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Jacques Derrida's Theory Of Writing, 1995.
Examiines this French philosopher's attempt to determine scientific qualities of writing and create a grammatological system.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 27.95
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From the Paper
"Jacques Derrida, French critic and philosopher, argues that a science of writing can never exist because a completely coherent system depends on the what he says is the metaphysical possibility of the full presence of certain fundamental elements, while writing in his view "ruptures" full presence and thus makes a coherent system impossible. Derrida then concludes that simplicity should not be given privilege over difference and that the apprehension of full presence in the interior of the individual soul is merely imaginary.
Derrida begins with the statement that the concept of writing should define the field of a science (Derrida 27), and a science of writing, he says, should look for its object at the roots of scientificity. He says that the history of writing would turn back to the origin of historicity and stand as a ..."
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Derrida's "Differance", 2007.
An examination of Jacques Derrida's philosophical work; "Differance."
2,085 words (approx. 8.3 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper exposes certain key and central issues present in "Differance" that place the work in a framework in which it can be clearly understood. The paper shows how Derrida moves beyond the dualism of traditional Western thought to expose a view of reality which assumes that there is a permanent truth that can be discerned behind appearance. The paper examines Derrida's belief that meaning and truth are not static and that understanding reality through language is not a simple matter of connecting the signifier with the signified or the word and its apparent designated meaning.
Outline:
Preamble
Understanding the text of Differance
From the Paper
"Philosophy and Western thought has for centuries, since Platonic idealism, wrestled with the concept of a dualistic view of reality. The Platonic view of the ideal and the real forms constitute the underlying basis of Western thought. An implicit and critical part of Platonic thought is the separation between common reality and the ideal forms and Truth. This separation between being and Being is also, for Heidegger, the fundamental structure of Western metaphysics. The assumption of duality and reason as modes of reality in modern thought was radically questioned by Nietzsche and later in the works of Jacques Derrida and Martin Heidegger, among others."
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Derrida: The Project of Animality, 2002.
A description of Jacques Derrida's attitude towards the term "animal" and examination of the viewpoints of Martin Heidegger and Jacques Lacan regarding this term.
2,874 words (approx. 11.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 59.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how Derrida applies his process of deconstruction to the term "animal." It looks at how Derrida asserts that "animal" and "human" did not always represent two distinct categories; rather, there are humans, mice, monkeys, snakes, etc., and a human is no more different from a mouse than a snake is from an elephant. The paper also discusses how, when Judeo-Christian thought became dominant, the concept of "the animal" came into existence as an absolute other and, with this linguistic separation, came a psychical divide that caused us to lose touch with the dark, mysterious, "animal" which resides deep inside of ourselves.
Outline:
Introduction
Derrida On Lacan: The Animal Cannot Cover Up Its Tracks. But Can The Human?
The Seer
The Great Disavowal
From the Paper
"An animal's relationship to the world is limited by its "disinhibitors" - its inner drives that render it completely passive to its bodily demands. Heidegger calls this state of passivity "captivation." The animal is completely at one with its disinhibitor - it does not have the reflexive ability to step back from its drives and perceive that it is controlled by them. Because it cannot see outside of its "disinhibiting ring," it only perceives the world insofar as it relates to its own instinctual demands. Not being able to escape this state of stupefaction, objects only exist for the animal in relation to its present needs. Unable to step out of its disinhibiting ring, it cannot perceive objects as existing in themselves, as more than a means to serve the ends of its disinhibitors. Passivity with respect to its disinhibitor implies passivity with respect to objects in the world - it must use and perceive them only insofar as its disinhibiting ring requires. "
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 2004.
An analysis of Jean-Jacques Rousseau - realist, liberal or critical theorist.
1,491 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses what Jean-Jacques Rousseau's real philosophical identity is. The paper examines Rousseau's theories. It defines classic realism, traditional liberalism and critical theory. The paper questions whether Rousseau's views follow those of classic realism or whether they are written in the critical theory genre. It also explores whether Rousseau is a liberal in the traditional sense and whether his views follow that thread throughout his extensive works.
From the Paper
"Rousseau's theories in this assigned essay are somewhat conflicting from time to time, but it is clear his views can safely be placed in the genre of liberalism. He steps "out of the lecture room" and sees "wretched nations groaning beneath of yoke of iron." Mankind is "ground down by a handful of oppressors." That last quote certainly shows Rousseau's great concern for the less fortunate and the politically powerless citizens; and when he says "ground down by a handful of oppressors" readers can easily see those oppressors are not governing with the consent of the governed."
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?The Social Contract? by Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2004.
This paper discusses how Jean Jacques Rousseau addresses the problem of political obligation and individual freedom in ?The Social Contract?.
850 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, in ?The Social Contract?, Jean Jacques Rousseau clarifies the idea of the social contract and the way the state should work together with its subjects to create a perfect and peaceful society. The author points out that Rousseau?s opening statement that ?Man is born free? is intriguing because, according to the rest of the section, this statement is not true; a child is obliged to be in bondage to its parents until it can leave the home on its own. The paper contends that, until lessons from the past can be recognized, books like ?The Social Contract? will have academic value only; practical applicability is entirely dependent upon the human ability to recognize lessons, to adjust, and to evolve accordingly.
From the Paper
"Rousseau makes a strong argument in his first book when he states, ?One thinks himself the master of others, and still remains a greater slave than they.? (Book I; ch.i). This is applicable to current society, which is more often than not subject to some or other less than laudable human trait such as greed or addiction. People are slaves to money, drugs, success or any other of a maze of possible enslavements. This was also true in Rousseau?s time, and he recognized that human beings are in bondage since birth."
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Jacques Demy's Film "The Umbrellas of Cherbourg" (1964), 2007.
This paper describes Jacques Demy's film "The Umbrellas of Cherbourg" and compares it to the film "Moulin Rouge" directed by Baz Luhrmann.
945 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, because the film's dialogue is sung rather than spoken, which suggests a romantic comedy or Hollywood musical, French director Jacques Demy's film, "The Umbrellas of Cherbourg", (1964), a tale of thwarted young love set to music, is more heart-wrenchingly realistic and bittersweet than the fantastic presentation more typical of this genre. The author points out that this film's most obvious contemporary parallel would be Baz Lurman's "Moulin Rouge" (2001) in that it, too, is largely sung rather than spoken and has a cast of largely poor young people and a heroine who must choose between a poor man she loves and a rich man who can provide her with worldly comforts. The paper relates that the greatest difference between the plot of "The Umbrellas of Cherbourg" and "Moulin Rouge" is the portrayal of the 'other' love interests.
From the Paper
"At the beginning of the film, at first, Genevieve believes that love can conquer all. She only alters her point of view after she receives a few spare letters from Guy when he is away, and she wonders if she will be left pregnant and alone. Again, the theme of Guy and Genevieve as star-crossed lovers, a la Romeo and Juliet, is suggested by the plot. The viewer is called to wonder, if only Guy had not been drafted, if only Genevieve had not become pregnant and thus would have felt more secure waiting, if only her mother had not pressured her daughter for so long..."
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Film: Jacques Tourneur's "I Walked with a Zombie", 2007.
This paper analyzes a specific scene from Jacques Tourneur's 1943 classic film "I Walked with a Zombie".
1,365 words (approx. 5.5 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the love triangle with a zombie and two brothers, in Jacques Tourneur's film "I Walked with a Zombie", as delineated in the scene in which the maid Alma brings Betsy her breakfast in bed. The author points out that this scene demonstrates the way this film is deliberately and carefully crafted. The paper utilizes Roland Barthes' model of textual analysis, which determine the meanings of a specific text, to dissect this interaction and interpret the ways in which it ties the characters of Betsy and Jessica together. The author states that Barthes's approach to analysis still leaves important questions unanswered. The paper concludes that no system can take into account the infinite ways in which an adroit author can manipulate his or her text, subverting it, twisting it and then simply ignoring parts of it completely.
From the Paper
"Lastly, the Cultural Code is a loose concept that acknowledges the importance of common cultural knowledge in understanding texts. As mentioned above, again the cultural code is most relevant in this sequence in relation to class and race. A knowledge of Western racial history enables viewers to understand that, as privileged members of the racial upper class, both Betsy and Jessica enjoy a similar social status that places them above Alma. To illustrate, it would be surprising to see Alma wait on Betsy if she too were black, which itself would be surprising since blacks at the time of the film were generally denied the opportunities necessary to enter the medical field in the first place."
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Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2007.
This paper examines the social contract theory of Jean Jacques Rousseau.
1,424 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how Jean Jacques Rousseau was essentially against any social order that curtailed personal freedom or natural liberty. The paper explains his beliefs of allowing the public to choose the person who would implement laws while the system would work on the principle of general will. The paper relates that Rousseau's social contract theory shaped modern political thought and is still commonly cited when democracy and rights are discussed.
From the Paper
"Political upheaval in the 19th century France was caused as much by political discourse as by active insurgence. Jean Jacques Rousseau's theory of social contract or rather his rejection of the same occupied an important place in the political discourse of the time. It was not starkly different than previously held beliefs but definitely encompassed some original concepts including the idea of general will and the elusive lawgiver. Rousseau's rejection of social contract was grounded in the premise that by contracting with a man or assembly of men, individuals are forced to part with some of their natural liberty. In other words while he knew that freedom was compromised to an extent with social contracts were entered into, he maintained that the relinquished freedom should be social freedom and not natural freedom."
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 2002.
A discussion of the life and works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
754 words (approx. 3.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 18.95
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Abstract
An essay on Jean-Jacques Rousseau, which discusses his works, ?The Social Contract? and ?Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.? It shows how Rousseau?s doctrine had a profound impact on French revolutionary thought, as well as socialist thought. Moreover, many believe he anticipated, rather than influenced, many insights of modern social psychology.
From the Paper
Jean-Jacques Rousseau lived from 1712-1778 during the height of the French Enlightenment. In 1762, he wrote ?The Social Contract? examining many of the difficulties concerning freedom and authority to determine how freedom might be possible in civil society. He believed that in the state of nature humans enjoy the physical freedom of having no restraints on behavior (Rousseau). However, by entering into the social contract, humans place restraints on behavior, thus making it possible to live in a community. Rousseau contends that by giving up physical freedom mankind gained the civil freedom of being able to think rationally, although, as humans were good in a state of nature, corruption must thus be born from civilization. Rousseau sought to harmonize one?s individual need for expression with society?s need to ensure the well-being of community life (Rousseau)."
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Jacques Brel, 1994.
This paper discusses the life and career of the Belgian cabaret singer, composer and lyricist Jacques Brel. Outline.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 10 sources, £ 43.95
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From the Paper
"acques Brel was a Belgium-born composer, lyricist, and singer who by the mid-1960s was the leading chansonnier, or "troubadour pop artist," in France. Marlene Dietrich called him "the greatest singer in the world," and others used epithets such as "lyric genius" to refer to his dark ballads. By the early 1970s Brel had quit the concert stage and to concentrate on the writing of his soul-searching songs, by then numbering in the hundreds. Musically, his compositions are rooted in old Flemish and French forms, but with a contemporary sound. Brel would become famous to American audiences largely through the revue Jacques Brel is Alive and Well and Living in Paris, which contained 25 of his songs translated from the French by Eric Blau and Mort Shuman.
Brel would be part of a tradition of cabaret singing that ... "
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The Philosophy of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 1985.
This paper is a critical analysis of two of the major works of 18th Century French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau, "The Social Contract" and "A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality": The individual in social relations, emphasizing political realm, na
5,175 words (approx. 20.7 pages), 7 sources, £ 93.95
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From the Paper
"This study will provide a critical analysis of two of the major works of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract and A Discourse on the Origin of Inequality.
The study will concentrate on these two works in order to isolate for investigation the essential steps in Rousseau?s reasoning about the individual in his social relations, especially with regard to the realm of political thought and practice.
As we shall see, A Discourse contains a portrait of how social conditions create for men a basic dilemma for the establishment and exercise of their individual identities. A Discourse in that sense serves as a preliminary portrait of the fundamental problem of society, which is addressed more fully in The Social Contract. In the latter work, Rousseau describes ... "
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau, 2007.
An analysis of the modernity of Jean-Jacques Rousseau's political thought.
2,956 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 60.95
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Abstract
This paper deals with the themes, concepts and approaches of Rousseau which distinguish him as a modern political thinker. It is divided in three parts: the first, dealing with Rousseau's conceptualization of the state; the second, dealing about his conceptualization of man and the third deals with his approach in formulating his assumptions. All of the above are discussed and compared with classical and medieval conceptualizations to form the sense of modernity found in Rousseau's works.
Outline:
Introduction
A New Concern for the Origin of the State and Inequality
The Savage Man of Rousseau
The Approach of the Heart
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One theme of discussion initiated by modern political philosophers is that of the inquiry in the origin of the state. Rousseau himself was one of them who made such an inquiry. He thought of a social contract aiming to explain how the state came about. The Social Contract formulated by Rousseau is grounded on an individual's own will. It is divided into four books, the first of which addresses the questions of the nature of political society, the second of those of the nature of sovereignty, the third the institutions of the government, and the fourth, extraordinary structures designed to keep the government from being corrupted (Strong, 1994, p. 79). It is not surprising to find liberty as the focal point of his arguments, for if you look into his life, you'll see that he himself had a phobia against any kind of restraint or authority (Neill, 1949, p. 167). He also argued that civil societies came into existence as individuals pledged themselves to live together as members of a single political community."
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Jacques Rousseau?s ?The Social Contract?, 2002.
This paper discusses that Jacques Rousseau, in ?The Social Contract?, created a new determining factor in the history of modern political theory: The idea of ?the masses? or ?the popular will?.
1,610 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Rousseau was the first philosopher to endow the so-called masses with a particular expressive character and a set of inherent, inalienable rights. The author believes that Rousseau is a true democrat, almost in the Greek Athenian sense. The paper contends that Rousseau?s significance as a philosopher is inextricably linked to his stress upon his deflation of the necessity of a monarch to govern a nation state.
From the Paper
"Rousseau proclaims at the beginning of his text "The Social Contract" that man is free, yet everywhere he is in chains. In other words, man in his natural state is free and possessing of an inherent and inexorable right to freedom. But because of the structures of governance that have evolved over time, conditions have been placed upon the will of human beings that limit their freedoms. These limitations are, to a certain extent, endemic to the nature of the human animal as expressed in the form of the first social unit family. Rousseau notes in Part One of "The Social Contract", that the father of the family, the basic social unit of the family, extends both dominion and protection over his children."
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Jean Jacques Rousseau, 2007.
A look at how Jean Jacques Rousseau and his version of the social contract characterize what modern and modernity is.
3,889 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 6 sources, APA, £ 73.95
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Abstract
This paper examines three concepts in the political philosophy of Rousseau. Firstly, the concept of the state of nature and inequality according to Rousseau is discussed. Secondly, the paper looks at the transition to the civil state and lastly, it discusses the notion of Rousseau's proposed government. The paper further demonstrates how these three parts are the main components of Rousseau's thoughts on what we may call modern or modernity.
Outline:
Introduction
State of Nature and Inequality
Towards the Civil State
Government
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The government for Rousseau must be proportionally stronger than the people; therefore, it must not be very strong and neither very weak in its relation to the people. It must be just proportionally strong. The basis of the size of the state is one of his main principles in classifying the governments, since "the number of the supreme magistrates should be in inverse ratio to that of the citizens, it follows that in general, democratic government is suitable to small states, aristocracy to those of moderate size, and monarchy to large ones"(Social Contract, Book III, p. 58) therefore, the perfect type of government need not be a conformity to a single notion of a perfect government, because "all governments are not of the same nature" (Social Contract, Book III, p. 72). There could be a different and unique type of government suited for a particular state. Thus, not only may different governments be good for different peoples, but for the same people at different times. (Social Contract, Book III, p. 51) and each of his described governments is the best in certain areas, and worst in others (Social Contract, Book III, p. 58)."
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