| Papers [1-14] of 19 :: [Page 1 of 2] | | Go to page : 1 2 —> | Search results on "INFERENTIAL STATISTICS": |
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Inferential Statistics vs. Single Case Designs, 2004.
This paper compares inferential statistics to single case designs and comments on the usefulness of each of these techniques for the practitioner.
1,117 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
The current paper comments on a quote by J.M Johnson and H.S Pennypacker that compares inferential statistics to single case designs. It discusses how the statement in question calls to account psychology as a science to abandon a traditional reliance on inferential statistics and group design research and to support its practical focus on the individual with reliance on more individually focused research.
From the Paper
"Inferential statistics is a branch of statistics that consists of generalizing from samples to populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions (Tabachnick & Fidell, 2001). This type of research is the most widely used in psychology, with the majority of published studies in this field relying solely on the use of group comparisons. The major argument for the use of inferential statistics is that it increases the external validity of the study and increases the likelihood of the results generalising to other people. These results are gathered by statistical inference where various methods of calculation are used to find a central tendency within a group. The variability of the results between subjects are often explained by measurement error or extraneous variability because well conducted group research introduces the only variability deliberately as an intervention designed to examine and measure its effect(s) on subjects (Hayes, Barlow & Nelson-Gray, 1999)."
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Inferential Statistics, 2005.
This paper discusses the field of inferential statistics and its application.
2,435 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 15 sources, APA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that psychologists use statistics to make sense of the human behaviors; through observation measurement and statistical inference, researchers are able to take the abstract and make it more understandable. The author points out that, in inferential statistics, researchers use probability to make generalizations about the entire population based on the results from the research sample. The paper relates that statistics can be used to dictate public policy; thereby, it is especially important that mis-measurements do not occur particularly by drawing samples from non-normative or incomplete populations; while seemingly straightforward, statistics require judicious application of ethical behavior. 2 figures. 6 tables.
Table of Contents
History
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics
Samples and Populations
Probability
Data
Measures of Central Tendency
Central Limit Theorem
Hypothesis Testing
Related Samples
Correlation of Pre and Post Test
What Does Is All Mean?
From the Paper
"Some of the earliest work in statistics was done by Sir William Perry in 1532, when he began to record the number of deaths in London on a weekly basis. Later in the 1600, James Bernoilli, a Swiss mathematician, begin using probability to predict outcomes. In the 1700s, it was Thomas Bayer who gave birth to the concept of inferential statistics. The normal distribution was discovered in 1733 by a Huguenot refugee de Moivre as an approximation to the binomial distribution when the number of trials is too large. Today, not only do scientists but also many professions rely on statistics to understand behavior and ideally make predictions about what circumstances relate to or cause these behaviors."
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Statistics in Educational Research, 2007.
This paper examines the types of statistics used in educational research.
957 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses the qualitative versus quantitative issue in educational research. The paper describes the four main purposes to using statistics in educational research. The paper also looks at four types of descriptive statistics and at inferential statistics. The paper addresses the counterbalancing of data.
From the Paper
"Where educational research is concerned, the qualitative versus quantitative issue likely plagues every study that has ever been done, regardless of whether it is qualitative or quantitative in nature, because there are concerns about how each study was carried out. This is largely due to the fact that there are always various arguments and differing opinions as to which one method is better for which type of study. Since most educational studies focus on the qualitative side of things, they do not address statistical figures as much as they would if they were quantitative. Some will see this as a problem with these types of studies, and will want hard and fast data that they can analyze."
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Research Methods and Statistics, 2008.
A review of methods of gaining insights into how to better serve students with counseling services.
4,181 words (approx. 16.7 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 78.95
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Abstract
The paper discusses a study to define both the qualitative and quantitative statistical methodologies including the development of descriptive and inferential statistics applied to the field of education overall and school counseling. Each of the qualitative and quantitative approaches to statistics are analyzed from the perspective of how best they can be applied to educational and counseling situations, to best support and serve the student. The specifics of how to apply these techniques within the context of a methodological approach to completing research projects is also evaluated. Specifically focusing on the steps of research design, data collection, data analysis, and the ethics of the interpretation of research are also discussed.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Exploring Qualitative Research Methods in Education and Counseling
Exploring Quantitative Research Methods in Education and Counseling
Ethics in Research
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper
"Qualitative research, both from a social science as well as a business standpoint is broadly considered to be research completed through non-quantifiable means. As a result, non-quantifiable research relies on approaches and methodologies that focus on observation, interpretation and analysis, and often as a result discover entirely new relationships and causal relationships in subjects and data not seen before. Strauss and Corbin have defined qualitative research as "any kind of research that produces findings not arrived at by means of statistical procedures or other means of quantification" (1990, page 17) and as a result generates an entirely different knowledge base for any field of research of academic inquiry than does quantitative research."
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The Development of Inferential Reasoning Skills, 2002.
A review of the relevant psychological literature on the topic.
935 words (approx. 3.7 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper examines psychological theory on the development of inferential reasoning skills. The pragmatic view and the natural logic view are discussed. The work of Shaw-Jing and Cheng as well as the work of Braine are presented.
From the Paper
"The Development of deductive reasoning skills has been of interest to psychologists since the 1960s. There are two contrasting views on the development of reasoning skills. The first is the pragmatic view, which proposes that pragmatic rules develop first and that these then generalize and develop into formal rules. The natural logic view is that a set of formal rules develops first and that pragmatic rules follow. Many studies prior to the one conducted by Shaw-Jing and Cheng attempted to explain the development of logic using one of these two models."
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Quality Control, 2007.
A study of the application of inferential statistical tests in quality control.
1,904 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
The paper presents an examination of the proper application of statistical tests, the inferences drawn from those tests and the ramifications of the inferences on quality control. The paper discusses how quality control is important for manufacturing companies of any size and can provide explanations to business problems and deviations from standard performance. This paper offers an examination of a fictional scenario at a real manufacturing firm, Cannon Instruments, and incorporates appropriate strategies, techniques and actions taken by the organization to ensure that the company's product is of the highest possible quality. The paper concludes with relevant recommendations to the management of Cannon Instruments.
Outline:
Introduction and Background
The Company
Control Charts
Central Tendency
Levels of Measurement
Discussion and Interpretation
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Cannon instruments was founded in 1938 by Dr. Michael R. Cannon. [4] Cannon is especially known for their glass viscometers. The viscometers are hand-blown by trained professionals, tested for quality on the premises, then packaged and shipped to the customers at point of sale. For the singular purpose of discussing the use of inferential statistics, we will be creating a fictional quality control problem for cannon, based upon the process of making and delivering glass viscometers. Since the process involves the manufacture and shipment of glass items, then two common problem areas are defects in manufacturing, and damage as a result of transport."
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Statistical Analysis as a Function of Time, 2002.
This paper is an overview of the field of statistical analysis as a discipline, which is a function of time.
5,963 words (approx. 23.9 pages), 27 sources, APA, £ 99.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses statistical analysis as a dynamic form of study that evolves over time to meet developing needs and to exploit developing capabilities and technologies. The author points out that statistical analysis is the process through which data becomes knowledge and is a science to assist one in making decisions under conditions of uncertainty. The paper relates that the most appropriate logic bases for the discipline of statistical analysis in the contemporary period are rational, quantitative, positivist and causality.
Table of Contents
Introduction: Reflections on Statistics
Reviewing Statistical Analysis
Defining Statistical Analysis
Alternative Logic Bases for Statistical Analysis
Rational Model versus Naturalistic Model.
Quantitative Model versus Qualitative Model.
Positivist Model versus Normative Model.
Causality Model versus Plausibility Model
Exploratory Model versus Confirmatory Model.
Randomization Model.
Conclusion: Reviewing Statistical Analysis.
Examining the Classical Model of Statistical Analysis
Descriptive Statistical Analysis
Exploratory Statistical Analysis
Inferential Statistical Analysis
Probability Theory and Classical Statistical Analysis
Conclusion: Classical Statistical Analysis
From the Paper
"Descriptive statistical analysis describes the performance or activity of one group or class, without attempting to generalize about other groups or classes. Classification, description, and measurement are activities applicable to variables associated with social research. The classification of variables is based on an assumption that social units are comparable within the context of specific definitional criteria. A social researcher attempts to control variation through the classification of variables. The description of variables is an effort to assign some degree of uniqueness to each variable, in order to provide a basis for the establishment of relationships among variables. The measurement of the extent of the uniqueness of variables generates the quantitative indicators of the strength of the relationships between variables. The process of classification, description, and measurement facilitates the development of causal explanations for both regularities and variations in empirical phenomena. Comparisons are made according to the degree of differentiation of structure in data in relation to a common and less differentiated point of origin. Such comparability is dependent upon both the classification of the social unit and the dimension of that social unit that is being measured. The dimension is the variable being measured."
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Leadership Effects on Kuwaiti Hospitals, 2002.
Examines the effects of leadership on hospital performance in public and private hospitals in Kuwait.
16,628 words (approx. 66.5 pages), 66 sources, APA, £ 176.95
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Abstract
This paper describes a study focused on the question of how leadership style, as exhibited by administrators and physicians, impacts upon the performance of public and private hospitals in Kuwait. The literature indicates that when both public and private Kuwait hospitals are compared, significant differences in leadership styles (as observed via performance indicators and surveys of key actors) are identified; these leadership differentials are hypothesized to have a direct bearing upon hospital performance, specifically with regard to employee satisfaction, quality assurance and accountability, and measures of efficiency. Using a stratified 2X2 sample of key leaders (administrators and physicians), a survey instrument is administered to a total of no less than 100 such subjects in each of two hospital settings (public and private institutions). The study proceeds from the theoretical assumption that either transformational or transactional leadership styles will be identified by respondents as most closely associated with such variables as high quality of patient care, high levels of employee satisfaction and proactive, visionary leadership that is capable of motivating and inspiring staff throughout the organization. Descriptive and inferential statistics, including t-tests, are employed to assess the data generated by the study. Secondary data is included to augment the primary data obtained via the survey developed by the researcher, specifically with respect to measures of efficiency. The results, along with a comprehensive review of relevant literature, are presented in a final report.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of the Literature
Theory and Hypotheses
Methodology
Plan of Analysis
From the Paper
"Authentic leaders make transformations possible. They help others and their organization cope with change and complexity. They serve as role models, facilitators, mentors, and guides. They are self-actualizing and capable of assisting others in achieving ethics, vision, and belief in others. In other words, as Hollander and Julian (2000) have pointed out, it is the leader (who may or may not always be a designated manager or executive within an organization), who sets the basis for relationships within a group and thereby can affect outcomes. Leaders initiate structure and also affect the process that occurs within that structure. Hollander and Julian (2000) further note that leaders are those individuals with whom others identify."
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E-Learners, 2007.
This paper is a research proposal to identify the differences in the motivation orientations, age and demographic factors of successful learners and poor learners in an e-learning environment.
7,010 words (approx. 28.0 pages), 62 sources, APA, £ 111.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, if e-learning administrators and faculty were able to identify specific characteristics, including potential motivation orientations that contribute to successful learner choices, they would be better equipped to properly align current and prospective students with appropriate e-learning courses and programs and thereby increase students' chances for educational success. The author proposes a quantitative causal comparative study using inferential statistical analysis. The paper points out that five independent variables are motivation orientations, family status, employment status, financial status and age group and the one defendant variable is academic performance. The paper includes figures, charts, tables and a survey.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Problem Statement
Research Questions
Literature Review
Motivation Orientation
Family Status
Employment Status
Financial Status
Age
Conceptual Framework and Theoretical Orientation
Hypothesis
Methodology
Research Design
Measures
Study Population
Data Collection Tools
Variables - Independent and Dependent Variables
Statistical Analysis
Appendix A: Items and Factor Loadings for the Intrinsic Motivation Scale
Appendix B: Items and Factor Loadings for the Extrinsic Motivation Scale
Appendix C: Survey
From the Paper
"Students are motivated to learn because of extrinsic motivation or intrinsic motivation. Academic intrinsic motivation is a factor that is essential for college success. A large number of students carry out education to or past the college level. The motivations behind such academic persistence vary across many intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Many college students find that their level of motivation is not sufficient enough to guide them in carrying out their academic careers. Motivation to learn can be extrinsic motivation or intrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is an involvement as a means to an end. Intrinsic motivation is an involvement for its own sake. A survey will be used to determine the motivation orientations."
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A Business Research Problem, 2002.
This paper is a business research proposal that demonstrates the methodology to determine the degree to what the age a book sold by a small company on EBay and the number of bidders on that book influences the final price for which the book is sold.
1,890 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 42.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses a research proposal for ?Dead White Males: Words from the Past?, a small home based business specializing in the sale of antique books from American and European authors via the Ebay web site. The paper states that the research will use three inferential statistical tests for measuring the data: Multiple regression, z-test and t-test. The author explains that the data will be collected over a one year period from usage reports generated as part of the Ebay service for members doing business on their web site.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Business Research Problem
Statement of Hypothesis
Methods Used for Testing the Hypothesis
Data Collection Method
Sample Size
Assumptions
Levels of Measurement
Descriptive Statistic Needed
Conclusion
From the Paper
"To reduce the chance of wild swings in uncontrolled variables such as the relative popularity of specific authors and the availability of what books to sell, the data set will be collected on only books by American authors, and for books that are between 100 and 150 years old. The advantage of these limits are that American books in this age range are relatively easy to obtain for people in the antique books business and additionally, this method can help filter out books whose bid prices are exceptionally high or low, (2 standard deviations). Wide fluctuations in price can occur with exceptionally rare books, or books whose dead authors are currently in vogue. It is hoped that this method will help to not skew the results of the data set studied."
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Gender and Leadership, 2006.
This paper is a research proposal to investigate the effects of gender-related leadership styles on the ability of male and female employees to relate to others.
1,355 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 32.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the following research question: "To what extent, will there be a statistically significant effect, at a confidence level of .05, of male and female leadership styles (authoritarian, laissez-faire, democratic) on the ability of employees to self-disclose (relate oneself) to significant others as measured by the Jourard self-disclosure questionnaire?" The author points out that to maintain the research integrity as to the reliability and validity of the measurement data and statistical data analysis, the data collection will adhere to both pre-data collection and during collection procedures. The paper relates that, as the proposed study is seeking to determine the effects of an independent or treatment variable on the outcome or dependent variable, an orthogonal analysis of variance (ANOVA), which is an inferential parametric statistic, will be used to statistically analyze the data.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Conceptual Framework
Operational Definitions
Gender
Authoritarian Leadership Style
Laissez-faire Leadership Style
Democratic Leadership Style
Self-Disclosure
Data Collection
Statistical Data Analysis Procedure
Measurement Instrument
From the Paper
"For the proposed investigation, the environment from which the sample of both male and female employees and male and female managers will be selected will be from two different manufacturing environments wherein each manufacturing operation has at 6 male managers and 6 female managers who represent, equally all three leadership styles. The number of employees to be sampled will be 60 males and 60 females and are equally distributed among the three leadership style managers and business environments."
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Reading Pedagogues, 2008.
This paper reviews ten articles that address how pedagogues can best foster strong reading fluency, decoding, holistic, and inferential reading skills in young people.
2,480 words (approx. 9.9 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 53.95
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Abstract
Through a review of ten articles, this paper looks at the importance of building up "domain knowledge" and prominently features the findings of a National Reading Panel study conducted some years ago that argues (among other things) that vocabulary building, phonemic awareness exercises, systematic phonics instruction, and in-service upgrades for teachers all positively correlate to student achievement.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Article Summaries
Article Summary One: Teaching children to read
Article Summary Two: The Nature of Effective First-Grade Literacy Instruction
Article Summary Three: The Utility of Phonic Generalizations in the Primary Grades
Article Summary Four: Reading Comprehension Requires Knowledge - of Words and the World
Article Summary Five: What Reading Does for the Mind
Summary Six: The Case for Bringing Content into the Language Arts Block and for a Knowledge-Rich Curriculum Core for all Children
Summary Seven: Teaching Decoding
Summary Eight: One Down and 80,000 to Go
Summary Nine: Teaching Vocabulary: Early, Direct, and Sequential
Summary Ten: Findings and Determinations of the National Reading Panel by Topic Areas
From the Paper
"Theodore Clymer (1963) reports that five types of generalizations have historically been utilized (at least if teacher's manuals are any indication) in teaching children to pronounce words: vowels, consonants, endings, syllabication, and miscellaneous relationships. Eventually, Clymer came up with a list of 45 generalizations or rules for study. These were arrived at by asking whether or not a candidate generalization was sufficiently specific that it could be said to actually assist (or hinder) in the pronunciation of a particular word. Clymer then made up a composite word list of all the words introduced in the four basic series from which the generalizations were drawn - plus words from the Gates Reading Vocabulary for the Primary Grades. On pages 186 and 187 of the study, Clymer outlines the basic approach undertaken to assess the efficacy of the 45 phonic generalizations; this step-by-step approach is rather complicated and cannot be easily described in the space we are allotted. Nonetheless, the study found that many commonplace phonics generalizations are of limited worth; in particular, vowel generalizations are especially unreliable while consonant generalizations are a little better. One thing that complicates Clymer's study is that his success rate for an effective phonics generalization (75 percent or above) is quite high - as he himself acknowledges.
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Final Arrangements, 2002.
An in-depth study into whether the pre-planning and paying of a funeral for a loved one, makes the mourning and bereavement process easier on the survivors.
7,315 words (approx. 29.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 114.95
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Abstract
This study identifies the differences in the perceptions and experiences of survivors who make final arrangements at the death of a friend or relative and those who oversee the execution of pre-paid and pre-planned final arrangements. Specifically, the study employs a quasi-experimental research design using a sample of 50 survivors identified via newspaper obituaries published 6 to 24 months prior to the study to test two research hypotheses. The first hypothesis states that survivors who oversee pre-paid and pre-planned final arrangements will pay less for funeral services than those who do not use this approach. The second hypothesis states that those who pre-pay or pre-plan will have less negative perceptions of funeral directors'/funeral homes' costs than those who did not pre-pay. A survey instrument is developed by the researcher employing a Likert-type scaled response; data is analyzed via descriptive and inferential (i.e., Pearson's r correlation) statistics.
Abstract
Review of Literature - Background of the Problem
Pre-Paying for Funerals
Theoretical Framework
Synthesis of the Literature
Method and Procedure -Purpose and Design of the Study
Sampling
Data Collection and Instrumentation
Procedures
Protection of Human Subjects
Data Analysis
Appendix 1-6
References
From the Paper
"The cost of funeral and final expenses has never been greater for the average individual than it is today. The national average cost of final arrangements, according to the National Funeral Directors Association, is $5,543 (Taking the mystery..., 2000). Many people spend significantly more than this amount, often in excess of $8,000 - $10,000. In the past five years, the price of dying has risen about three times faster than the consumer price index (Ernst, 1998). The problem is such that the United States Senate has undertaken an investigation of fraud in the funeral industry under the aegis of the Senate Special Committee on Aging. Paying for funeral services places consumers in a vulnerable financial situation, a position made worse by the fact that grieving individuals often do not comparison shop for funeral home services, interment options, or other final arrangement services (Senate investigates fraud..., 2000). Grief-stricken mourners may be susceptible to subtle and not-so-subtle coercion and led to purchase final arrangement options beyond their ability to pay.
Singletary (2000) described her own experience in attempting to make final arrangements on behalf of her deceased brother. Noting that her primary emotion at the time was one of guilt and responsibility, coupled with loss, Singletary (2000) states that she did manage to "comparison shop" among several different funeral homes and cemeterians before making her final choice. Nevertheless, in her experience, the price range for a funeral ranged from $5,000 to $10,000 with caskets alone averaging about $2,000."
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Foundationalism, 2005.
An analysis of foundationalism, looking at Laurence BonJour's criticism of foundationalism in, "A Critique of Foundationalism", and views that defend foundationalism.
1,547 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
Foundationalism maintains that basic statements are justified non inferentially. In recent years, though, there have been some criticisms directed at this view and alternatives developed to this view that other philosophers consider superior to such non inferential approaches. This paper provides a defense of foundationalism against Laurence BonJour's criticism in "A Critique of Foundationalism" and a look at what others have to say about these issues. A summary of the research and salient findings is provided in the conclusion.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Definition of Foundationalism
BonJour's Argument Against Foundationalism
Challenges to BonJour's Argument
Conclusion
From the Paper
" Laurence BonJour (1985) maintains that there is a serious problem with any foundationalist account of knowledge. As BonJour argues, a basic constraint on any standards of justification for empirical knowledge is that there is a good reason for thinking that those standards lead to truth. So if basic beliefs are to provide a foundation for knowledge for the moderate foundationalist, then whatever the criterion for being properly basic, it must provide a good reason for supposing that basic beliefs are true. Further, such a criterion must provide grounds for the person who holds a basic belief to suppose that it is true."
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