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Insights into the Localization of 'mRNA', 2001.
A review on an article discussing the insights into the localization of 'mRNA' in embryonic and differentiated mammalian cells as it pertains to how proteins that 'mRNA' code for are localized, modified and expressed.
1,910 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 14 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper reveals the increasing importance of 'mRNA' study in understanding protein synthesis, localization and expression. It discusses the cellular mechanisms and techniques for measuring them. The writer explores the observed effects on development to the differentiation of the most complex cells and concludes that 'mRNA' localization has proven to be a highly conserved and important mechanism in the cell.
From the Paper
"When cells are dividing and differentiating into tissues and higher complex structures, each tissue-type cell is uniquely characterized by the membrane bound and cytoplasmic proteins it contains. These various proteins are sequestered within the cell by various mechanisms. The details associated with protein targeting have been the focus of considerable research in the last decade. As a result, a good deal is known about protein sorting signals and the machinery needed for endo and exocytosis as well as the mechanisms for transporting vesicles along microtubules and actin filaments within the cytoplasm. However, less is known about how cytosolic proteins are parceled out within the cytoplasm. It has become increasingly clear that the transport and localization of mRNA, not the proteins alone, plays an important role in the localization of proteins. mRNA localization is an active process highly conserved from a simple Drosophilia oocyte model to a very complex mammalian neuron. It allows for specificity in development and function that would otherwise not be possible."
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The Localization of McDonald's in China, 2008.
An analysis of fast food strategies in China and of Chinese ideas about fast food.
13,850 words (approx. 55.4 pages), 91 sources, MLA, £ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the popularization of fast food in China in the light of developments in China in the last three decades. Much attention is paid to how Chinese perceive Western fast food, and how fast food has become a part of a "new way of life". This paper also takes a closer look at the localization of marketing strategies by taking the involvement of McDonald's in the Olympic Games of 2008 as an example. The last chapter is dedicated to critical voices in China towards fast food. A comparison is made showing how criticism outside China differs from the criticism in China. This paper contains figures and graphs.
Outline:
Introduction
Changes in Chinese Society since 1978
Open Door Policy
One-Child Policy
Rising Expectations and Pressures
Children as Target Group of Western Food Companies
The Introduction and Popularization of Western Fast Food in China
Characteristics of "Western" Style Fast Food Management
Emergence of Fast Food Restaurants in China
The Perception of Western Fast Food by Chinese Customers
Weidong on the Difference between Traditional Chinese Cuisine and Western Fast Food
McDonald's Presentation in China
First Impressions
Attention for the Little Kids
McDonald's and the Olympic Games
Teenagers and Young Adults
Overall Analysis
The "Brand" McDonald's
Critical Voices in China towards Fast Food
McLibel
"Supersize Me"
Shanghu: A Concern about Fast Food from Traditional Chinese Medicine
Unclean Contents of Fast Food
Overweight and Obesity among Chinese Children
Neglect of Labor- and Environment-related Issues in Chinese Criticisms on Fast Food
Conclusion
Bibliography
Appendix
Glossary
From the Paper
"Eating at fast food restaurants has become an important way for young Chinese people who want to define themselves as middle-class professionals. Young couples from all social strata are also frequenters of western fast food restaurants, because the eating environment is considered romantic and comfortable. The restaurants with its climate-controlled environment are brightly lit, clean and feature light Western music. It has become a place to "hang out", a function that contradicts its original American purpose. Most Chinese customers claim their tables for longer periods of time than do their American counterparts. Lots of Chinese students come to KFC and McDonald's to relax and they regard these places as a symbol of leisure. The restaurants are not only appropriated as leisure centers, but also as public arenas for various personal and family rituals."
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Local Zoning, 2003.
This paper argues, using the history of zoning in New York City as an example, that local governments should control local zoning.
1,445 words (approx. 5.8 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that local municipalities are in the best position to judge where zoning divisions should occur and when and if any exceptions to such zoning regulations should be made. The author points out that the most characteristic channels for airing contentions are public hearings and systematic consultations, with everyone involved in a particular decision having the opportunity to have their opinions heard and their interests understood. The paper relates that the concept of local zoning began on July 25, 1916, when the New York City Board of Estimate and Apportionment approved an ordinance to control building volumes and land uses throughout greater New York.
From the Paper
"Speaking in front of the Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions, President of the Department of Taxes and Assessments, Lawson Purdy, stressed the economic character of the problem facing them at the time: "Tenement houses, more euphoniously called apartment houses, built to the full limit allowed by law, have intruded into a territory beautifully developed with single family dwellings at great cost, well constructed, in condition to last for a hundred year, and have destroyed their value in large measure" By and large, the Commission's Final Report advanced the notion of the protection of the home as a primary goal of the proposed regulations."
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Local Government, 2005.
Examines the significance of local government, focusing on Canada.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This essay looks at the importance of local governments particularly in Canada today. It focuses on the aspects of local government that the author considers most important. It also looks at the best approach or framework for studying local government in relationship to the important aspects identified. Finally it looks at how history of urbanization can help in better understanding local government today.
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Local Food and Community Values, 2008.
This paper discusses the effects of local food systems on our communities.
1,335 words (approx. 5.3 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 31.95
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Abstract
The paper argues that local food systems have a net positive impact upon our communities in how these systems support local economies, social structures and community values. The paper explains how local food systems play a critical role in fostering the identity of communities in ways that globalized food production and distribution networks simply cannot imitate. The paper therefore demonstrates how global food systems effectively threaten not only local foods systems but also the cultures that are deeply intertwined with those systems.
From the Paper
"Few people would challenge, or even be surprised at, the assertion that humans often define their food systems in terms of locality and culture. Indeed, as humans our food systems have traditionally been closely intertwined with local or regional cultures and identities. Norberg-Hodge et al (2002) contend that this closely interconnection associated with local food systems transcends even the food network and yields many associated benefits"
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Globalisation and Local Cultures, 2003.
A discussion on why globalisation will not make local cultures disappear.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
Through the culmination of evidence and case studies, this paper argues that local cultures around the world are not expected to disappear with increasing globalisation. The crux of the paper centres on the theory that culture is a complex and multi-faceted phenomenon and it uses this reasoning to explain why local cultures are more likely not to lose all aspects of their traditions. It also discusses several theories on cultural change and how these relate to the force of increasing globalisation. The paper contends that we are more likely to see globalised local culture rather than global culture, therefore demonstrating the implausibility in the notion that local culture is likely to disappear.
From the Paper
"For the Gapun people, we find globalisation forcing the hybrid language Tok Pisin into becoming the spoken vernacular for the next generation. Tok Pisin or Pidgin English is essentially how most Papua New Guinean communities have collectively interpreted and applied the English language to their own culture. In Tajikistan, there are many who hold on to socialist ideology while still embracing a traditional Islamic code of behaviour (Rashid 1995). Tomlinson (1999) argues, however, that hybridisation of culture is not a new phenomenon. So if local cultures have always been hybrid, what is the effect of globalisation on them?"
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Local Television Newscasts and Perceptions of Race, 2008.
A study of the fundamental role played by local television newscasts in shaping public opinion with regard to racial perceptions.
4,041 words (approx. 16.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 77.95
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Abstract
This paper examines how the use of the crime news script by local news media to achieve higher audience ratings has led to a greater division between races. The writer provides a detailed analysis of three studies in this field. The first was carried out to identify the relationship between crime reports and public opinion, the second attempted to determine if residential proximity to African Americans alleviates the impact of crime news that features black suspects, and the third explored the news media's capacity to engender racial attitudes through stereotypic portrayals in local crime coverage. The writer's evaluation of local news source websites to determine their relative propensity to publish articles that focus on violent rather than non-violent crimes is then described. The writer's findings are reported and the paper concludes that the media is tacitly disseminating negative attitudes into society for monetary gain, and inciting instead of informing the general public.
From the Paper
"Local news broadcasts undeniably play a fundamental role in shaping public opinion. Despite this all-important role, the local news media has decided to forego their obligations to the public by basing their reports on action news. This decision has engendered a local news media that heightens negative attitudes about African-Americans among whites by basing their reports on the crime news script. This crime news script has also been shown to alter the support of presidential candidates during campaigns. These influences would potentially be legitimized if the media's journalistic endeavors were approached differently, but they are not. These endeavors are approached from a business foundation that relies on audience ratings and profits but not so much on journalism for the sake of journalism."
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"Exports and Local Development: Mexico?s New Maquiladoras", 2006.
This paper discusses Patricia Wilson's "Exports and Local Development: Mexico's New Maquiladoras", which studies the intensely debated assembly industry in Mexico, called the maquiladoras.
1,065 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 0 sources, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Patricia Wilson in her book "Exports and Local Development: Mexico's New Maquiladoras", which she based on extensive field study of more than seventy maquiladora plants, compares Mexican industry with the more successful Asian industry to evaluate how policy initiatives could help Mexico utilize local linkages to draw on the local and foreign-owned assembly plants. The author stresses that Mexico needs to attract investors in the high-tech, high value-added industries equivalent with the "new" maquiladoras just as the governments in South Korea, Singapore and Taiwan are actively discouraging investments in labor-intensive industries in order to promote the industrial upgrading of their economies. The paper stress that subcontracting is an untapped source of great promise as demonstrated by the East Asian export processing zones, which create overflow effects in the domestic economy, increasing the level of integration between the industrial activity of the enclave economy and foreign companies.
From the Paper
"Wilson states that this obligates malleable production regularity and the promotion of programmable technology. It would permit a diversity of products to be constructed without costly retooling or exorbitant downtime. The work structure needs to be altered, as well as the connections between firms. A pliable work organization entails circulating the workers and attempting a diversity of chores. Commonly a group at a work station would be more efficient, instead of single people on an assembly line and implies that labor in descriptive rings focused on forecast issues and answers. Wilson adds that it is very important to establish and sustain an immediate connection with the suppliers and fusing computer guidance for the material flows and lower inventories."
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Local Politics, 2008.
This paper examines how the elements that define democracy are relevant to local politics throughout the US.
5,262 words (approx. 21.0 pages), 23 sources, MLA, £ 92.95
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Abstract
The paper outlines the history of the voting system in the US and considers voting turnout and the profile of the electorate. The paper focuses on three cities in the US; Atlanta, New York and Cincinnati and analyzes the political life, directions in local politics and policies and the major policy areas that have been subject for debate for the political forces in these cities.
Outline:
Introduction
The History of the Voting System
Voting Turnout
The Electorate and Current Political Life
Directions in Local Politics and Policies
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The political system in America is a rather important issue to be taken into consideration when discussing the definition and content of the notion of democracy. Although its structure is British, it is through the struggle of people such as George Washington, Thomas Paine, but also Abraham Lincoln and John Kennedy that its full content was expanded. In this sense, the component represented by local politics, in a federal governmental system, is essential and offers a perspective on the way in which democracy is applied and defended."
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Local Government, 2004.
Examines the traditional preference that Americans have for local government and the traditional distrust they have of centralized government.
3,694 words (approx. 14.8 pages), 11 sources, APA, £ 72.95
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Abstract
There is a strong traditional preference for local government over centralized government in the United States. This preference goes back to the beginnings of the nation and can be plainly seen in the debates between the Federalists and the Anti-Federalists over the ratification of the Constitution. It can still be seen today in the never-ending cry of politicians to put an end to "big government." The paper shows that there is an obvious distrust for centralized government in America and its political history, and current political climate proves this time and time again. Yet what are the reasons for this preference for local government and distrust of centralized government? How can current public administrators use this information to their advantage? This paper examines and answers these questions.
From the Paper
"One of the biggest problems the Anti-Federalists had with the Constitution was that it did not have a Bill of Rights to formally protect the rights of the citizens from being trampled upon by the government. The Federalists thought that such a Bill of Rights was unnecessary. They felt that the values of freedom and liberty that the nation was built upon were so well-ingrained into the hearts and minds of the people that there would be no question that these rights would be upheld by the government. The government, after all, was to be a government by the people and for the people. Further, the Federalists pointed out that the Constitution did not allow the federal government to do anything that was not specifically mentioned in the Constitution; since the Constitution did not state that the government could take away the rights of the people, the Federalists reasoned, then it could not."
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British Local Constitutions, 2004.
This paper discusses the requirement that British local authorities must have formal constitutions.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
The paper explains the biggest change in local government legislation over the past thirty years,namely, that British local authorities must now have formal constitutions, designed to streamline decision-making and make the process more open and accessible to the public. The author points out that, in addition to basic rules and regulations, the constitution describes the four basic elements through which the Council operates: the full Council, Council Committees, the Executive and Overview, and Scrutiny Committees. The paper relates that, within most London boroughs, services must cater to exceptionally diverse resident communities where social exclusion remains a daily reality, and the need to attract business and investment is a priority.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Council
Council Committees
Executive
Overview and Scrutiny
Rules and Regulations
Livability and Leadership
From the Paper
"Livability is a local issue, however, and it remains for local government to take the initiative on an agenda that has tended to sit relatively low on the managerial priority list. As an issue that is key to people?s awareness of their area and the delivery of their local politicians, it should be a priority for the perception-bound politician concerned with his mandate. High profile elected mayors in the US have built their reputations on liveability issues; for example Guiliani?s ?zero tolerance? approach to street crime in New York, or Daley?s ?urban renaissance? in Chicago, achieved through new partnership working and the injection of new sources of funding."
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Local People, 2005.
This paper explores the book "Local People" written by John Dittmer that analyzes the civil rights movement.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 3 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the central character of the civil rights movement with reference to the book "Local People" written by John Dittmer. The paper discusses how fundamentally, the civil rights movement was a fragmented movement nationwide, divided largely over the issue of agitation and violence. The paper adds that locally, it often fell to ordinary people to fight for the cause of equal rights.
From the Paper
"The fundamental significance of John Dittmer's "Local People" is that it documents the strides that seemingly powerless individuals within society can make towards reaching their dreams through sheer perseverance and toughness. In Mississippi, unlike most other southern states, the struggle for civil rights was truly a grassroots movement. Although this term is routinely thrown around regarding the movement, in very few notable cases was the battle for equal rights for black Americans brought together purely by "local people." Essentially, much of the civil rights movement in the mid portion of the twentieth century was organized and led by members of larger organizations; the NAACP, the SNCC, the SCLC and the Nation of Islam being the most public of these. However, Dittmer's central theme is that ordinary people are capable of significantly changing American society and that grassroots movements can succeed."
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McDonald's Local Markets, 2007.
An analysis of the ways that local markets affect domestic marketing decisions at McDonald's.
922 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes how environmental factors affect global and domestic marketing decisions at McDonald's. The paper describes different marketing strategies and decisions around the world and how local markets affect the decisions that McDonald's makes. It gives examples of some local marketing challenges and how McDonald's has had to adapt its products to meet the challenges.
From the Paper
"McDonald's is clearly pursuing the right strategy domestically, as the Justin Timberlake ad oversaw an "unbroken string of monthly sales increases" ("Online Extra: Marketing in the 'the Age of I'" 2004, BusinessWeek Online). These increases were also partly due to the McGriddle breakfast sandwiches and entree salads, playing upon American desire for novelty in the form of a breakfast sandwich that tastes like maple syrup and also a desire to adopt more healthy eating habits and still eat at McDonald's. The new dollar meal stresses value for American consumers, although its sandwiches are less of a bargain in other nations, based upon the base salary of consumers."
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Local Food and Health, 2008.
This paper explores the importance of local food systems to human health.
1,410 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
The paper examines the role of corporate entities in food production and distribution. The paper argues that we cannot discuss the human health aspects of local food production without critically addressing how the corporatization of food production and distribution has introduced numerous destabilizing health vectors in our food systems. The paper then shows how local food production is undeniably healthier than global food production and distribution.
From the Paper
"These "chemical stews" impact human bodies in numerous, and often unexpected, ways. Consider, for example, the contemporary health controversy over the excess use of antibiotics which - because of their widespread presence in the human population - have been losing their valuable potential as disease-fighting tools of our medical system. Studies have found that as much as 70 percent of the antibiotics present in our bodies today is present not from personal usage but indirectly through the consumption of animals who themselves have been excessively treated with antibiotics (Larsen 2007, p.21)."
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