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DNA Technology Law and Public Policy, 2004.
A discussion of how the technologies of DNA science have revolutionized modern criminal law and medical research.
1,064 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper first provides background and historical information on DNA research and technology. The paper then discusses how this technology can be applied to modern law enforcement and the private and public policy issues that the collection of DNA information has given rise to. Finally, the paper takes a look at the future implications of this technology and the way it will revolutionize medicine and our understanding of genetic diseases.
From the Paper
"It was realized almost immediately, that blood typing had potential value for criminal identification investigations, paternity confirmation and exclusion, and other evidentiary purposes, because they were dictated by Mendel?s Laws of Inheritance. By the 1960s?, researchers had identified many other more subtle factors than surface antigens, enabling them to differentiate blood samples by virtue of specific enzymes and serum proteins that conferred much greater accuracy to the determinations (or exclusions) of identity revealed through blood studies."
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Law Enforcement Policies Regarding Juvenile Gangs, 2006.
An analysis of the effectiveness of law enforcement policies regarding juvenile gangs in the United States.
3,500 words (approx. 14.0 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the need for effective law enforcement policies in the U.S. regarding juvenile gangs rather than the present policies which have arisen out of research that has been sensationalized or misinterpreted to the point that it is meaningless for law enforcement agencies or policymakers to use in formulating effective interventions or other relevant programs. The paper proposes that policies for dealing with juvenile gangs should be guided by questions looking at the reality of the juvenile gang problem in the United States today, the incidence of violence associated with gang memberships and the impact the definition of "juvenile" has on gang members who enter the juvenile justice system in the U.S. Additionally, the paper asserts that development of policies on juvenile gangs must be guided by questions looking at which law enforcement programs and community initiatives have proven effective in reducing the incidence of gang membership and violence in inner cities and whether or not juveniles can be prevented from joining gangs in the first place. The study proposes to use an action research methodology to answer the questions raised in the paper.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Historical Perspective
Statement of the Problem
Proposed Future Direction
Summary
From the Paper
"This renewed interest in juvenile justice policy generally and in highly punitive interventive measures specifically has taken place in spite of a growing body of research that indicates the incidence for most types of juvenile offending have remained relatively stable over the past 20 years; in fact, the majority of crimes that are committed by juvenile offenders are property offenses such as theft and vandalism rather than violent personal crimes. According to Wolcott, the rates of property offenses decreased during the period 1974 and 1984, but increased slowly between 1985 and 1991 (these rates still did not reach the 1974 levels, though). This author reports that property crime arrest rates have actually remained constant since 1992, but juveniles were responsible for 20 percent to 25 percent of all property offenses committed in the United States annually between 1981 and 1995 (U.S. Department of Justice, 1996)."
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Zipf's Law and Benford's Law, 2007.
An analysis of the mathematical significance and applications of Zipf's Law and Benford's Law.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses both Zipf's Law and Benford's Law. It describes the theories of each law in detail and discusses how they can be applied to various situations. It describes Zipf's Law as not a theoretical law, but rather an experimental law. The paper then discusses the significance of these two laws to the field of mathematics.
From the Paper
"However, there is some lack of precision where this is concerned. Most items have to occur a number of times that is actually an integer (Li, n.d.). In other words, a word that is seen within a document cannot appear in that document 2.5 number of times. It either must appear, in this example, 2 times or three times, since there cannot be an area of the document where only 1/2 of the word appears. Despite the fact that there is some variation and lack of precision, however, when wide ranges are examined and one only desires to have a relatively close approximation, many of the natural phenomena that are seen in this world do obey Zipf's law (Li, n.d.). This is seen to hold true as long as the individual examining the issue is not looking for scientific precision and will accept the slight variation that is seen."
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American Law and Jewish Law, 2003.
Discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha).
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha) in terms of change, obedience and morality. It discusses each legal systems' approach to obeying the law, law and change, and the nexus between law and morality.
From the Paper
"In discussing the idea of law legal scholar Dennis Lloyd stated that contemporary law in Western society is very much the product of influences emanating from the ancient Greeks and Hebrews who individually brought a ..."
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Case Law and Statute Law, 2005.
A theoretical comparison of these two sources of English law.
834 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to define the differences between England's common and statute laws. It looks at how the laws are formed as well as their fundamental purpose. It examines how statute is interpreted and acted upon by the courts and how it follows that precedents are formed as new cases arise. It also demonstrates how over time, statute will become part of common law as judges follow previous decisions in new cases where applicable.
From the Paper
"For political bills or proposals to become statute, that is to become Acts of Parliament, they must first be debated in the House of Commons (this is made up of elected representatives of the wider public, Members of Parliament or MPs). However, this is just the start if the process: the proposed legislation must then be accepted by MPs by way of a successful vote and further ratified by acceptance in the House of Lords. The House of Lords is the supreme court in Britain and may refuse to pass the law; but a bill can be forced through using the Parliament Act if such action is deemed necessary for Parliament to fulfil its obligation to make laws in the best interests of the nation. "
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Competency to Stand Trial in American Law and New York Law, 2000.
A brief look at the notion of competency or fitness to stand trial, as the notion has been shaped and changed since the 1960s.
2,235 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 14 sources, £ 48.95
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From the Paper
"The history of the doctrine of competency to stand trial arose in English common law out of a concern for fairness in the trial of accused persons who, if found guilty of criminal charges, would suffer deprivations of liberty and other penalties. One of the earliest United States Supreme Court cases (Dusky v. United States,1960) determined that a defendant's competency to stand trial depended on "whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding" and "whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him"."
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Social Law and Statutory Law, 2006.
An overview of the juvenile justice system in the U.S. and how it deals with juvenile delinquency.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the juvenile justice system in the United States, explaining the reasons why it is separated from the regular crime system and how it is influenced by the political and social conditions of the state. Particular attention is paid to the juvenile justice system in California and how the system has increasingly focused on incarceration rather than rehabilitation. Finally, the paper discusses evidence indicating that mental health services at an early age are highly effective in treating potential juvenile offenders and turning them away from a life of crime.
From the Paper
"The main object of separating the juvenile justice system from the regular crime system had been on the assumption that minors were different from adults in their ability to make decisions and understand consequences, "The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveniles who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults" (Roberts, 2005). It was observed that the younger the offender, the more likely that a repeat offense would be stopped and a change in behavior would be observed. It was, therefore, thought that youngsters should be given the benefit of the doubt and should not be treated as adult offenders."
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Child Abuse And Policy, 2004.
A look at the legal definition of child abuse and child neglect according to California law as well as California's policy on child abuse.
1,130 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the California law regarding child abuse, child abuse statistics, the foster care system, returning children to abusive homes, alternatives, removing children permanently form the home, and the effects in later life of abuse in childhood. The paper also makes a recommendation of how abused children should be treated.
From the Paper
"Under California law, child abuse or neglect includes physical injury inflicted by other than accidental means upon a child by another person, sexual abuse, neglect, wilful cruelty or unjustifiable punishment, unlawful corporal punishment or injury and is against the law. Neglect means the negligent treatment or the mistreatment of a child by a person responsible for the child's welfare, severe neglect means the negligent failure of a person having the care of custody of a child ,to protect the child from severe malnutrition or medically diagnosed..."
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Juvenile Drug Policy, 2004.
This paper discusses the United States juvenile drug policy, focusing on treatment, prevention, policies, and laws in dealing with the modern plague of marijuana, heroin, opium, and hashish.
3,940 words (approx. 15.8 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 74.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that the first groups of states to have marijuana laws were the Rocky Mountain and Southwestern states, which included Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, and Montana. The author points out that the strength of the U.S. policies is that they have requested all institutions, such as schools and universities, to implement these policies on a large scale. The paper stresses that it is the social responsibility of every member of the society to participate in the battle against drugs and to eliminate this problem.
From the Paper
"Young children who are involved in drug use tend to drop out from school leading to illiteracy and unemployment. Young adults participate in criminal activity such as violence, vandalism, sexual abuse and delinquencies. The usage of illicit drugs not only results in the destruction of mind and society but also in the destruction of health. Drugs usage leads to multiple-deleterious health outcomes such as sexually transmitted diseases, human immunodeficiency virus, viral hepatitis, and numerous social problems among adolescents and adults. If the usage of drugs continues to increase than the outcome on the society would be full of savages and criminals. Crimes committed by young people would increase magnificently. Dropout rates will increase resulting in unemployment, which in turn would result in theft, pick pocketing, burglaries, and sexual abuses."
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Drug Abuse and Law Enforcement, 2006.
An essay reporting on the drug abuse epidemic in the United States and current law enforcement policies.
1,766 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the problem of drug abuse in America, claiming it has reached epidemic proportions. The paper discusses previous policies for reducing or eliminating the drug problem in America, their ineffectiveness and why they were ineffective. The paper also discusses current drug policies, explaining that they are far more effective than past policies but that there is still much to be done in order to rid the country of the devastating societal problem. In particular, the paper focuses on the drug policies of former New York City mayor, Rudolph Giuliani, and how effective they have been in reducing New York's drug problem and suggests that these are policies that the entire nation should be implementing as well.
From the Paper
"Drug abuse is major epidemic in the United States. The supply is plentiful, and the demand high. Drug abuse leads to crime. An addict needs money from somewhere, and crime is often the only answer. Over the past ten years, large efforts have been made by law enforcement agencies to reduce the demand for drugs. Previously, most law enforcement agencies were trying to reduce the supply of drugs into this country. However, by ignoring demand, they ignored one of the basic rules of economics in our society, if there is a demand for a product someone will supply it, regardless of the legality of the product. These efforts, therefore, failed miserably."
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Anti-Trust, Mergers and Competition Policy, 2005.
An overview of anti-trust legislation, public policies and the need for national champions.
6,388 words (approx. 25.6 pages), 18 sources, APA, £ 102.95
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Abstract
Is the current body of U.S. anti-trust law good public policy? This paper describes the roots and the current status of antitrust legislation in the U.S. with special mentioning of the Puerto Rican situation. It also covers the economic reasoning of antitrust in the light of per se unfair practices and business justification. Then, it moves on to give an overview of international antitrust regimes, namely EU, Germany, China and Brazil. It then discusses the call for loosening the law to create national champions that can compete on an international level.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
History of Antitrust Law
Public Policy Goals of Antitrust Legislation
Overview of The Economics of Antitrust
The Law: Per Se Deceptive and Unfair Business Practices and "Rule of Reason
Agencies
Consequences
International Perspective
Public Policy Discussion: The Need for National Champions?
From the Paper
"In a concentrated market, with only a few firms, the danger is that they may find it easier to lessen competition by colluding. For example, they may agree on the prices they will charge consumers. The collusion could be in (i) an explicit agreement, or in a more subtle form known as (ii) tacit coordination or coordinated interaction . Accordingly, some cases are easier than others. The courts decided many years ago that certain practices, such as price fixing, are so inherently harmful to consumers that a detailed examination is not necessary to determine whether they are reasonable. The law presumes that they are violations - so-called per se violations - and condemns them almost automatically. Other practices demand closer scrutiny based on principles that the courts and antitrust agencies have developed. These cases are examined under a "rule of reason" analysis."
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The Major Defense Spending Policy, 2002.
An overview of the Major Defense Spending policy considered by the U.S. government.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 11 sources, £ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the Major Defense Spending policy considered by the 106th Congress of the US Government and the outcomes in terms of congressional votes, resolutions, and laws on that policy issue.
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School Policy Analysis, 2007.
A policy analysis and review of three schools in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
1,106 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This work summarized three Milwaukee Public Schools policies. The paper specifies the purpose of the policy, specific elements delineated in the policy addressing its purpose, the statutory case law or other legal authorities supporting the policy, and the date of the adoption of the policy or the most recent policy revision. Finally this work discusses the ways in which these three policies are similar or different. The three policies under review in this work are the following: (1) school building administration; (2) fiscal management and budget control and (3) support services: emergency plans and emergency health and accident procedure.
Outline:
Objective
Focus of Research
Policy Review One - General School Administration 2.05 - Administrative Procedures of Milwaukee Public Schools
Fiscal Management: Budget Control - 3.02 of the Milwaukee School Administration Policy Guide
Support Services 4.01(1) Emergency Plans and Emergency Health and Accident Procedures Administration Procedures - Milwaukee Public Schools
Discussion
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"The Department of Finance has the responsibility of ensuring that the file is an accurate reflection of Board decisions. In the area of Human Resources, the responsibility exist of ensuring that the "authorized positions are staffed in such a manner that the control limits of the position are not exceeded in terms of either the numbers of individuals assigned to the position or the salary range established specifically for that position. Student Transportation, Employee Benefits, District Insurances are all subject to period analysis in providing status of account reports as well as documenting in differential data in the expenditures that were approved in the budget allocations and the actual amount of expenditures."
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The Role of Government in Policy-Making, 2008.
This paper looks at public policy and discusses the role of the US government in policy making.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that, in the US, the public policy process essentially begins with a bill, or proposed law, being introduced for consideration into both chambers of Congress, which is comprised of the US Senate and House of Representatives. The writer then explains that public policy is shaped by the federal judiciary system in one of two ways. The first way is through statutory construction, in which courts interpret the definitions of laws and administrative regulations. Congress can overturn a Supreme Court decision involving statutory construction with which it disagrees. The second way is through judicial review, in which courts decide whether any law or administrative action passed by either Congress or certain state legislatures is in violation of the US Constitution. The writer concludes that the role the court system has played in shaping policies that affect the American Civil Liberties Union is that it continually passes judgment on the various cases brought to it by the organization on behalf of various underprivileged individuals.
From the Paper
"These laws and decisions influence the organization's decision-making operations by helping it to narrow down the types of social and political issues it would be interested in tackling. Such issues include those pertaining to free speech, the death penalty, disability rights, drug policy, HIV/AIDS, immigrant rights, prisoners' rights, lesbian and gay rights, privacy and technology, rights of the poor, police practices, racial justice, reproductive freedom and women's rights among various others. In its everyday activities these laws help ACLU to choose the specific types of court cases and lobbying efforts relevant to the various issues it is specifically known to deal with. Currently the ACLU handles up to 6,000 cases per year with 100 of its own staff attorneys and 2000 volunteer attorneys."
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