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Influenza Pandemic, 2005.
A very thorough overview of the influenza virus and whether or not the U.S. is prepared for an influenza pandemic.
4,811 words (approx. 19.2 pages), 15 sources, MLA, £ 87.95
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Abstract
This paper defines and classifies influenza, explains how it is spread, and explains why the U.S. is not prepared for the onset of an influenza virus. The paper also discusses the morbidity and mortality rates of influenza and how it is diagnosed. Finally, the paper examines the central role of the World Health Organization and the Center for Disease Control in preventing, controlling, and treating the disease.
What Is Influenza and How Does It Spread?
Classification of the Influenza Virus
Definition of Pandemic and Causes and Reasons for Its Spread
How Well Is USA Prepared for the Onset of the Influenza Virus?
The Morbidity and Mortality Rates of the Influenza Virus
Details about WHO and CDC and Their Methods of Tackling the Disease
From the Paper
"When the influenza virus becomes deposited in the respiratory tract of a person, the various signs and symptoms appear almost immediately. The onset of the symptoms is almost like being hit by a truck; this is how a patient may experience the virus. Some patients can even accurately pinpoint the time of the onset of the fever or chills or the cold. Some patients may face photophobia other ocular problems and though these are not very common symptoms, they may occur in some rare cases. In some children, there may be stomachache and vomiting and also a feeling of general malaise. In infants these may become difficult to diagnose and the treating physicians are warned against treating them as symptoms of an ordinary common cold, whose symptoms are very similar to those of influenza."
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"America's Forgotten Pandemic", 2007.
A review of Alfred Crosby's work "America's Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918".
1,194 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Alfred Crosby's book, "America's Forgotten Pandemic", which is considered the definitive work on the Spanish influenza that spread worldwide between August 1918 and March 1919. The paper examines Crosby's main arguments about why this pandemic, though so large in scope and so damaging to the youth of America during that era, escaped the national consciousness. The paper discusses how "America's Forgotten Pandemic" has become extremely popular over the course of the last twenty years.
From the Paper
"Crosby's narrative has become extremely popular since the 1980s due to the spread of other infectious diseases. While influenza scares has died out largely due to the advent of modern medicine, the spread of the AIDS virus, Asian flue, and SARS epidemic have cast pandemics into the mainstream consciousness. Crosby's analysis of the pandemic is not only a narrative that describes the event and brings it to life, but also just as importantly it chronicles and explores the curious loss of national memory of this cataclysmic event."
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China's HIV/AIDS Pandemic, 2002.
Examines the pandemic proportions that China's AIDs inflicted have reached and what is being done about it by the authorities.
2,900 words (approx. 11.6 pages), 15 sources, £ 75.95
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Abstract
China's HIV/AIDS pandemic, in its first 1985 manifestation, was termed a 'foreigner's disease'. Patterns of infection in neighboring nations resulted in a more concerted approach. In contrast to other countries, China denied the extent of the epidemic for 15 years. According to WHO and various health officials, all past and current estimates of HIV infection in China are extremely conservative with the actual figures being as much as 25 times those that have been reported internally. Infections could reach ten million by 2010. Many of the programs reportedly established by 1990 are just now being put into place. The most essential need is for an effective surveillance program, along with a health education campaign. As in all Third World countries, major obstacles interfere with the implementation of such programs. The more serious of these hindrances consist of highly diverse populations, most of whom are simultaneously very mobile. The fact is that, while China superficially appears to be in a relatively advanced epidemic stage, the country is similar to Africa in that it is most likely pre-pandemic.
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Avian Flu and the Pandemic Threat in Late 2005, 2005.
An analysis of the media accounts of the Avian Flu virus in Canada in 2005.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 2 sources, £ 50.95
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Abstract
The paper reveals media accounts of the Avian (bird) Flu threat that repeat biomedical and biosocial notions of the disease. It looks at how drug companies compete to produce drug treatments and vaccines, for the future, in activities that will make billions in profits from a pandemic whose scope is not yet realised. The paper focuses on the Toronto medical community's reaction to a perhaps approaching disease and notes that many doctors and nurses do not wish to serve Avian Flu patients. There is also a comparative note on the 1918 Spanish Flu epidemic in Canada, and an in-depth analysis of the rise of Avian flu in humans abroad.
From the Paper
"The threat posed by the Avian Flu virus and the possibility of a pandemic, in the coming year, focus on biomedical and biosocial views of illness and health. This paper refers to a number of Toronto media summaries on research to date, and the threat posed by an Avian Flu pandemic, showing a number of foci that seem quite important in terms of how the possible pandemic is discussed. Later, time is given to more 'cultural' responses to the possibility of an Avian Flu pandemic, which should stimulate serious thought on our ideas of entitlement to health, long life, the duties of health professionals, .."
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Avian Influenza, 2007.
An analysis of the history, infection and precautions for avian influenza.
1,757 words (approx. 7.0 pages), 11 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses avian influenza or bird flu, which is the alternate common name for the H5N1 virus. The paper gives a brief history of the disease and describes how it is spread between animals and then focuses on how humans are infected and how it spreads between humans. The paper then discusses precautions and preventative methods for the spread of the disease.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Define Avian Influenza
History
How it's Spread
How Humans are Infected
The Risk Factors
Treatment
World Wide Preparedness
Precautions and Predictions
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To set a roadblock towards a catastrophic human outbreak of bird flu there is a way out and it is the usage of a harmless virus to act as a delivery vehicle. (Linda, 57) The amantadine and rimantadine are two antiviral medications which are commonly used for influenza and for which the H5N1 virus, that causes human illness and death, could be resistant. There are other two antiviral medications known as oseltamavir and zanamavir which could possibly treat influenza caused by H5N1 virus. However, there is a necessity for additional studies to prove and demonstrate their effectiveness. And it is to be noted that for the protection against H5N1 virus there is no commercially available vaccine in Asia and Europe. (Key Facts about Avian Influenza (Bird Flu) and Avian Influenza A (H5N1) Virus)"
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Avian Influenza, 2008.
An overview of the health concerns caused by the spread of avian flu.
2,387 words (approx. 9.5 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
Avian influenza, which is commonly referred to in the media as bird flu, is a strain of the flu virus that is highly infectious and can be fatal. This paper discusses how the spread of avian flu among wild bird populations concerns health care officials due to the high communicability of the disease and its record of moving from domestic livestock to humans. The paper also discusses how, although viral strain H5N1 has thus far not mutated into a form that is directly communicable among humans and can be passed without an avian host as a carrier, the possibility that this mutation could occur suggests to health care officials that H5N1 could potentially become a global pandemic.
From the Paper
"The first documented incidences of H5N1 occurred in 1997 in Asia. The disease was recognized as able to cross the species barrier when handlers of poultry manifested symptoms similar to those in their livestock, which included damage to internal organs and aggressive vomiting, coughing, and physical weakness. Typically, once passed from a bird to a human, H5N1 is extinguished when the afflicted person recovers or succumbs to the disease. Yet there have been cases in which H5N1 has been transmitted from a human to another human, suggesting that the H5N1 virus has the potential to move within humans as well as birds. "
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"The Influenza", 2007.
An analysis of Winston Churchill's "The Influenza" and its use of symbolism.
886 words (approx. 3.5 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 22.95
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Abstract
The paper examines Winston Churchill's poem, "The Influenza", which describes how the disease is almost unconquerable, until at last some supernatural power acts to save the human race from complete annihilation. The paper discusses how symbolism can either be used in terms of its general connection in the collective social mind, or it can be used in a new sense that is revealed by the work itself. The paper illustrates how several words and phrases are used in both these ways.
From the Paper
"Churchill opens his poem with a number of questions pertaining to the cruelty of the disease he is describing. The questions themselves could relate to the uncertainty of those who contract the disease, as well as to those who remain behind. In the line "It journeyed with the sun", the sun is used in a different symbolic association than is normally the case. In general language, the sun is usually symbolic of happiness and joy. In the poem however it acquires a more sinister association. Specifically, the sun appears to signify the inevitability and universality of the disease. The sun travels everywhere and eventually reaches everyone on earth. This traveling process also foreshadows Churchill's assertion later in the poem, that nobody, regardless of status or wealth, is safe from infection. The disease, like the sun, does not discriminate."
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Avian Influenza, 2005.
An examination of the medical condition known as avian influenza.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
Avian influenza is a disease that humans are becoming exposed to through contact, either directly or indirectly, with infected poultry or fowl. This paper explores the history of the flu, as well as what is being done to combat this infectious and deadly disease.
From the Paper
"Avian Influenza, also known as Avian flu or "bird flu" is "an infectious disease of birds caused by type A strains of the influenza virus" according to the World Health Organization. Identified over 100 years ago in Italy it has now spread throughout the entire globe. The immune systems of some bird species are more resistant to this disease than other although it is believed that all species are susceptible to becoming infected with the disease. The flu ranges "from mild illness to a highly contagious and rapidly fatal disease results in severe epidemics." "
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Avian Influenza, 2004.
Considers the marketing ramifications of the recent outbreak of avian flu in Asia.
690 words (approx. 2.8 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 16.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the marketing ramifications of the recent outbreak of avian flu in Asia, including consequences for exporting birds to Asia, exporting birds from Asia, and tourism. It discusses how to eradicate the disease from the bird population.
From the Paper
"Although the flu is not considered by many to be a serious illness the disease kills hundreds of thousands around the world each year. Generally flu strains remain a specific species and relatively ..."
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Nursing Avian Flu, 2006.
A discussion regarding the role of the nurse in a pandemic of avian influenza.
1,033 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the topic of nursing and an impending pandemic. Specifically it refers to avian influenza (bird flu) and the impact of a pandemic on nursing practice, present and future, along with the nursing role in influencing the issue.
From the Paper
"One of the problems with diagnosing avian flu are the signs and symptoms, because they so closely resemble the signs of other flu strains or the common cold. Typical symptoms include fever, muscle pain, headache, malaise, nonproductive cough, sore throat, and runny nose. Symptoms such as these should be taken seriously if they are diagnosed, especially in anyone who regularly has contact with poultry or other birds. Another problem with diagnosis is that the disease can incubate in the victim for up to four days, making it difficult to determine just when and where the infection occurred. Victims can also infect others even after symptoms of the disease disappear, which is another problem with diagnosis and prevention. The disease is most deadly to senior citizens over 65, young children, and individuals with underlying health problems, such as breathing difficulties or heart conditions. Symptoms usually dissipate in seven days, but the cough can last in many individuals for two weeks or more. Currently, influenza deaths in the United States average about 36,000 per year ("Avian," 2006.) Since there have not been any cases of the virus in birds in the United States, many people might ignore the symptoms if they occur, but with world travel so easy and quick today, infection could easily come from travelers returning from a trip to Asia or the Middle East. Thus, healthcare professionals should always be aware and on the lookout for these symptoms in any of their patients. "
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The Avian Flu, 2007.
A discussion of whether the US is prepared for an outbreak of the avian flu.
8,021 words (approx. 32.1 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 121.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that there is a very real potential for an avian influenza pandemic in the future, yet there remains an insufficient amount of effective vaccine to address the current incarnation of the H5N1 virus. The author suggests, based on this research, that it is useful to develop a broad-based assessment of the realities involved in a potential pandemic in order to provide meaningful and timely responses. The research presented in the paper was examined from biological, psychological and economic sources. The author concludes that it is incumbent on public health officials around the world today to alert their citizenry to the potential for such an outbreak and to take whatever precautions are necessary today to preclude such a disaster.
Outline:
Introduction
Explanation of the Problem
Justification for Using an Interdisciplinary Approach
Identification of Relevant Disciplines
Respective Viewpoints of Relevant Disciplines
Biology
Psychology
Economics
Methodology
Purpose of the Study
Background
General History of the Problem
Disciplines, Perspectives, Evidence, Insights
Logic,
Reasons for Order of Presentation of Disciplines Used
Biological Perspective
Psychological Perspective
Economic Perspective
Integration of the Three Disciplines
Conflicts within a Discipline
Creation of Common Ground with the Disciplines
Integration of Insights
Techniques of Integration Used
Development of New Understanding or Meaning
Conclusion
Table 1: Techniques of Integration Used
From the Paper
"By the end of 2005, the epidemic of avian influenza had resulted in human cases of the disease in Cambodia, China, Indonesia, Thailand, Turkey, and Vietnam. Vietnam was the worst hit, with 93 cases. Of those, 42 died; citing statistics from the World Health Organization, Ford reports that the total number of cases by the end of 2005 was more than 140, with approximately half of these resulting in death (2006). Although sustained communicability of the H5N1 virus from person to person has not been observed, health officials remain cognizant that the H5N1 virus has the potential to mutate rapidly or even combine genetically with a human influenza virus to yield a virulent new strain that could easily spread throughout the global human population (Ford, 2006). "
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Avian Flu, 2007.
An analysis of the possible outcomes of avian flu if it becomes a pandemic.
1,358 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper presents an examination of avian flu (commonly known as "bird flu"). The writer explores the facts and myths surrounding the flu. It then compares it to past pandemics, such as the Spanish Flu pandemic, that have become a reality and killed large numbers of people. The paper discusses what may be expected if the avian flu does become a pandemic.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
The Flu
Why the Concern
If It Happens
Conclusion
From the Paper
"According to experts the basis for the concern is the fact that like the Spanish Flu pandemic the Avian Flu, if it mutates will present a flu virus to the system that humans have never before experienced. As people age they build immunities and those immunities help their systems fight additional illnesses that they are exposed to or contract. With the Avian Flu the strain of viral infection is one that has never before in recorded history been introduced to the human body and that makes it extremely deadly.
If the flu does become a pandemic it is estimated that it will kill more than 50 million people world wide and more than half a million in the US. Even more concerning is the belief by experts that at least 250,000 of those killed in the United States will be young healthy adult Americans (Daugherty, 2005)."
"With most flues the only real danger is to the elderly, the infants or those who have chronic health issues such as asthma, diabetes or other medical problems. With the Avian flu it will most likely attack and kill many people who have no health issues which makes precautions important to everyone, not just the weak or immune compromised."
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Homelessness, 2006.
A discussion of research on the pandemic of homelessness, its pervasiveness and causes.
2,250 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 10 sources, £ 62.95
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Abstract
Homelessness has been described as a chronic illness affecting all societies regardless of the degree of economic development and overall wealth of the nation. It is pandemic and epidemic in some societies. Various researchers have attributed the cause of homelessness to a series of factors that work to create homelessness from three dimensions. This paper discusses the problem of homelessness, noting that it has reached pandemic and epidemic proportions in societies throughout the world. The paper also examines the conclusions research has drawn about the factors causing homelessness.
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The American Red Cross, 2005.
This paper discusses the history and current issues of the American Red Cross, one of the world's premier humanitarian organizations.
2,940 words (approx. 11.8 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 61.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how, in 1881, Clara Barton proposed the establishment of the American Red Cross, based on the revolutionary model of the International Red Cross that was already operating in Europe, where the organization would not only assist military hospitals during times of war but also help during peacetime with disaster relief and health and safety education of the general public. The author points out that before World War I, the Red Cross mainly served to promote first aid, water safety and public health nursing programs in the United States; however, after the outbreak of war and the pandemic influenza outbreak, the size of the organization exploded from 107 local chapters in 1914 to 3,864 in 1918. The paper relates that the organization has evolved into an advocate of humanitarianism, even criticizing its own government although the Red Cross itself has not avoided its own scandals.
From the Paper
"The Red Cross is an organization that grew out of the suffering of the wars of the nineteenth century. In 1863, Henri Dunant, a Swiss businessman, published "A Memory of Solferino", a memoir about his time in the northern Italian battlefield of Solferino. The book dealt with how war affected the lives of both the combatants and civilians. This memoir inspired the founding of the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) in 1864. This committee was lead by Jean-Henry Dunant, who would win the first Nobel Peach Prize in 1901 for founding the Red Cross. The first committee was made up of representatives from eleven countries. Their purpose was to lessen the suffering that came from war and they recommended that every country have its own committee that was endowed with enough influence to effectively cooperate in times of war with the hospital services of the battling armies."
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