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Interdependence in the Public Sector Budget, 2002.
Presents a detailed examination of public sector budgets and how certain factors are interrelated.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
There are many items that make up the spending of a public sector budget, including the decision making process, the planning, and the release and flow of the budget funds. The system works because of the interdependence each phase has on the other phases of the process. This paper presents a detailed examination of public sector budgets, using the example of city and state governments to provide the reader with an understanding of the budget process. The writer displays the way the decision making process, the planning process, and the budget are all interrelated.
From the Paper
"Making the decision is something that is done by appointment or by vote and it often includes an opportunity for public comments. These comments can be about the decision itself, the budgetary considerations or other aspects of the process. The decision is made and if it is in favor of the project or service the next step is the planning. The planning has been interconnected to the decision making process because the planning had to be looked at during the decision to accept and perform the project or service for public value."
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The U.K. Budget Hotel Sector, 2007.
This paper is a complete research project using a case study approach to investigate performance measurement practices in the U.K. budget hotel sector.
12,400 words (approx. 49.6 pages), 33 sources, APA, £ 168.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, in recent years, the concept of a "budget hotel" in the U.K. has changed so that today many of these less-expensive hotels are virtually indistinguishable from many of their more upscale and expensive counterparts. The author points out that the research focuses on major areas of hotel management including (a) overall performance, (b) employee performance, (c) customer satisfaction, (d) financial performance and (e) what innovative measures are being used to increase performance measure. The paper concludes that the Premier and Express by Holiday Inn were identified as the two front runners in the U.K. budget hotel industry and that these chains reached this performance level with careful attention to trends in the marketplace and the needs and wants of their guests. The paper includes several figures and tables, quotations, a complete questionnaire and the reporting of survey data.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Research Questions
Importance of Study
Overview of Study
Review of Related Literature
Background and Overview
Overview of Hotel Industry Categories of Service
Limited-service mid-scale hotels
Budget Hotels
Recent Trends in the Budget Hotel Industry
Overview of Budget Hotels in the UK Today
Performance Measures
Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Documentation Collection
Survey
Sampling
Reliability and Validity
Rationale in Support of Methodology
Data Analysis
Case Studies: Premier Travel Inn UK and Express by Holiday Inn UK
Premier Travel Inn
Stock Performance for Whitbread: March 2006 to Date
Key Financial Metrics for Whitbread: 2001-2005
Whitbread Net Operating Revenues versus Net Profit: 2001-2005
Whitbread Earnings Per Share: 2001-2005
Whitbread Earnings Per Share: 2001-2005
Express by Holiday Inn
Amenities and benefits featured by Express by Holiday Inn in the UK
Financial Metrics Reported by Express by Holiday Inn in the UK
Intercontinental Hotels Group plc (IHG)
Other Performance Metrics Reported by Express by Holiday Inn in the UK
Representative Google Search Engine Results for "Hotel," "London"
Survey of Express and Premier Hotel Management:
Summary and Conclusions
Summary
Conclusions
From the Paper
"Middle upscale hotels are also able to lower rates during times of adverse economic environments. Many of these hotels have found it to their mutual advantage to engage in strategic partnerships with organizations such as the American Association of Retired Persons and the Automobile Association of America by offering discounts during off-season periods or during adverse economic periods. All-suite middle upscale hotels include AmeriSuites (Howard Johnson), Embassy, Guest Quarters, Hawthorne, Homewood, Lexington, and Residence Inn by Marriott."
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Budget in the Public Sector, 2002.
An analysis of budget allocation of funds in the public sector.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the budgetary situations with both presidential ideologies about surplus, and how this pertains to the Clinton Administration, as well as the Bush Administration in their differences of opinion. By analyzing these precepts, we can see both sides of the issue, as well as the reasoning for their deliberation in way that government plays a part in either returning the budget to the people, or the opposing view, which makes it clear that budget is for savings and not for dispensing to the public.
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State Budgeting vs. Federal Budgeting, 2002.
This paper details, compares and contrasts the different processes involved in budgeting on the state level and on the federal level.
1,109 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This paper, using Pennsylvania as a model, demonstrates the differences between state budgeting policies and federal budgeting policies. It shows how the budgeting techniques in the federal government have some major differences, when compared to those in the Pennsylvania State government; these differences include a lack of a separate capital budget, different budget cycles and timelines, and budgetary policy differences.
From the Paper
"The federal government uses only one budget to lay out its financial obligations, whereas Pennsylvania uses two separate budgets. The single operating budget used by the federal government is required to outline federal expenditures from purchases to service contracts. Pennsylvania, however, has one budget that outlines services, entitlements and education expenses, and a different budget to make new purchases on capital improvements. The former is called the General Fund, and the latter is the Capital budget. Pennsylvania uses two budgets because the General Fund is used for purchases and contracts that will take place within that fiscal year, and the Capital budget is used to forecast capital purchases in the next five years. In this manner, Pennsylvania can keep better track of its assets and have a tighter grip on where its money is spent. The biggest advantage to having a separate budget for capital improvements is it allows the possibility of change. When funding is appropriated on the federal level, the department gets its money all at once and builds whatever it needs. For a state, though, a program may be feasible at the time of its announcement, but may have to be restricted due to extenuating circumstances (i.e. September 11th and the economic downfall.) "
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Interdependence, 2007.
An analysis of the effects of international adoption and the difficulties adopted international children face in forming interdependent relationships.
1,501 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes interdependence in psychology with respect to international adoption. Specifically, the researcher focuses on the problems that international children have after adoption within the United States, including language or behavior problems. The paper then suggests some solutions to the problems that these children have.
Table of Contents:
Introduction/Background
Opinion/Assumptions
Nature of Interdependence
Types of Interdependence
Levels of Interdependence
Responsible Expression of Interdependence
From the Paper
"Rusbult & Van Lange (2003) suggest that interdependence theory "does not identify an overarching need or drives that fuels interpersonal behavior" but rather suggest that humans have "diverse instrumental and social-emotional needs, some biologically based and others learned" (p.351). In the case of international adoptions situations may exist where conflicting interests "involve challenging problems of adaptation" (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003, 351). In these situations personal preferences are made known and an impulse toward "reciprocity" become powerful (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003). Most people's impulses in these situations tend to be more "self centered and de-structured, prosocial reactions requiring transformation of the given situation" (Rusbult & Van Lange, 2003: 351). In these cases it is essential that parents act on behalf o their child at all costs to help avoid dilemmas and provide children the opportunity to exhibit more positive rather than negative reciprocity in a relationship."
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Social Interdependence, 2005.
An analysis of the article, "Social Interdependence and Performance and Motor Performance: A Meta-Analysis", by Stanne M. Johnson, D.W. Johnson, and R.T. Johnson.
920 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the article attempts to evaluate the importance of positive forms of social interdependence in such psychological factors as building student self-esteem and in creating more effective educational environments for students through the medium of cooperative learning. It explains how the article defines the concept of social interdependence. It also shows how, theoretically, social interdependence functions within positive and negative fashions, how it may be quantitatively measured in terms of the alliances individuals feel towards different social groups, for example, why it is an important concept for social scientists and educators, and how it may be deployed in cooperative learning situations.
From the Paper
"Organizationally, for a theoretical paper the use of definition, statistics, and then specifics is admirable. However, the problem with the writing style is that the authors Stanne, Johnson and Johnson are (1999) are so theoretical in their approach as to what is essentially a humanistic concept, that of social relationships and interdependence, that the text is excessively dry and difficult to apply to the lived reality of human, functional existence in a way that might be useful to educators in, for instance, creating lesson plans. Most educators already make use of some form of ?working in groups??how does one deploy this in a fashion to encourage social interdependence? In other words, some more detailed anecdotal examples of the functions of social interdependence would have been helpful, particularly earlier in the paper, when the concept is being defined."
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Economic Interdependence, 2005.
This paper explains how managed economic interdependence should lead to security in the Asia-Pacific region.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, £ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper maintains that managed economic interdependence will and could lead to security in the Asia-Pacific region, now with rising political instability. The paper stresses that the process is different than in the European Union. The paper provides the definition of interdependence and its counter theory leading to the trade expectation theory and its weaknesses. The paper concludes with a political and economic overview of the Asia-Pacific countries and some suggestions for the future.
From the Paper
"The definition of the term "interdependence" is in reality a combination of two words. Dependence meaning relying on something or someone and inter a Latin word for between. Taken in an economic context, the significance is apparent - the world we live in today is based on a successful application of the true meaning of this word - how we depend, rely on one another, in other words, how we trade. The hypothesis of my paper will be to prove how managed economic interdependence will lead to security with the accent on the Asia-Pacific region."
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State Sovereignty and Economic Interdependence, 2003.
An analysis of the rise of international interdependence, using the European Union as a case study.
1,074 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
State sovereignty, although detrimental in some regards, remains necessary and valuable. Despite impeding the establishment of powerful international institutions, state sovereignty insures greater political and military independence, advantages that states are unlikely to sacrifice for economic reasons. This essay uses the example of the European Union to explain the ways in which economic interdependence does not necessarily imply political or military interdependence. It explains the importance and necessity of state sovereignty.
From the Paper
"Although the EU has established some institutions resembling an increased tendency toward interdependence and shows signs of expanding to encompass more countries in the future, its actual degree of interdependence is questionable. Realists state that ?real interdependence required that states experience mutual vulnerability,? something that European states seem unwilling to do (Lieber 363). Nineteenth and twentieth century nationalism frequently arose and was solidified because of wars, and there has been no similar situation to link the continent of Europe into a common statehood."
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World Interdependence, 2005.
This paper discusses whether the world is becoming more interdependent.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the concept of interdependence was borne out of the emerging Cold War liberal tradition from the 1960s to 1980s. The writer maintains that although the answer that the world is becoming increasingly independent seems evident, both empirical and theoretical groundwork on the concept is contestable. The writer discusses that liberal thinking can be tracked back as far as John Locke in the 17th century, but it is not until recently in the 20th century that liberalism has emerged as a rivalling paradigm to traditionalist or realist theory and has stirred such great debate. The writer concludes with the belief that the changing relations of this time are best analysed, explained and interpreted with a changing variety of tools.
From the Paper
"Keohane and Nye's concept of interdependence was in this sense less radical, because they incorporated many traditional aspects that would steal the thunder out of the realist critique levelled against Burton. Within their analysis they maintained a highly state-centric focus and also incorporated traditional concepts of power. While complex interdependence was certainly an ideal function, for the theoretical groundwork they ascribed interdependence as less omnipresent than Burton did. The significance of interdependence was restricted to international regimes, which were argues to can make a difference through enabling deepened levels of cooperation in areas of mutual interest. Although being more cautious than Burton, they did endorse a win-win logic rather than the zero-sum mechanism and thereby picked up on earlier ideas of harmony of interest. Their main stipulations, however, was that this was not an inevitable logic for international relations as a whole - it was rather applicable to certain transnational relations and not to others. Power remained a key emphasis and indeed an analytical tool in the array of theories."
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Globalization and Economic Interdependence, 2006.
This paper discusses the force of globalization and how it is not only creating a world that is economically interdependent, but one that is changing the nature of human purpose.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 4 sources, £ 56.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses globalization and how it is changing the nature of the human purpose as well as reshaping us towards a new purpose. The paper further explains that these changes are occurring in the context of the global economy and that, through globalization, the entire world is becoming economically interdependent.
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Budgeting, 1988.
Discusses budgeting in public sector & non-profit organizations. Critiques primary budget formats (performance, program, zero-based and objects of expenditure).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 6 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
" The purpose of this paper is to critique the principal budget formats used by public sector and non-profit organizations. In this critique, the strengths and weaknesses of each budget format are identified, and their managerial implications are stated.
THE BUDGETING PROCESS
A budget, as a noun, is a detailed financial plan for the organization, which (1) describes financial resources expected to be available to the organization during the period covered by the budget, (2) identifies anticipated sources of the financial resources, and (3) provides a plan for the allocation and use of the identified financial resources (Garrison, 1985, p. 274). Budgeting, as a verb, is the process by which a budget is created (...)"
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Budgeting, 2002.
An analysis of the differences in budgeting within individual, for-profit, non-profit and public sector organizations.
1,585 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the commonalities and differences between the budgets of individual, for-profit, non-profit and public-sector entities. This paper explains how the budget process is similar and different between all of these entities. Budgeting is a critical element in financial planning, explains the author--whether the budget applies to an individual, a company or public entity, the budgeting process, its application and execution forecast the expected future.
From the Paper
"One of the most essential ingredients for a manager to effectively run an organization is the ability to develop and implement a good budget. The main objective of a budget is to establish a method of allocating limited resources in order to achieve the best return on their dollars. Furthermore a budget also outlines the various sources of revenue and the anticipated amount of money that will be derived from each source. Individuals, governments, non-profit organizations and profit making businesses commonly use this financial planning process. Each of these entity's budgets have many similarities and differences."
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Flexible Budgets, 1997.
Asseses benefits of flexible over static budgets & describes budget development process.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"Introduction
The budget process is one way in which companies determine how they are performing in relation to how they expect to perform. Calculating the variances of planned (budgeted) expenses against actual expenses and the variances of planned revenue toward actual revenue can help companies decide whether cutbacks need to be made or whether expansion plans are in order. Individual managers often devote a significant amount of their effort toward the budget process, and managers may well find their own performance (and compensation) tied to how well their projections match how their organization actually performs. Because of the importance of the budget process to an organization, companies must have accurate budgets which provide them with timely and useful information. Two types of budgets, static and flexible, have.."
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Government Budgets, 2006.
This paper compares the government budgets of Clark County in Nevada, the State of Nevada and the White House's Office of Budget and Management.
1,290 words (approx. 5.2 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that all the budgets of governmental agencies share the goals of significantly cutting costs, reducing their scope of operations through outsourcing and improving flexibility and responsiveness through the empowerment of management. The author points out that technological advances in information technology and information systems, supported by increased user expertise and familiarity with technology, have allowed budget management to break away from its traditional constraints but have forced many governmental agencies to establish management control mechanisms. The paper details each of the budgets from Clark County in Nevada, which is the smallest in terms of revenues and expenditures, to the larger budget of the State of Nevada and to the largest budget, which is the White House's Office of Budget and Management.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Nevada's Clark County
State of Nevada
The White House's Office of Budget and Management
From the Paper
"In order to increase revenues, Clark County has instituted their Capital Improvement Program (CIP), a five year plan which is reviewed and updated annually in conjunction with the preparation of the County's operating budget. The CIP's mission is to finance infrastructure improvements, government facility construction, and equipment acquisition. The goals of CIP are to: 1) access capital needs; 2) identify funding sources for those capital projects/programs, which will provide the greatest return on investment in terms of meeting the increasing demand for infrastructure, public facilities and services; 3) establish priorities among projects to increase the utility of County resources; 4) improve financial planning through disclosure of future bond issues and assessment of fiscal impact."
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