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Intelligence Gathering, 2006.
A discussion on which method of intelligence gathering the intelligence community should rely on in order to counter terrorism.
1,821 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how, in recent years, there has been much debate in the intelligence community relating to the balance between human intelligence (humint), and technical intelligence (techint), in satisfying a state's intelligence requirements. This paper addresses the argument from both sides and suggests that there has been an over reliance on techint in recent years, leading to inadequacies in intelligence gathering.
From the Paper
"The current debate, although not unique to the post 9/11 period, is certainly prevalent today, and has generally involved the advocates of techint in disagreement with those that suggest humint has been neglected as a result of this. Perhaps typical of those advocates is Turner (1985. p92. cited in Shulsky. p34. 2002), who states that 'One way or another, we should soon be able to keep track of most activities on the surface of the earth, day or night, good weather or bad.' As we shall see, the idea that one collection method is favoured over the other is not helpful to the ongoing debate on intelligence reform in the U.S. and that supporters of techint's superiority are misguided, perhaps because of what Emerson (2003. p2) describes as the 'American love affair with technology.' "
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The Possibility of Intrinsically Intelligent Artificial Intelligence, 2001.
An analysis of Searle's argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 0 sources, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper examines Searle's original argument against the possibility of strong Artificial Intelligence, or what he calls intrinsically intelligent AI. This argument was presented in "Minds, Brains, and Programs" which contains his original formulation of the Chinese Room example and many others. This paper explains Searle's original view (which has been slightly modified in recent years) against the possibility of strong AI. It then examines the serious shortcomings in his argument, namely his flagrant assumption that intelligence is a bio-chemical property, something that he barely mentions in his text. Holfstadter later called this view "bio-chauvinist." The writer examines what it is Searle is trying to say, where his bio-chauvinism comes into play, and what the end result is.
From the Paper
"In his paper "Minds, Brains, and Programs," John R. Searle attempts to establish the impossibility of strong artificial intelligence (AI), that an "appropriately programmed computer" can have genuine mental states. The validity of strong AI implies a direct correspondence between mental states and formal processes, and as such, insists that a properly defined program is sufficient for producing understanding and intentionality in the thing instantiating that program. Searle refutes this claim, arguing that a program could not be sufficient for producing intentionality because for any program it is possible to instantiate it in something without producing mental states in the thing. In elucidating this central point, Searle derives a distinction between "intrinsic" intentionality and "derived" intentionality. He defines intrinsic intentionality as the sort present in things that clearly have mental states, such as people. Searle distinguishes this from derived intentionality, which he claims is ascribed by those with intrinsic intentionality to things that "perform the sort of functions that we perform on the basis of our intentionality," but that do not actually possess mental states or a genuine intentionality. With this distinction, Searle's claim that programs are not sufficient, or even necessary, for producing intentionality becomes a claim that mere things - namely computers for our purposes - can only have derived intentionality and never can possess intrinsic intentionality. Searle's argument, pushed by his example of the Chinese room, at first seems to raise an alarming challenge to AI proponents, but on closer examination it becomes clear that the thrust of Searle's claim relies on some highly debatable intuitions and assumptions he makes a priori. In this paper I will argue that Searle's conclusion is entirely dependent these contestable assumptions and intuitions. I will then attempt to construct what Searle's response to this objection would likely be, and I will conclude by discussing the significance of this debate with regards to AI and all of cognitive science."
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Intelligence Acquisition, 2007.
This paper examines the use of the liaison channel as an alternative tool for intelligence acquisition.
1,988 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
In this essay, the writer notes that there is a growing need for improved communications between the nations of the world who have allied themselves against emerging threats, particularly those countries where there may be significant language and cultural differences that might constrain the intelligence-gathering and communication process. To this end, this paper provides an overview of the problem, followed by a discussion of what steps can be taken to improve liaison channels among Western nations today. A summary of the research and salient recommendations are provided in the conclusion. The writer concludes that while the intelligence-gathering process has been facilitated through the use of sophisticated computer-based applications, there continues to be a need for real people acquiring real information on the streets, alleyways and backrooms of the world's terrorist networks.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
The Liaison Channel
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Today, many Western policymakers are longing for the "good old days" of communism where the threats arrayed the nation's interests were monolithic and well known. By sharp contrast, the emerging scenario today is characterized by single and small groups of non-state actors, and recognizing just who the enemy is has become increasingly complicated. In this environment, the need for timely and accurate intelligence has assumed a new level of importance, but this process has also been adversely affected by the shift in the types of adversaries now confronting the West."
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The Revolution of U.S. Intelligence, 2007.
A look at changes in U.S. intelligence after World War II and during the emergence of the Cold War.
1,133 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses how US intelligence gathering underwent a reformation after the end of World War II. Nuclear weapons were available to the U.S. and later the Soviet Union and it was clear communist nations such as North Korea desired world dominance. The paper shows how this led to the need for a more accurate intelligence force in the United States. The paper also shows how technological advances, such as the US spy plane, global satellites, and other intelligence gear enabled the United States to become one of the premier intelligence gathering nations in the world.
From the Paper
"The modern intelligence gathering agencies as we know them today have their roots at the end of World War II and the beginning of the Cold War. In 1947, President Harry Truman signed the National Security Act, which "established the National Security Council to advise the president on foreign affairs and defense policy; created the Central Intelligence Agency to gather and analyze foreign intelligence and conduct covert operations; and created a Department of Defense to coordinate the activities of the branches of the US armed forces." In 1952, he created the National Security Agency, which was supposed to engage solely in cryptology, which would seem to separate the agencies even more."
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Genes and Intelligence, 2005.
This paper discusses the contribution of genes to general intelligence, although intelligence cannot be defined clearly.
1,875 words (approx. 7.5 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that research demonstrates that chromosomes, the gene-carrying structures of an organism, are able to determine the level of an individual's intelligence. The author points out that scientists can measure particular inherited features by studying identical twins, who share the same genes, and can use molecular psychiatry to identify specific genes related to intelligence. The paper stresses the problem in genetic identification is that there are several forms of intelligence, such as academic intelligence, which is the traditional construct of intelligence; analytic intelligence, which is similar to academic intelligence and is suitable for testing on I.Q. tests; creative intelligence, which is, for example, a musical or artistic intelligence and cannot be accurately tested because it cannot be clearly defined; and practical intelligence, which cannot be tested because it, too, cannot be clearly defined.
Table of Contents
Introduction to Essay
General Information on Genes and Chromosomes
Information on Intelligence Tests
Positive Aspects on Intelligence Tests
Negative Aspects on Intelligence
What Can and Cannot Be Tested
Research and Experiments Conducted on Topic
Proposals from Scientists
Hypothesis from Experts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Intelligence is the measure of a person's mental ability to function and to solve everyday problems as well as random odd problems. Individuals differ from one another in their ability to adapt to the environment, to understand complex ideas, to learn from experience and to overcome certain obstacles by taking thought. All of these concepts make up an individuals intelligence level. The most common way to measure a person's intelligence in today's society, is the IQ test. The IQ test is a series of questions involving mathematics and other types of problems that is completed by the recipients and later graded. The grade on the test determines the person's intelligence level."
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Challenges in Intelligence, 2008.
This paper looks at the greatest challenges facing the intelligence community in the US in the coming years.
1,442 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer argues that several serious challenges must be overcome within the next few years if American interests are to be well-served by those entrusted with accumulating information on the country's enemies and with formulating strategies for overcoming those enemies. The challenges include unimaginative policy-makers, an unwieldy bureaucracy, imperfect human resources management, the need for international collaboration in a day and age when America is deeply unpopular around the world, the unfortunate trend towards the politicization of intelligence-gathering activities, and slovenly knowledge management. The writer notes that while arguably none of them is any more important than the others, all of them, if taken as a collective, can lead to a paralysis of the intelligence community that might prove, quite literally, deadly. The writer concludes that American intelligence has a host of challenges, from unimaginative policy-makers, to bureaucratic inertia, to combating America's unpopularity overseas, to poor knowledge management, that must all be overcome as quickly as possible.
Outline:
Summary
References
From the Paper
"Another major challenge will be coming up with a more stream-lined decision-making process for all branches of government - not simply the CIA or FBI or any other explicitly intelligence-gathering department. This commitment to efficiency, as most can imagine, is vitally important when it comes to things like protecting American nuclear arsenals from successful infiltration or attack. According to the General Accounting Office, the Department of Energy took nearly two years to develop a new Design Basis Threat capable of accurately assessing the possible size and capabilities of terrorist forces - in no small part because the DOE's review and comment process for developing policy is cumbersome, to say the least. Clearly, one of the great challenges facing America today is coming up with a means by which the bureaucracy can be made to work more efficiently so that all those associated - even peripherally - with the intelligence community are responsive and flexible in a day and age when responsiveness and flexibility are desperately needed. All in all, given as the country's nuclear arsenals are so enticing to sophisticated terrorist outfits with considerable human and financial resources, streamlining the decision-making and implementation process (particularly with regards to things like DBT development) is simply imperative."
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Open Source Intelligence, 2008.
This paper looks at the advantages and disadvantages of open source intelligence.
932 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses five intelligence gathering techniques; human, signal, imagery, measurement and signature and open source. The paper focuses on the open source method of acquiring information that, according to many specialists, is one of the best means of obtaining information in today's technological era. The paper looks at its advantages and disadvantages and concludes that this technique should be seen as a complementary source of intelligence and its results should be properly integrated in the general process of decision making.
From the Paper
"The intelligence communities around the world are each in their turn distinctive systems of information determined by their national objectives and characteristics. However, there are particular elements that represent common practices for the entire secret service community, such as the collection techniques used to acquire information from all types of sources. The evolution of technology and the improvement of the conditions in which the collection of intelligence is done have determined though the preferential use of certain techniques which make the information more available. From this point of view, open source intelligence can be seen as one of the most accessible and useful source of information. Although it has it shortcomings, it is a means of information gathering that is being used more and more by the secret services."
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Modern Intelligence, 2005.
A discussion on the origins of modern intelligence.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 0 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper claims that the emergence and development of electronic signals espionage, sophisticated code-breaking systems and aerial reconnaissance and surveillance confirm that World War II was the birthplace of modern intelligence. It continues to explain that Allied military operations in Europe and the Pacific were frequently based upon intelligence information gathered because of broken German and Japanese codes. It succeeded, the author contends, because Allied political and military leaders were often aware in advance of enemy intentions and operations and could act accordingly.
From the Paper
"The emergence and development of electronic signals espionage, sophisticated code-breaking systems, and aerial reconnaissance and surveillance confirm that World War II was the birthplace of modern intelligence. Allied military operations in Europe and the Pacific were frequently based upon intelligence information gathered because of broken German and Japanese codes, and succeeded because Allied political and military leaders were often aware in advance of enemy intentions and operations, and could act accordingly. Modern intelligence capabilities were of crucial importance in both the European and Pacific theaters of war. Without these capabilities, Great Britain might have been defeated in 1940 when the Axis powers were at the peak of their strength. For example, Great Britain's ..."
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What Is Intelligence?, 2002.
A discussion on what intelligence is and the types of intelligence there are.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper explores what intelligence is. It discusses whether there is more than one kind of intelligence, whether people can be smarter in some ways than others and whether we can really measure intelligence accurately. It explores whether biology or environment has the most influence on a person's intelligence.
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Emotional Intelligence, 2006.
A review of issues in theoretical construct and measurement (emotional intelligence) pertaining to business administration.
8,036 words (approx. 32.1 pages), 104 sources, APA, £ 122.95
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Abstract
This dissertation proposal examines the relationship that exists between the role of 'emotional intelligence' and 'effective leadership and job success'. According to the paper, the theory of emotional intelligence states that emotional intelligence "is a combination of the intelligence we have that helps us both know and manage ourselves well, and the intelligence that we have that helps us understand, motivate and relate effectively to other people." The paper further discusses how even the most academically brilliant among us are vulnerable to being undone by unruly emotions.
Outline:
Introduction
Emotional Intelligence Theory
EI as a Form of Intelligence
Spearman - Psychological Ability
Thorndike Social Intelligence
Weshsler - "Non-Intellective Abilities"
Howard Gardner - "Multiple Intelligences"
Mayer & Salovey - "Four Branch Model"
Daniel Goleman - Personal and Social Competencies
Reuven Bar-On - EI in the Context of Personality Theory
Emotional Intelligence and Leadership
EI and Successful Organizational Leadership
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Emotion Quotient Inventory (EQ-I) self report measure of emotionally and socially intelligent behavior that provides an estimate of emotional-social intelligence. The EQ-I was the first measure of its kind to be published by a psychological test publisher (BAR-On, 1997a) Contains 133 items (short sentences) (5 point response scale) takes 40 minutes to complete (scales are scored on 15 subscale scores: Intrapersonal (self-regard, emotional , self-awareness, assertiveness, Independence, self actualization) Interpersonal (empathy, social responsibility, interpersonal relationship) Stress management (stress, tolerance, impulse control) Adaptability (reality testing, flexibility and problem solving) General Mood (optimism, happiness) Scores computer generated/raw scores auto. tabulated and converted into standard scores based on a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. Resembles IQ scores - (E) Ave to above ave EQ scores - suggest respondent = effective emotional and social functioning. Higher scores - more positive prediction for effective functioning in meeting daily demands/challenges. Low - inability to be effective due to emotional, social or behavioral problems. Has built in correction factor automatic adjustment of scale scores based on scores obtain from two of the instrument's validity indices (positive impression and negative impress) Important feature for self-report reducing potential of distortion in effects of response bias with increased accuracy in results."
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Emotional Intelligence (EI), 2007.
This paper is a review of research literature to identify and evaluate where voids or gaps currently exist in identifying how emotional intelligence (EI) relates to sales outcomes.
2,570 words (approx. 10.3 pages), 20 sources, APA, £ 54.95
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Abstract
This research study examines how emotional intelligence may impact sales outcomes, and to what extent the research conducted in the past has effectively explored the direct relationship between sales outcomes and emotional intelligence. The paper explains that the literature review focused on previous methodologies, hypothesis, concepts and analytical procedures to help establish whether data correlating emotional intelligence scores to sales outcomes was more qualitative or quantitative in nature. The author points out that, from the review of the literature, it is clear that much of the research focused broadly on the ways emotional intelligence may impact outcome without too much specificity given to the topic of sales outcomes. The paper concludes that future research needs to focus on exploring the exact impact emotional intelligence has on sales outcomes, exploring how negative emotional intelligence affects the organization and examining what tools, aside from applied learning or goal orientation, can be used to transform negative emotional intelligence into positive intelligence.
Table of Contents:
Literature Review
Emotional Intelligence Defined
Review of Popular Studies
Summary of Literature Analysis of Gaps
From the Paper
"Ashkanasy (2002) conducted a study of emotional intelligence and perception of emotion in organizations in an attempt to improve understanding of "organizational behavior through investigation of the cognitive and affective processes" underlying attitudes among employees and behavior. The author hypothesized that leaders within an organization are characterized by certain traits or outcomes that may predispose them to their roles within the organization, concluding that attribution theory is most likely the best causal explanation for why people act the way they do, and how this may impact organizational efficacy, as in the case of sales.
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Emotional Intelligence in the Workplace, 2006.
An overview of the concept of emotional intelligence and how it is applied in the workplace.
3,900 words (approx. 15.6 pages), 12 sources, MLA, £ 75.95
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Abstract
Emotional intelligence is as an individual's ability to understand other's emotions and to use that understanding to successfully interact with others. It has been argued that emotional intelligence is more important as compared to traditional intelligence or IQ. This paper provides a detailed description of the concept of emotional intelligence, before examining how it is applied in the workforce, as well as in business leadership.
Paper Outline:
Introduction
Emotional Intelligence at the Workplace
Achieving an Appropriate Level of Emotional Intelligence at the Workplace
Creating Opportunities for Emotional Intelligence: Important Considerations
Promoting Emotional Intelligence in Organizations
Emotional Intelligence and Business Leadership
Learning Emotional Intelligence
Conclusion
Works Cited
From the Paper
"Motivation helps the individuals to define new and improved methods of completing a certain task or performing a job. It also creates loyalty among the individuals, towards their cause. In addition to this, the element of empathy further contributes towards the development of emotional intelligence in an individual. It allows the individual to consider the feelings of the individuals who are expected to be affected by his or her decisions. Emotional Intelligence helps the individuals to realize the fact that their decisions are going to affect others in a positive or a negative manner and therefore they should consider the consequences of their decisions. Finally, social skills allow the individuals to come close to their peers and subordinates and understand their emotional needs."
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Intelligence, 2003.
A comparison between the theories of single intelligence and multiple intelligences.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the nature of learning. The paper defines, compares and contrasts Charles Spearman's theory of single intelligence and Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences.
From the Paper
"The attempt to understand different learning and thinking styles is based on different arguments with respect to the nature of intelligence. Such arguments traditionally fall into two categories..."
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Sex Intelligence Differences, 2007.
This paper discusses the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-R) and its findings regarding intelligence factors between the sexes.
1,409 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper explores the innate differences between the intelligence factors of the sexes and when the intelligence factors between the sexes may begin to diverge. The paper discusses the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-R) which shows no difference in intelligence and cognitive abilities between the sexes early in life, even though there is a probability the relationships between these factors change over time. The paper explains that this change in relationships may occur due to male-related bias in general knowledge or it may have to do with socialization and societal expectations.
Outline:
Introduction
Position
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Typically, measures of human intelligence and cognitive abilities are measured independently according to age groups, as well as independently according to sex. The differences between the sexes are frequently documented in adults, particularly in terms of general knowledge. Some questions exist, however, regarding the innate differences between the intelligence factors between the sexes and in when the intelligence factors between the sexes may begin to diverge."
"Although intelligence factors between the sexes can be seen in adults, the results shown by 1868 participants in a white sub-sample of individuals who have taken the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children--Revised (WISC-R) do not reflect such a difference."
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