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Japanese War Times Tribunal, 2002.
A study of the Women?s International War Crimes Tribunal, convened in December 2000, to attempt to bring accountability to those who enslaved thousands of women through the Japanese Military?s Sexual Slavery scheme, during World War II.
5,110 words (approx. 20.4 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 88.95
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Abstract
This paper explores and discusses the impediments to the implementation of the 2000 Tokyo Tribunal. It investigates how the Women?s International War Crimes Tribunal came to be and what it hoped to accomplish. To gain a full appreciation of the background to the issue that gave rise to the December 2000 Tribunal, this paper reviews the Japanese Imperialist Army practice, justification and affects of the system of sexual slavery. Following the historical review, it looks at how the Japanese and other government?s attitudes towards the comfort women program has hampered justice for victims. Finally, an overview of the follow-up meeting in The Hague in 2001 highlights what the efforts of these survivors and others have accomplished.
Introduction
Statement of Problem
Comfort Women, a Background
Legal Issues
Impediments to Justice
Events Leading to the Tokyo Tribunal
December 2000 Tokyo Tribunal on Sexual Slavery
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"The Women?s International War Crimes Tribunal did not happen overnight. Rather it was a product of years of effort by individuals and organizations in nine countries throughout Asia and the West. Until the early 1990?s the Japanese government refused to even acknowledge the fact of the enslavement of women into their comfort women scheme during the war. This hearing did not become a reality overnight. It took years of effort and scholarship for the Tribunal to become reality.
The International Military Tribunal for the Far East, known as the Tokyo war crimes trials, neglected to punish a single Japanese leader for the slavery, subsequent abuse, and destruction of women?s lives who were forced into becoming sexual slaves for the Japanese government. (Soh 2001) Documents kept at the National Archives in Washington, D.C. revealed U.S. military intelligence units had gathered important information on the comfort women program. (Soh) Some writers feel that the Tokyo tribunal?s absence of addressing this human rights violation reflects a pervasive racism of Western nations toward non-white people but also that fact that no American women were victimized. (Soh) (Llewellyn 2001) Rough estimates by scholars believe that the number of comfort women ranged between 50,000 and 200,000 and that most were believed to be Korean."
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The Russo-Japanese War, 2005.
Discusses the strategies of both sides in the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).
2,380 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper examines to what extent did strategic preparation for the Russo-Japanese War determine the success of the belligerents in its outcome. It also looks at which side did the better job of planning for the termination of the war. The paper shows that there is no doubt that the Japanese were more prepared than the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. While the Russians were trying to become an imperial nation without understanding the costs associated with being one, the Japanese drew up a plan to confront the Russians. The keystone to this plan included a naval buildup to control the seas surrounding Japan, and a system of alliances that would eliminate foreign intervention. In addition, Japan studied its enemy and devised a strategy that would cripple the Russian fleet and capture the Korean peninsula. The paper shows that the Russians had no plan except for the complete overthrow of Japan and its disarmament. While Russia did not use the tools necessary to win a decision, Japan planned and executed an almost flawless limited war against a much greater power.
Paper Outline
Introduction
The Seeds of War
Preparing for Battle
Balance of Power
Planning of the War
Termination of the War
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"As stated previously, Japanese strategists had studied the future conflict and made key assumptions. These assumptions focused on the fact that Japan had to prevent Russia from escalating the conflict and asserting its full strength in the war. Lastly, Japan would have to convince Russia that it could not win. It has already been seen that escalation would have been difficult as Russia was already diplomatically isolated and could not bring in new allies. In addition, Russian could not truly expand the war since Japan controlled the seas, and an attack on the Japanese islands was unlikely. Lastly, since Japan had limited objectives and never invaded Russian soil, the quantity and quality of Russian troops never developed."
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Japanese War Crimes: WWII, 2005.
An analysis and comparison of three books discussing the Japanese atrocities and war crimes during World War II.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 3 sources, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper is a comparative review of three books on the subject of Japanese atrocities and war crimes during the Second World War. The three books to be compared are Yoshimi Yoshiaki's 'Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery in the Japanese Military During World War II', Judith Pearson's' Belly of the Beast: A POW's Inspiring True Story of Faith, Courage, and Survival Aboard the Infamous WWII Japanese Hellship', the Oryoku Maru, and Yuki Tanaka's 'Hidden Horrors: Japanese War Crimes in World War II'. Although all three of these books deal with related subject matter, they take very different approaches, thus casting light on the subject matter from different directions.
From the Paper
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Japanese Orientalism in "A Japanese Nightingale", 2007.
An examination of how Onoto Watanna perpetuates Japanese Orientalism in her novel, "A Japanese Nightingale."
978 words (approx. 3.9 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses Onoto Watanna's tale, "A Japanese Nightingale." It shows how Watanna perpetuates Japanese Orientalism throughout the book. It discusses the plot of the story and describes the images of Japan and its people that Onoto Watanna chose to present to American society through her book, even though she had never set foot in Japan herself.
From the Paper
"As the dance began, the girl seemed to control both the light of the moon, and the weather, as it had "begun to rain," (Watanna 5) but was only the pattering of her feet, followed by a representation of a rainbow made from moonlight shining upon the girls clothing. The whole dance and the sudden disappearance of the dancer gave the haunting impression that the girl was some sort of mystical child of the moon, the rain, and the sky.
"At the end, of the girls dance, it is almost uncertain as to weather this girl was real or not. After being found by the American manager, her eagerness for money, as exemplified enthusiastic manner with which she responded to Jack Bigelow's proposition of fame and riches seemed to bring her more into the realm of the human being, but the strange unwillingness, or perhaps inability, to leave Japan continued to cast her in an almost mystical light, until the end."
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Japanese Cuisine: Japanese Culture and What They Eat, 2000.
A look at the exotic world of Japanese cuisine, including its health benefits and the importance that Japanese place on the presentation of a meal.
2,136 words (approx. 8.5 pages), 3 sources, £ 45.95
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From the Paper
"Within the Japanese cuisine, there contains many strange meals but there are myriads of delights that would make anybody?s tastes buds melt. Coming from a Japanese decent I have tried many of these tasty meals, but I would not take it too an extreme to say that I drink ?snakes blood for longevity?(Steinberg 6). Japanese meals are actually considered very healthy and low fat considered to the traditional American, southern fried chicken. Japanese food is served in little portions and displayed in a very exciting way to liven up every aspect of each savory bite. To liven up these dishes we often cut vegetables or fruits into tiny designs or animals, or organize each piece of meat and each small vegetable in a way that flatters the plate. Cutting and Slicing, mostly vegetables into meticulous designs, makes a dish its own work of art. "
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War Crimes Tribunals in Bosnia, 2004.
This paper looks at the challenges facing the war crimes tribunals in Bosnia.
1,808 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
The challenges facing the war crimes tribunals in Bosnia are examined in this paper. The writer discusses these tribunals, established under the Dayton Accords, and presents their analysis as an example of the problems facing war crimes tribunals. The writer also examines the concept of ethnic cleansing.
From the Paper
"... the fragmentation of the former Yugoslav Federation led to an outbreak of civil warfare and ethnic violence in the Balkans particularly in Bosnia-Herzegovina. Concentration camps, mass murders, mass expulsions and other indicators of genocide became widespread and the term ethnic cleansing was added to the century's lexicon of horrors. The international ...
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War Crime Tribunals, 2005.
A history of war crime tribunals, from Nuremberg to the present.
4,500 words (approx. 18.0 pages), 15 sources, £ 123.95
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Abstract
The following paper examines the development of war crime tribunals over time, from the Nuremberg trials to the present manifestations. The paper traces the continuity of the laws during the period in question and examines the relative strengths and weaknesses of the various tribunals that have emerged in the last six decades. The paper concludes by noting the future is fraught with difficulty - but also promise - for these tribunals.
From the Paper
"In the past century, humanity has borne witness to some of the most gruesome and disturbing acts of barbarity in recorded history. It is because of these acts, and because of the troubling prospect they may occur yet again, that civilized society has seen the need for the creation of war tribunals to both punish iniquitous leaders and to educate future generations on the evils of which men and women are capable. With this in mind, the following paper will examine the history of war crimes tribunals from the present with special emphasis being placed upon the law behind the tribunals, why these tribunals were established, the problems encountered in creating them, the advantages and disadvantages inherent in them and the future that appears to belong to them."
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Japanese Post-World War II Economic Development, 2002.
A look at the cultural advantages of Japan's post-war economic miracle.
3,650 words (approx. 14.6 pages), 16 sources, £ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that some elements of pre-World War II Japanese culture proved to be advantages to the processes of economic reconstruction as they took hold in the first decades after 1945. If the Japanese recovery is looked at in terms of class and economy only, the Japanese defeat in World War II signaled a complete break from the imperial ethos, which had dominated national culture and contributed to practically every aspect of Japanese cultural and economic life. When Japanese post-war economic development is explored in ways which include cultural advantages, however, the so-called "miracle" of reconstruction begins to seem somewhat more predictable.
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Prisoners Without Trials: Japanese Americans in World War II, 2001.
Discusses internment in context of U.S. history of prejudice & discrimination.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, £ 21.95
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From the Paper
Roger Daniels, in Prisoners Without Trials: Japanese Americans in World War II, makes clear that the internment of Japanese-Americans was not simply a fluke that was justifiable during wartime. To the contrary, that internment was part and parcel of both the long American history of prejudice and discrimination against minorities in general (Native Americans, African Americans, Mexican Americans, etc.) and especially against Asian Americans.
The argument that the interment was justified because Japanese Americans posed a threat to the security of the United States ignores the fact that Italian Americans and German Americans were not rounded up and placed in internment camps. This was true despite the fact that Germany and Italy were enemies in World War II along with Japan. The racism of the..."
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The Korean War and the Korean War Veterans' Memorial, 2005.
This paper discusses the forgotten war, the Korean War, and describes the Korean War Veterans' Memorial.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, although statistically the Korean War took more lives than the Vietnam War, the Korean War has been branded as America's "Forgotten War" because it was over-shined by two "greater" wars, the Second World War and the Vietnam War, which dragged on for more than a decade. The author points out that the Korean War is important because it (1) started the end of the communist expansion in the world, (2) laid the ground for the entry of democracy in the states in Eastern Europe and Russia and (3) began the American foreign policy of military intervention to gain or maintain security, freedom and democracy in the world resulting in a number of military conflicts which continues today. The paper describes in detail the Korean War Veterans' Memorial, adjacent to the Lincoln Memorial directly across the reflecting pool from the Vietnam Veterans' Memorial in Washington, D.C., which was dedicated in 1995 by Bill Clinton and Kim Young Sam, then presidents of the U.S. and South Korea.
From the Paper
"The symbolisms in the memorial are brilliant pictures of a war that will never be forgotten. For as long as the memorial continues to exist, the memories of a war, which advanced freedom at the cost of the lives of millions of people, will eternally be thought of and etched in the minds of guests. Moreover, this memorial also serves as a reminder that freedom, though sweet and liberating, must never be taken for granted and must certainly be forever guarded, secured and remain dear in our hearts. It must also be remembered that there are still countries in the world that do not enjoy the rights given by a true democracy. The pursuit for the expansion of democracy must certainly not be abandoned. Still, millions of people are yearning for a free, equal state where social, economic and political justice stands and endures."
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The Persian Gulf War, A War Without Formal Declaration, 2002.
Looks at how the United States government engaged in the Persian Gulf War and several other wars after WWII without officially declaring war.
1,208 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the history of U.S. military engagement since the end of WWII, with particular emphasis on the Persian Gulf War of 1990. It points out that Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941, against Germany and that, during the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The paper then discusses the War Powers Act, which has made it possible for Congress to avoid making actual declarations of war while still permitting major military engagements such as the Persian Gulf War.
From the Paper
"Congress has not formally declared war since December 11, 1941 against Germany in response to a formal Declaration of War by Germany against the U.S. (Paul, 2002). When Congress does formally declare war, a task that requires small effort on the part of representatives, an enemy is clearly defined and the task at hand is readily made clear. A clear cut victory is also expected as was the case of the Declaration of war against Germany and Japan. During the course of the last several decades in United States history, the citizens of the U.S. have been continually forced into war without a formal declaration of war supported by the U.S. Congress. The most recent example prior to 2003 of this was the war started in the Persian Gulf. Such action taken by the president of the U.S. exemplifies the pomposity and overbearing authority the president has placed upon himself over the citizens of this country."
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The Vietnam War and the Iraqi War, 2004.
This paper compares the similarities of the Vietnam War and the Iraqi War.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses that the world of nations is becoming embittered because the United States demonstrated an unethical utilization of military and political power in the Vietnam War and the Iraqi War. The author believes that the War on Iraq, like the War in Vietnam, was a mere ploy of politicians attempting to prove their superiority. The paper relates that the Vietnam War was fought to free the Vietnamese from a dictator the U.S. previously supported and that the war on Iraq was fought, again, to free the Iraqis from a dictator the U.S. previously supported.
From the Paper
"The Vietnam War was fought on the basis of freedom, democracy and the need to hinder the spread of the evil of Communism. The slogan of the times was that if the spread of communism was not stalled America would soon lose its freedom and democracy the world over would be wiped out. These words may seem dramatic to the rational mind but to really understand the mood of the time such words must be used. The government of the time played on the emotional fear of the people through propaganda to make them believe that unless they supported the Vietnam War they would be unpatriotic and cause the nation to lose its sovereignty. Though Vietnam was thousands of miles away the war soon reached the borders of the US for as the war began so did dissent."
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War in Iraq War on Terror, 2007.
A discussion of how the war in Iraq and war on terror became linked as election issues.
2,646 words (approx. 10.6 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
In this paper the author argues that the war in Iraq was utilized as a persuasive tool to win an election, in which the war was linked to the more global and less definable "war on terrorism." The author further contends that in the 2004 presidential elections the voters were seeking security, and therefore they linked the two issues. This paper demonstrates that the war on terror and the war in Iraq are not connected and in fact contraindicated for the long term safety of the US, specifically with regard to future acts of terrorism. Salient quotes from primary and secondary sources are used to support the author's thesis.
From the Paper
"The importance and reality of this link are now being questioned at every level. People, in both high and low places are questioning the validity of the connection and asking if this aggressive move, on the part of the US, even in the face of much international opposition was in fact appropriate to improve security in the US and her interests all over the world. The political positioning that has become increasingly obvious has undermined the faith of individuals in the nature and necessity of the War in Iraq, as people feel they were sold a bill of goods, rather than leveled with in regards to the strategic importance of the Iraq in the global war on terrorism in both the short and log term. In fact this work argues that the only connection between the war on terrorism and the War on Iraq is that the later has and will continue to serve to increase terrorist activities and actions against the US, no matter how the government spins it."
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The Just War Theory on the War Against Drugs, 2001.
A detailed analysis of the increasing war against drugs and whether this war is a just and valid one.
1,260 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 4 sources, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper looks into the Just War Theory of St. Augustine, and determines whether the war against drugs is war that is just and fair, or one that should be given up. The author argues that the war on drugs is something that can never be fully eradicated and rather one that can only cause for the reduction of drug use. Included are statistics as supporting evidence.
From the Paper
"The war against drugs in the United States is one that has been fought for many years, and seems to have no end. Its ?soldiers? always seem to come upon new enemies, which there are already countless numbers of to begin with. Many proponents of the war against drugs point to the facts that drug use has declined over the years, and the numerous amounts of arrests and drug busts that are made. While those proponents support the governments quest in the elimination of drug trafficking, there are also those who disagree.The opponents say that there is no end in sight, that the drugs will continue to be produced no matter what, these people desire the profit from the occupation, and will do anything to get it. Chances are, neither of the majorities of either of these groups have looked into whether this war against drugs is a just one, and should continue, or end. Which leaves the question, should we as Christian?s be supporting this war, or would it be wrong and immoral to do so. This knowledge can only be obtained by looking into the just war theory, and making a decision from there. "
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