Introduction
What is Common Law?
What is Equity Law?
Differences between Common Law and Equity Law
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The common law is made out of the dust of conflict - the Judges will have their feelings powerfully evoked on behalf of the various dramatis personae. They will experience emotions from appreciation to indignation and from approval to disapproval. It is only against that vivid background that the rationales for the decisions of cases are created. Common Law Judges do not often sail into the oceans of abstraction."
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Consumer Laws in the United Kingdom, 2002.
This paper uses a case study to examine United Kingdom Consumer Laws and Consumer criminal laws. The laws are meant to protect consumers against defective and unsafe products and services.
16,682 words (approx. 66.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 172.95
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Abstract
United Kingdom Consumer Laws and Consumer criminal Laws are meant to protect consumers against defective and unsafe products and services. They can be invoked if a consumer feels he was taken for a ride and given product or service, which did not meet his needs or was faulty in any sense. We need to understand that certain conditions apply when these laws are made use of to bring charges against a trader. For example, the nature of product or service doesn't count at all but the length of use; special seller instructions, representation of a product etc. play a dominant role in determining the exact nature of breach of contract between the seller and the consumer.
Proposal-Introduction
Executive Summary
-------Rights and Liabilities-Used car
-------Rights and Liabilities-Seat cover
-------Rights and Liabilities- Cell batteries
-------Rights and Liabilities-Re-roofing
-------Rights and liabilities-Dogs
Conclusions/Recommendations
From the Paper
"Eleanor and Nicos needed to purchase a second-hand car and visited Solid Cars for this purpose. There they found a Range Rover, which was being offered for ?2,000. The salesman informed them the original engine of the Rover had been replaced with a reconditioned engine. After initial discussions with the salesman, they agreed to purchase the vehicle through their debit card. The salesman however told them few things, which later proved to be incorrect and caused them several problems during test-drive."
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Megan's Law in Hawaii, 2002.
This paper reviews the history of Hawaii?s Megan?s Law, laws aimed at people convicted of sex-related crimes that require community notification of the release of offenders and the establishment of a registry of offenders.
1,250 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Hawaii's laws regarding sexual offenders have nothing in particular unique about them as they are modeled on successful laws passed in other States, including California, Pennsylvania and New Jersey. The paper states that the Hawaii?s Supreme Court struck down Megan?s Law, as enacted by the State of Hawaii, on November, 21 2001, because they ruled that it violated due process, right to privacy and equal protection under the law. The author believes that Hawaii made an error in its original version of Megan?s Law when it did not contain provisions for allowing convicted sex offenders out of the requirements of registering in a meaningful amount of time.
Table of Contents
History of Registering Sex Offenders in Hawaii
Registering Sex Offenders and Public Access
Known Problems with Offenders Not Registering
Problems with Offenders Housing
Legal Statues
Unique Provisions of the Law
Current Stats
Where does Megan?s Law Stand in Hawaii / Opposition to the Law
Conclusions
From the Paper
"The State maintains a database that citizens can access from any county police station headquarters in their area. The database contains information on all those convicted of any crimes, as well as sex crimes. The weak point of the database seems to be that if your sexual crime was not committed in Hawaii, there seems no provision for accessing information about the person or the crime. The computers are accessible during normal business hours Monday through Friday. The State used to have a website that could be accessed but because Megan?s Law, as it was written by the Legislature in Hawaii, was struck down by the Hawaiian Supreme Court that web site has go off line. The Legislature has sense rewritten the law. According to the State?s official governmental website you can still access the information on line but when you click on the link you go to a page that says it is still under construction."
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Megan's Law, 2002.
A paper which analyzes the issues surrounding Megan's Law, a reform in the law regarding sexual offenders.
1,054 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how law is a powerful cornerstone of society, establishing both an orderly set of rules and regulations as well as serving as an impetus for social change. Over the past few decades, the law has brought many advances in society, from preserving a woman?s right to choose an abortion (Roe v. Wade), ordering public schools to desegregate (Brown v. Board of Education), and from increasing awareness regarding sexual offenders. The paper shows, however, before these social changes could occur and laws could be enacted, a tragic event (such as a murder, racial tensions, etc.) frequently had to occur. In the case of Megan?s law, a little girl had to be violently raped and murdered before legislators decided to reform the laws concerning sexual offenders. This paper analyzes and examines the multitude of issues related to Megan?s Law. Part II provides an overview of Megan?s Law. In Part III, the pros and cons of sex offender registration and public notification are outlined and evaluated. Lastly, this paper concludes with recommendations for improving Megan?s Law.
From the Paper
"While there are numerous advantages to Megan?s Law, there are disadvantages as well. Critics of Megan?s Law call it a ?modern-day scarlet letter,? a probation that in effect never ends. (Pitts). As such, Megan?s Law arguably contradicts the notion that after an individual has paid his/her debt to society, he/she is entitled to a second chance without fear of vigilantism. (Pitts, BBC). Opponents of Megan?s Law argue that it is not highly effective, especially given that only 80% of pedophiles comply with registration requirements in the United States, compared with 97% in the United Kingdom. (BBC). Additionally, opponents of Megan?s Law point out that most cases of child abuse occur within the family, and suggest that victims may remain silent if they believe a family member will be denounced. (BBC)."
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Contract and Tort Law, 2005.
A discussion regarding the legalities involved in Contract Law and Tort Law.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the differences between tort law and contract law, and how they impact on the individual and/or organization. According to this paper, taking legal action based on tort law and contract law, is not simple. One has to taken the issues involved into very careful consideration. This paper reviews the issues and the necessary steps to be taken.
From the Paper
"Tort law and contract law specifically impact individuals or organizations that believe that they have encountered others who have negatively impacted them in an intentional manner. Yet, the determination of finding legal recourse through tort law or contract law requires specific attention to the actions that have occurred, as well as whether or not those actions may encompass both areas of law in relation to the individual. Contract law is, by definition, an agreement between two parties in which both are willing to enter into a binding mutual exchange where both entities benefit. The contract states what the parties are willing to exchange and generally provides all of the stipulations of that agreement in documented or verbal form (Rowley). The documentation or verbal agreement allows the parties to have proof of their intentions, and should those intentions not be met either party has a legal recourse through lawsuit as necessary."
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Criminal Law Summary, 2006.
Discusses a criminal law Public Law 104-132.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a criminal law, Public Law 104-132, that created disadvantage for the prosecution by preventing it from convicting a known terrorist supporter. The paper summarizes an article in Time magazine surrounding the case and provides an opinion as to what the law's weaknesses are and how the law should be addressed.
From the Paper
"The nation's laws are intended to bring the guilty to justice and preserve the freedoms of the innocent. However the laws do not always accomplish these goals effectively. Some laws are so poorly constructed that they provide ..."
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