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Institutional Racism in U.S., 1994.
This paper discusses institutional racism in the U.S.: Discrimination in schools, media and government and possible solutions (changing curricula, news coverage, reapportionment).
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 8 sources, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"An issue close to being most important in American life is how to make the social and cultural diversity of American society work. Diversity must become a strength upon which the nation's future can depend, rather then a reason for reviving ancient animosities or inventing new ones.
From the new statistics recently revised and published by the U.S. Census Bureau, it is clear that racial diversity will continue to be a major issue in society. For example, Bureau projections by age, race, and sex, based on the 1990 census show faster population growth and an increase in racial diversity that goes beyond previous estimates. Whereas the Bureau previously predicted three racial groups for the twenty-first century, it is now projecting four racial groups (white, black, Asian, and American Indian), with Hispanics increasing their ... "
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Organizational and Institutional Racism, 2002.
A brief history of racism, its types and a comparison of institutional and organizational racism in the U.K. and the U.S.
1,726 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how institutional and organizational racism is a problem not only in the US, but in the UK as well. The denial of equal opportunity in education, jobs, and housing in the UK is considered, as well as addressed, with a comparison to the situation in the United States. Clear implications and solutions are set forth, explaining the need for eradication of institutional and organizational racism.
From the Paper
"Racism, by definition, is a belief that race is the primary determinant of human traits and capacities, and that racial differences produce and inherent superiority of a particular race. When applied to society and specifically to institutions, racism is discriminatory attitudes and beliefs that permeate our society and its institutions. These attitudes and modes of thinking can have a serious impact on treatment of minorities, especially in areas of justice. As a result, these minorities suffer disadvantages ranging from criminal profiling to being rejected for jobs."
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Organizational and Institutional Racism, 2002.
A discussion of institutional and organizational racism in the U.K. in terms of discrimination in the workplace, in education and a lack of equal opportunity.
1,676 words (approx. 6.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 38.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the history of racism in the U.K. over the years from the early 1950s when it was referred to as a ?color problem? to modern day. It evaluates the different forms of racism experienced by ethnic minorities such as in the workplace and in education and the ramifications involved because of this discrimination. It examines the U.K. laws imposed to fight this racism and makes a comparison between racism in the U.K. and the U.S. as well as reflections and general solutions to the problem.
From the Paper
"Racism was decidedly a problem not of the industrialists, but one of the state. ?It was state racism that provided for racist policing, for discriminatory practices in employment and education, for media calumny and the creation of popular racism which, in turn, reinforced prejudiced attitudes.? (Bourne 2001) With regard to racism and the need to make changes, the furthest officials would go to implement such a change is, to claim people needed to adopt multi-culturalism; they adopted this middle-of-road philosophy position so as to not offend anyone. This position however, did not address the problem of the new class of citizen that was both black and born and raised in the United Kingdom."
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Institutional Racism, 2002.
Argues that institutional racism is still alive in U.S. law enforcement.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
Although slavery ended, the problems in institutional racism have not stopped specifically in law enforcement. More black men face the death penalty than whites. More blacks are arrested every day. This certainly points toward racism in the law enforcement. Often minority police officers believe that many from their race are being treated unfairly and most policemen are white.
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Whiteness, Institutional Racism and White Privilege, 2005.
A discussion into institutional racism in Canada, compared to the U.S./U.K, that maintains white privilege
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the dynamics of systemic or institutional racism that maintain white privilege. The paper presents a critical view of US/UK bedrock of theory, when discussing Canadian phenomenon. The paper presents fieldwork which reveals that most homeless persons in a Toronto facility were 'white' and when speaking with a white mentally ill vagrant man, it was realized that his 'privilege' did not mean any institution was responsible for him.
From the Paper
"'Whiteness', Institutional Racism, and 'White Privilege'. Course materials indicating institutional racism pertain most often to British or American examples, and employing a jargon of 'privilege' that is interesting to examine in relation to contemporary Canada. One is to assume that the situations of these quite strongly racist societies are pertinent to Canada, in which racism certainly exists, but in a condition not to be compared with what is encountered in the others. Should we be examining institutional racism and white privilege in Australia, for instance, or other communal distinctions in India, or in Israel? An interesting approach is taken in John Hartigan's discussion of the American case, in reference to 'rednecks', 'hillbillies' and 'white trash', as marked racial subjects. (2003: 95-111) "
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Is the U.S. Constitution Color-Blind?, 2007.
An analysis of the degree to which the U.S. Constitution may be said to be "color-blind".
1,535 words (approx. 6.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper explores the degree to which the U.S. Constitution may be said to be "color-blind". It argues that the Constitution is not color-blind because it permits many instances of bigotry to go unchecked in private life. To bolster this claim, the paper places a great deal of emphasis upon the work of Dr. Neil Gotanda, entitled A Critique of "Our Constitution is Color-Blind". The paper also focuses on the controversial case of Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) in which racism was seen to be upheld by the U.S. Supreme Court despite the eloquent protests of one of the presiding Justices.
From the Paper
"Gotanda also insists that the First Amendment - specifically its Freedom of Speech Clause - has been used by the federal courts to strike down government efforts to outlaw "racial domination". What Gotanda appears to mean when he talks of "racial domination" is that recent years (Gotanda was writing in the early 1990s) have seen the "resurgence" of racist speech on university campuses after decades of determined effort by non-whites to wrestle back control of the image-making process from Caucasians. As a result, racially motivated speech which defames - or at least casts in a negative light different - groups has been protected by a Constitution that is allegedly "non-racial" in construction. In any case, Dr. Gotanda, if this writer understands him correctly, is putting forward the notion that American society has always been dominated by Caucasians and, therefore, permitting racially-offensive discourses on university campuses allows the dominant group in society to continue to articulate views supporting invidious distinctions between races without fear of any disciplinary action being taken. In other words, whites have crafted negative images of non-whites since the founding of America and this group, so powerful in the media, in the judiciary and even still in academia, is allowed to continue on with making negative distinctions because the Constitution - written as it was and amended as it has been by (predominantly) Caucasian males of property and significance - permits it."
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Minorities and the U.S. Criminal Justice System, 2006.
A look at how the U.S. criminal justice system mistreats minorities.
2,727 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate that minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the U.S. criminal justice system. The paper cites statistics showing that, while all minorities are afforded less than fair treatment by the criminal justice system, African-Americans seem to be particularly vulnerable to sentences involving capital punishment. The paper further asserts that African-Americans suffer from political, social, psychological and economic exploitation at the hands of powerful whites in this country and, as a result, black people generally are purposefully put into situations where the commission of criminal acts are seen as the most effective solution to their problems. The paper concludes that the problem will only end once white people honestly recognize the racism that exists within the U.S. on all levels of society and end it.
Table of Contents
Race, Ethnicity and the Criminal Justice System
Drug Policies and Racial Disparities
From the Paper
"In 1996, six in 10 jail inmates were racial or ethnic minorities -- 41 percent were African American, 18 percent were Hispanic and 3 percent Asian or Alaska Native, according to the Department of Justice. The Sentencing Project, a Washington-based think tank, reported in 1995 that 32.2 percent of all African Americans men between the age of 20 and 29 are under criminal justice supervision on any given day -- in prison or jail, on probation or parole. Even more unsettling, nationally blacks are incarcerated at a rate of 7.66 times greater than whites. This paper shall demonstrate how minorities, especially African-Americans, are unfairly treated by the US criminal justice system."
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Racism in U.S., 1999.
Overview of institutional racism. It looks at the impact of slavery, questions the role of stereotypes, and provides examples (L.A. riots, immigrants) Analyzes the media images (news, sitcoms) and their involvement.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 11 sources, £ 56.95
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From the Paper
" The dream of a colorblind society is one that has fascinated many Americans for some time. The recent battle over affirmative action has brought the issue to the fore once more. Proponents of affirmative action point out that America is not a colorblind society and is not likely to be and that reparations for past injustice and current disparities have to be made. Opponents of affirmative action sometimes state that a colorblind society is possible but that to achieve it we have to create colorblind laws and programs, as if a colorblind society can be created by fiat. The United States has never been a colorblind society, and it is not likely that it ever will be so long as there are racial divisions among human beings. Some futurists have proposed that centuries from now there may no longer be separate races, but short of such a shift, the United States will continue to have to.."
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Racism in U.K. Schools, 2005.
A look at the problem of racism among youth and immigrants in the U.K., with a focus on school bullying.
4,217 words (approx. 16.9 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 79.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to address some of the problems identified in the bullying and racism research to date, since little can be concluded about the real experience of ethnic minority children in British schools. It proposes a study to provide a richer understanding of bullying among Asian schoolchildren in Britain.
Outline
Introduction
Racism Towards Immigrants By British Youth
Method
Participants
Questionnaire Design
Procedure
Results
Discussion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"One problem is the lack of a universally agreed definition of bullying. According to Olweus's (1997) definition, there are several characteristics which bullying and racism have in common. Both involve intentional harm; both are unprovoked by the victim; and both involve an imbalance of power that makes it difficult for the victimized person to respond. There are also differences, however. One is that bullying (according to most researchers) must be a repeated action over time, whereas racism can occur in single, individual events. More important, when an individual is bullied, the attack is usually aimed at some personal characteristic (for example, weight, ginger hair, the wearing of glasses, etc.), their immediate family (mother insults, for instance) or perhaps some aspect of their social circle (such as support for a rival football team)."
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Racism in U.S. Military, 1997.
Examines major examples of racial bias in 1940s & legal, political & ethical pressures leading to President Truman's 1948 order to desegregate armed forces.
3,600 words (approx. 14.4 pages), 7 sources, £ 90.95
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From the Paper
"DESEGREGATION OF THE UNITED STATES ARMED FORCES
Introduction
The desegregation of the United States armed forces was directed by Executive Order No. 9981 issued by President Harry S. Truman on 26 July 1948. Harry Truman, however, was not a good fairy and Executive Order No. 9981 was not a magic wand. The desegregation of the armed forces in the United States did not occur in an instant. In fact, years were to pass before widespread integration, the obverse side of the coin on which segregation is the reverse, was the rule in the armed forces.
The issuance of Executive Order No. 9981, as was true of the pressures for the desegregation of the armed forces in the United States, did not occur in political and social vacuums. Each was the product of events and environments that long pre-dated.."
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The U.S. and the U.N. Rights of the Child Convention, 2002.
This paper discusses why the U.S. hasn't signed the treaty on the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child.
5,060 words (approx. 20.2 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 90.95
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Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination, written from a legal standpoint, of the treaty on the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Children. The paper concludes the U. S. is willing to intervene in other international problems, such as oil; and therefore, it should make a public statement to protect the world?s most precious commodity, children, by supporting the treaty.
Table of Contents
Introduction
What Is It
What It Protects
What about the Legal Standpoint
Why Is Treaty Needed
Why Won't the U.S. Sign?
Reasons for Signing the Treaty
From the Paper
"While there are many political reasons that the US may refuse to sign the treaty, one of the chief causes for concern might be the establishment of an International Criminal Court. Many UN delegates support the idea of an International Criminal Court but the United States has been steadfast in its refusal to agree. An international criminal court might begin the slippery slope of descent to the power of individual nations when it comes to many issues including the treaty.If the international criminal court gains favor and power in the future it is feasible that the court could be used to enforce the treaty."
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Multiculturalism in the U.S. and U.K., 2005.
This paper presents an analysis regarding the doctrine of multiculturalism.
904 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the doctrine of multiculturalism. The writer offers an analysis of why such a doctrine is problematic. In order to examine the issue of multiculturalism, the writer uses examples from the public education systems in the U.S. and Great Britain to show the difficulties in treating all cultures as equal.
From the Paper
"Multiculturalism is defined by the Ayn Rand institute as the view that all cultures are equal. While this doctrine is often adopted in spirit if not in principle in the U.S. and Great Britain, multiculturalism is problematic as a term. For if all cultures are equal we cannot say that there is one superior way of being, one superior set of values or one superior method of educating individuals. However societies like America and Great Britain often adopt such methods values ... "
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Howard Zinn's "Call for a True People's History", 1990.
This paper reviews Howard Zinn's "Call for a True People's History": Concept of history, racism in the U.S., gender roles, U.S. imperialism, capitalism and workers' movements and the origins of the civil rights movement.
2,925 words (approx. 11.7 pages), 1 source, £ 73.95
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From the Paper
"Howard Zinn looks at the way history has been written and finds a high degree of conformity, with most American history beginning with a celebration of the conquest of the New World by Columbus. The emphasis is on heroic discovery, and this also involves highlighting the important characters like Columbus and either ignoring or downplaying their faults. Zinn finds that Samuel Eliot Morison, for instance, is too good a historian to ignore the truth completely, but he gives the unpleasant details no more than a mention and then passes on to something more in keeping with the emphasis on the hero and on progress.
Zinn makes the valuable point that history is generally written from the standpoint of the collective memory of the state. The state in this case is the American state, and it has been built by the white European settlers who conquered the Native
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Institutional Discrimination of Homosexuals in Canada, 2006.
This paper defines institutional discrimination and explains how it applies to homosexuals in Canada by denying them access to some governmental institutions.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 0 sources, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that Canadian homosexuals face institutional discrimination. This prejudice upholds stereotypes of gays as well as impacts their ability to have equal rights in a free society. Institutional discrimination as a term is defined and applied to the current situation faced by homosexuals in Canada. The author contends that although overt discrimination against homosexuals is disappearing, institutional discrimination maintains the status quo.
From the Paper
"Overt discrimination against homosexuals seems to be disappearing. However, homosexual people in Canada still don't have the same access to institutions that other Canadians do. This would seem to indicate that homosexual Canadians are facing a high degree of institutional discrimination. Institutional discrimination is defined as the policies and or behaviours of an institution that negatively impact subordinate and or minority groups in a society (Pincus 1996: 186). Institutional discrimination of homosexuals is basically used to maintain the dominant status of heterosexuals in Canadian society by excluding homosexuals from these institutions. In order to become full and equal members of Canadian society homosexuals need to be able to be a part of any institution they wish."
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