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Law and Economics, 2007.
An analysis of how law and economics relate to property and liability, as seen in the cases of "Miller et al. v. Schoene" and "Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co".
1,069 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the cases of "Miller et al. v. Schoene" (1928) and "Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co" (1970), which both touch upon similar issues in law and economics related to property and liability. The paper argues, in comparing and contrasting the rulings in the two cases, that in evaluating real world circumstances and cases the law does not reflect pure economic analysis of these questions. It suggests that the law has tended to treat negative externalities by a liability rule as opposed to a property rule.
From the Paper
"In this analysis, we can see that the court in the case of Boomer v. Atlantic Cement Co. generally followed the trend of courts and has "been reluctant to go beyond the requirement that damages be paid". In this regard, the court was restricting itself to issues of liability and not delving into the more complex economic issues in judging the costs of air pollution against damages to the community. Indeed, as Ronald Coase observes, purely economic considerations and analyses of cases before courts often does not impact court rulings: "it has to be remembered that the immediate question faced by the courts is not what shall be done by whom but who has the legal right to do what". As another critic notes, the issues of cost interdependence in ruling between property owners in such cases is often "a technical-economic interdependence not a legal one"."
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The Law of Thermodynamic Economics, 2007.
An analysis of the relationship between thermodynamics and neo-classical economics.
1,146 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses unsustainable consumption patterns and the laws of thermodynamics. It discusses the relationship between thermodynamics and the study of neo-classical economics and free-market society and its importance in the current economic model. Finally, the paper examines why ecological economics is antithetical to neo-classical economists and free market advocates and then discusses the need for further research on the topic.
Table of Contents:
Overview
Thermodynamics in Economics
Current Importance
Objections
Further Research
From the Paper
"The first law of thermodynamics is the law of conservation and this law is critical in the establishment of sustainable consumption patterns within a free-market economy that rejects all forms of constraints (Lawn pars.2-5). Although this law states that energy cannot be destroyed or created it illustrates that materials that result in energy can be depleted through transformation processes that result in forms of energy that cannot be harvested in an economic sense. Entropy is essentially the second law of thermodynamics and as such is central to thermodynamics as it is applied to ecological economics. Entropy is the concept in ecological economics that describes the state of potential energy as being less than the initial energy contained within an item or unit (Finch & McMaster 135). It describes the necessity of continually introducing new energy into economic activity to produce ever greater results or outcomes at the risk of economic shutdown."
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Law and Economics and Zoning, 2006.
An examination of zoning and how it affects economics.
2,111 words (approx. 8.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the economic perception of zoning as somehow infringing on the rights of property owners and indirectly interfering with the free market. It explains that some researchers disagree with this perception and say that the primary criticisms directed towards zoning are that zoning is unfair to some property owners to a greater degree than others and therefore inherently biased, and that zoning adds unnecessary and often excessive transaction costs that in effect are economic externals. The writer notes that not having any controls on the economic development of a region would result in commercial activity being developed in or near residential neighborhoods that would negatively impact housing values of all the surrounding neighborhoods. The writer believes that zoning is in itself useful and necessary but there should be a bargaining element introduced that removes sole decisive power from the municipality to one degree or another. The writer concludes that currently there is no alternative to any zoning decision made by municipalities and this is not necessarily good either.
From the Paper
"Many economists consider zoning a response to population growth and specifically urban sprawl in that zoning can be considered a solution to these problems relative to land use issues. Zoning is essentially an extension of political control over the development process within communities. Political controls over land use manifested through zoning laws are in place in every province of Canada and, in many cases, rationalized through environmental reasons or, conversely, are used to indicate that public utilities or services do not have the ability to service additional development in a given area."
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Economic Analysis of Law, 2002.
Examines the concept of the economic analysis of law, beginning with the writings of economist Jeremy Bentham.
2,153 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
The field of economic analysis of law is said to have begun with Jeremy Bentham who systematically examined how actors would behave in the face of legal incentives and who evaluated outcomes with respect to a clearly stated measure of social welfare (utilitarianism). This paper examines economic analysis of law seeks to answer two basic questions about legal rules. Namely, what are the effects of legal rules on the behavior of relevant actors? And are these effects of legal rules socially desirable? In answering these positive and normative questions, the approach employed in economic analysis of law is that used in economic analysis generally. The behavior of individuals and firms is described assuming that they are forward looking and rational and the framework of welfare economics is adopted to assess social desirability.
From the Paper
"But no matter how careful we might be considering the economic analysis of the situation there can be no presupposition of a truth vis-?-vis utilitarian ethics. If we consider that utilitarianism takes well being as the only goal for human activity, then we must identify it with happiness or desire-fulfillment. Instead, a theory of justice and rights ought to be considered important in its own right within economic ethics. Market-wise, whatever is in vogue is what will be implemented."
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"Risks & Wrongs" by Jules Coleman & "Economic Analysis of Law by Richard Posner, 1996.
Compares books on meaning, goals, costs of tort law.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 2 sources, £ 32.95
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From the Paper
"A tort is a wrongful act which may be remedied by a civil lawsuit. Different theorists approach the issue of torts from different perspectives. In 1992 Jules L. Coleman and Richard A. Posner each wrote a book about his perspective on this topic.
Coleman takes the point of view of an economist and uses a market paradigm in addressing issues in the law. The market paradigm is based on two postulates: 1) the principle of rationality; and 2) the economist's conception of the perfectly competitive market as the ideal institutional embodiment of the law. The principle of rationality means that assuming no criterion of justice or fairness that cannot be derived from the principle of rationality.
Coleman writes, "The market paradigm does not deny that there can be a justified morality. Quite the contrary, It means..."
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Zipf's Law and Benford's Law, 2007.
An analysis of the mathematical significance and applications of Zipf's Law and Benford's Law.
1,279 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper addresses both Zipf's Law and Benford's Law. It describes the theories of each law in detail and discusses how they can be applied to various situations. It describes Zipf's Law as not a theoretical law, but rather an experimental law. The paper then discusses the significance of these two laws to the field of mathematics.
From the Paper
"However, there is some lack of precision where this is concerned. Most items have to occur a number of times that is actually an integer (Li, n.d.). In other words, a word that is seen within a document cannot appear in that document 2.5 number of times. It either must appear, in this example, 2 times or three times, since there cannot be an area of the document where only 1/2 of the word appears. Despite the fact that there is some variation and lack of precision, however, when wide ranges are examined and one only desires to have a relatively close approximation, many of the natural phenomena that are seen in this world do obey Zipf's law (Li, n.d.). This is seen to hold true as long as the individual examining the issue is not looking for scientific precision and will accept the slight variation that is seen."
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American Law and Jewish Law, 2003.
Discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha).
2,300 words (approx. 9.2 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between American law and Jewish law (the Halakha) in terms of change, obedience and morality. It discusses each legal systems' approach to obeying the law, law and change, and the nexus between law and morality.
From the Paper
"In discussing the idea of law legal scholar Dennis Lloyd stated that contemporary law in Western society is very much the product of influences emanating from the ancient Greeks and Hebrews who individually brought a ..."
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Case Law and Statute Law, 2005.
A theoretical comparison of these two sources of English law.
834 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to define the differences between England's common and statute laws. It looks at how the laws are formed as well as their fundamental purpose. It examines how statute is interpreted and acted upon by the courts and how it follows that precedents are formed as new cases arise. It also demonstrates how over time, statute will become part of common law as judges follow previous decisions in new cases where applicable.
From the Paper
"For political bills or proposals to become statute, that is to become Acts of Parliament, they must first be debated in the House of Commons (this is made up of elected representatives of the wider public, Members of Parliament or MPs). However, this is just the start if the process: the proposed legislation must then be accepted by MPs by way of a successful vote and further ratified by acceptance in the House of Lords. The House of Lords is the supreme court in Britain and may refuse to pass the law; but a bill can be forced through using the Parliament Act if such action is deemed necessary for Parliament to fulfil its obligation to make laws in the best interests of the nation. "
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Competency to Stand Trial in American Law and New York Law, 2000.
A brief look at the notion of competency or fitness to stand trial, as the notion has been shaped and changed since the 1960s.
2,235 words (approx. 8.9 pages), 14 sources, £ 48.95
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From the Paper
"The history of the doctrine of competency to stand trial arose in English common law out of a concern for fairness in the trial of accused persons who, if found guilty of criminal charges, would suffer deprivations of liberty and other penalties. One of the earliest United States Supreme Court cases (Dusky v. United States,1960) determined that a defendant's competency to stand trial depended on "whether he has sufficient present ability to consult with his lawyer with a reasonable degree of rational understanding" and "whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him"."
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Social Law and Statutory Law, 2006.
An overview of the juvenile justice system in the U.S. and how it deals with juvenile delinquency.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the juvenile justice system in the United States, explaining the reasons why it is separated from the regular crime system and how it is influenced by the political and social conditions of the state. Particular attention is paid to the juvenile justice system in California and how the system has increasingly focused on incarceration rather than rehabilitation. Finally, the paper discusses evidence indicating that mental health services at an early age are highly effective in treating potential juvenile offenders and turning them away from a life of crime.
From the Paper
"The main object of separating the juvenile justice system from the regular crime system had been on the assumption that minors were different from adults in their ability to make decisions and understand consequences, "The juvenile justice system has evolved over the years based on the premise that juveniles are different from adults and juveniles who commit criminal acts generally should be treated differently from adults" (Roberts, 2005). It was observed that the younger the offender, the more likely that a repeat offense would be stopped and a change in behavior would be observed. It was, therefore, thought that youngsters should be given the benefit of the doubt and should not be treated as adult offenders."
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Healthcare Economics, 2007.
An extensive review of economic theory with regards to healthcare organizations.
3,787 words (approx. 15.1 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews dominant trends in healthcare economics during the last decade. Specifically, the researcher reviews economic theory and law. The paper examines how economic theory influences trends in healthcare organizations and relationships among healthcare providers. A comprehensive analysis of the literature is provided. The literature review suggests multiple theories including supply side theories. These theories help influence decision-making in healthcare. The researcher concludes that physicians now hold less power in the healthcare industry.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Managerial Applications
Summary/Conclusions
References
From the Paper
"Economic laws and market trends often govern healthcare policy. It is vital to understand these trends and policies as well as economic theory when evaluating healthcare relationship. Multiple trends influence modern healthcare policy, including the changing face of healthcare economies and market trends in the healthcare environment. The doctor and hospital relationship has shifted many times resulting from these trends and changes. In times of old doctors held much of the power assumed in the healthcare environment, deciding key issues including setting pricing of fees and services and the nature of services provided by hospitals. In modern times, hospitals and managed care organizations are increasingly responsible for setting prices and the standards of care offered patients in the hospital setting. This shift changes the way doctors and hospitals work with each other. Today large managed care organizations afford consumers more decisions and more cost-effective services."
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Islamic Economics, 2006.
A discussion regarding Islamic economics and the principles set forth by the Koran.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 8 sources, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the nature of Islamic finance and economics, as well as the principles derived from the Koran that govern economics in Islam. The paper notes that modern Islamic economics is based on several religious laws set forth in the Koran, as interpreted by various scholars, and modern economics in particular have been shaped by readings of the Koran beginning in the 1940s.
From the Paper
"Islamic economic practices are governed by tents from the Koran and are embodied in Islamic law, known as shari'ah. These tenets govern business, economic decisions, and other aspects of social discourse in Islamic societies. Islamic economics is based on several religious laws set forth in the Koran, as interpreted by various scholars, and modern economics in particular have been shaped by readings of the Koran beginning in the 1940s. Analysts note the way society expresses its form in Islamic theocracies and the power of shari'ah, or Islamic religious law."
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Business Law - Issues in Contact and Agency Law, 2008.
The paper discusses the legal issues arising from interpretations of Contract law and Agency law.
1,542 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
In this paper, the writer describes the case of an individual who entered into two separate legal situations, one contractual and the other relating to Agency law. The writer relates the difficulties that arose during the course of these transactions and of the legal action taken by the individual to gain compensation for alleged losses. The author examines the history of the two disputes and the legal differences between the two cases.
From the Paper
"In Jose's mind, he had accepted the Winnebago owner's final offer to sell the Winnebago for $25,000. According to the Winnebago owner, his original offer was to sell the vehicle for $30,000. When Jose offered $20,000 instead, that was a counteroffer which he rejected immediately. The Winnebago owner had then made a new offer to sell the vehicle to Jose for $25,000 which Jose never accepted, because when Jose responded "OK. If you change your mind, please call me," that was a rejection of his last offer. As of that rejection, the parties no longer had any outstanding offers or counteroffers on the table any longer except for the seller's original published offer of $30,000. Unfortunately for Jose, the lawyer he consulted confirmed the Winnebago owner's point of view and advised Jose to forget about any claim against him for breach of contract (Halbert, 24)."
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Nuremberg Laws vs. Jim Crow Laws, 2008.
A comparison of the practical differences between the Nuremberg Laws in Germany and the Jim Crow Laws in the United States and the racism upon which each of these legal systems was based.
8,467 words (approx. 33.9 pages), 46 sources, APA, £ 124.95
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Abstract
This paper compares and contrasts the Nuremberg Laws in Germany with the Jim Crow Laws in the United States. It discusses each of these areas of racial regulation in turn and then further examines the subtle distinctions and clear practical differences between the dangerous racism upon which each of these legal systems was based. The paper includes APA style footnotes but does not include a bibliography.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Jim Crow Laws in the United States and Nuremberg Laws in Germany
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Similarities in Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws' Regulation of Interracial Relationships and Underlying Legislative Intent
The Protection of Ethnic Purity: Contrast within in the Nuremberg and Jim Crow Laws on Interracial Relationships
Segregation in Education: Further Parallels in the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
Segregation in Education: Contrasting Aspects of the Jim Crow and Nuremberg Laws
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: Similar Laws and Practices Causing "Civil Death" of African-Americans in the United States and Jews in Nazi Germany
The Deprivation of Civil Rights: The Final Solution and the Purely Aryan State, and Further Examples of Where Nuremberg and Jim Crow Differ
Conclusion
From the Paper
"This huge disparity can be best explained by referring back to one of the most predominant differences in the purposes of the racially hierarchical systems in place in each country. The Jim Crow laws were passed because Southern state lawmakers were struggling to protect and preserve the white supremacy that they had always lived with, and prevent African-American advancement as a necessary part of this objective. Yet in Germany, the Nazi party's goal was always the total extermination of all undesirables, including Jews, and the legislative deprivation of citizenship was at least in some respects merely a means to that end. Finally, to go along with this fundamental difference, there is one last similarity between the racial laws of these countries: the painful memories of both the Holocaust and the Jim Crow era, and all of the violations of rights, liberties and freedoms that comprised both of these experiences, are certainly still fresh in the recollection of all nations involved, and are still highly prominent historical issues today even as those who lived through these events are increasingly no longer with us."
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