| Papers [1-14] of 53 :: [Page 1 of 4] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 —> | Search results on "INDUCTIVE REASONING": |
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Inductive Reasoning, 2002.
An argument against Inductive Reasoning in the field of science.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss inductive reasoning and will establish a connection between science and how that relates to this way of testing within the field. By discovering the reasoning in this style, we can see how it may be a problem for science, as the definition of inductive reasoning clearly states that something must be studied from small to large, when we have not the faintest clue what is the smallest element of matter in the universe. An argument can be made for its invalidity when discussing this form of reasoning for its seemingly inconsistent basis.
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Russell & The Inductive Principle, 2002.
Analysis of the arguments presented on inductive reasoning in
Russell's work, "The Problems of Philosophy".
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 1 source, £ 28.95
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Abstract
The following is an essay and analysis on the problem of inferences. Specifically, this paper will analyze what Russell argues concerning inductive reasoning in his work titled "The Problems of Philosophy". The focus of this analysis will be toward the problem of induction in terms of the problems of 'knowledge' according to Russell. It will be argued that with respect to the problem of knowledge, Russell's position can generally be regarded as a 'skeptic', and that there is unquestionably a principle of uncertainty involved with inductive reasoning.
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Hume's Views on Causation and Induction, 2002.
Summarizes David Hume's views on the philosophical problems of causation and inductive reasoning.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, £ 18.95
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Abstract
As a skeptic, David Hume argued against taking for granted cause and effect relationships as well as induction. The paper points out the reliance of the physical sciences on induction and Hume's philosophical separation of cause from effect, as well as the importance of the necessity relation and concludes that, although hard to stomach, Hume's skepticism is a necessary component of our philosophical explorations.
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David Hume & Inductive Method, 1994.
Argues that British empiricist's skeptical response to dogmatic rationalism makes induction (cause-effect argument) impossible.
1,350 words (approx. 5.4 pages), 1 source, £ 33.95
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From the Paper
"This study will examine the problem skeptical philosopher David Hume encounters with respect to induction or the induction method, based on his work Enquiries: Concerning Human Understanding and Concerning the Principles of Morals. That problem, of course, is that Hume's rigorous skepticism effectively makes impossible any induction whatsoever in his philosophical "enquiries."
Hume was a British empiricist who like other empiricists believed that human beings can know nothing beyond what is revealed to them by their experience. Hume also believed that the human mind, human reason, is severely limited in its power to interpret and understand that experience.
Hume took philosophical empiricism and skepticism to its ultimate conclusion, questioning whether it was possible for.."
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Logic, Induction and Relevance, 2008.
This essay deals with the issue of how relevance is established for an inductive argument, and how this process can be encouraged and supported based on an argument given by Patrick Hurley in his paper, "A Concise Introduction to Logic".
825 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
The author of this paper presents an analysis of inductive reasoning based on Patrick Hurley's text on the terms "necessary" and "sufficient". The author states that it should be somewhat easier to demonstrate relevance for an inductive argument, as the association to be established is not as strong as in deductive reasoning. Also, based on criteria established in this paper,the author asserts that, in order to establish relevance in an inductive argument, one must establish that the criterion being argued for is a necessary condition. However, the author asserts that in order to support establishing relevance for an inductive argument, one should insist that each premise be rigorously examined to ascertain whether it is in fact necessary.
From the Paper
"In Hurley's terms, we might say that what we need to establish relevance for an inductive argument would be to show that the stipulated criterion was a necessary condition. However, because we are only trying to show a probable connection, we do not need to show that the criteria was a sufficient condition, nor do we need to establish that it is relevant by showing that it is a sufficient and necessary condition. In Hurley's terms, what is necessary to evaluate the strength of an argument is to know 'whether the probability of the conclusion rests upon the evidence given in the premises' (Hurley 379). What Hurley is really saying here is that the strength of an inductive argument rests partly on the relevance of its conditions."
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Hume?s Problem of Induction, 2004.
A discussion of David Hume's problem of induction, which posed the question about what evidence there was to support the instinctive understanding that the future would resemble the past.
3,343 words (approx. 13.4 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This paper begins with an explanation of deductive and inductive reasoning and then goes on to analyze the questions raised by well-known skeptic and humanist, David Hume, about finding indisputable evidence that the future will resemble the past or that observed instances can predict new instances.
From the Paper
"For some reason, the traditional example of how inductive reasoning works is to ask how it can be known that the sun will rise tomorrow. It is certain that every day as far back as one can remember or research, the sun has risen every day. How does this prove, however, that it will rise tomorrow? Even barring a super nova or an asteroid hit that took Earth off its axis, how could we know that the so-called laws of physics will be still active tomorrow? Mere deduction cannot prove that the sun will rise, though it may be able to explain how it rises. One depends rather on past experience to predict the future. The sun will rise, we believe, because it has always risen in the past."
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Hume and Induction, 2006.
A review of the idea of induction as described by David Hume.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 1 source, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper considers the idea of induction as explained by David Hume, with induction described as reasoning from experience, an empirical approach that means that all knowledge is based on prior experience. Such a view links past and future so that any actions taken in the future have their roots in the past. The paper reflects that Hume thus considers the nature of reality and ways in which what we perceive may differ from what is real.
From the Paper
"The two primary types of logic discussed by philosophers are deduction and induction. David Hume sees the same two types of thought in Hume then develops the idea that impressions come first, and these produce corresponding ideas after a time of reflection. Hume applies this to concepts like morality, which he says are derived from what he terms sentiment. This raises a number of issues concerning whether or not morality derives from reason or sentiment. Hume finds that the question of morals is "whether we attain the knowledge of them by a chain of argument and induction, or by an immediate feeling and finer internal sense" (Hume 13). This can raise the issue of whether there are truths beyond the immediate cultural reality so that morality would be considered the same for every rational intelligent being, in all societies."
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Hypnosis/ Imaginary Induction, 2004.
An overview of the use of hypnosis or imaginary induction for healing purposes.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 68.95
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Abstract
This is a paper about hypnosis and imaginary induction. The paper compares the similarities and differences between Eastern meditation and hypnosis as a tool for pain management. In addition, the paper discusses the different goals and healing properties of each system of modifying an individual's consciousness.
From the Paper
"Although the utilization of hypnosis for the purpose of pain management is considered to be relatively novel in contemporary Western society, it is strongly related to an ancient Eastern tradition-Buddhist meditation that existed before the movement of Mesmerism. Both hypnosis and Buddhist meditation involve the modification of individuals' consciousness that enable them to perceive, feel, think and behave differently from their typical way of functioning. Furthermore. even though they have different goals. both practices have been used for their healing..."
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Induction In "Taming Of The Shrew", 1995.
Examines the nature, function and effect of the prologue of the play as an Elizabethan device.
1,575 words (approx. 6.3 pages), 5 sources, £ 39.95
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From the Paper
"THE INDUCTION IN SHAKESPEARE?S TIME
Playwrighting is a highly codified process. From the beginnings of ancient drama through the present day, plays have been constructed according to stringent and predetermined guidelines. The Aristotelian unities of action, time and place are examples of these guidelines, as are the carefully detailed characters of Roman burlesque and Italian Commedia del-Arte. The Elizabethan theater inherited many of the conventions of the preceding generations and incorporated many innovations which have since become conventions. One element of Elizabethan drama is the induction, a prime example of which can be found in Shakespeare?s The Taming of the Shrew.
?Induction? is an archaic term for ?introduction? or ?prologue? ..."
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Inducting Public School Children into Patriotism, 2003.
An exploration of the controversy surrounding the Pledge of Allegiance in schools.
2,031 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies trends in influencing school children to develop "patriotism" for the United States. The Pledge of Allegiance is the principle focus, yet there is supplemental information concerning the promotion of patriotism and patriotic acts provided to support the topic. This paper examines the origins of this controversy. It focuses on the correlation between the pledge of allegiance in the Texas public school system and how the transition from the mandatory statement of the Pledge of Allegiance has translated into the expression of religious values, e.g., prayer, in the Texas schools as well.
Outline
Introduction
The Controversy of the Pledge of Allegiance
The ?No Child Left Behind? Act
Texas, Patriotism and Religion
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The pledge of allegiance is arguably the most overt and the most frequent manifestation of this type of induction into patriotism. Less than ten years ago, the pledge of allegiance was deemed an optional aspect of schooling, where students could decide whether they wished to participate in the pledge or not. However, following the tragedies of September 11th, the United States has seen a blanket renewal of patriotism. Such patriotism has reached the school system in the form of renewed controversy over the pledge of allegiance. One source reports in December of 2001 that: ?Old-fashioned flag-waving is gaining support from parents, educators, veterans' groups and Congress.? (Price: 2001) Prompted by the tragedies of September 11th, 2001, the public school system has apparently latched on to the traditional method of inducting students into patriotism by again making the morning pledge of allegiance to the flag a mandatory aspect of academics."
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Hasty Generalization Fallacy, 2005.
This paper examines the type of inductive untruth called the hasty generalization fallacy.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 3 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper studies the concept of inductive fallacies and focuses on the hasty generalization fallacy, which makes assumptions about a population based on a very small sampling of perhaps one or two cases. The paper looks at the example of "goths" in mainstream media and how they have been assumed to be violent and antisocial based on the activities of only three people.
From the Paper
"From time to time, everyone makes assumptions about people and places without getting all the information. A friend might go to a restaurant and have bad experience of some kind and then tell everyone not to go there because the food is terrible or the waiter staff is rude. In the study of logic, these assumptions are called hasty generalization fallacies, which is a form of an inductive fallacy. Many of these generalizations are harmless, as long as you're not the owner of that restaurant, but there are some important ways that this type of fallacy can be extremely dangerous and harmful to large numbers of people. Bigotry is often a result of a combination of stereotyping and hasty generalization fallacies, whether it's against people of particular genders, races, or even fashion statements."
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Thinking Modes in Inquiry Systems, 2004.
This paper discusses thinking modes, such as induction, deduction, multiple realities, and dialectics, used in inquiry systems.
2,275 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that an inquiry system, which is a systematic investigation for producing knowledge by processing input through an operator for an output, acts as a guarantor for the operator to verify the conclusion of an issue. The author points out that deductive thinking is a scientific method in applying laws to come up with assumptions that can be tested. Observations are collected to deal with those assumptions, and then the laws will be confirmed by deductive thinking. The paper demonstrates the inductive approach by presenting the case of the relationship between the brightness of lighting while sleeping and myopia; however, it is hardly a cause-and-effect relationship, as many other factors are ignored. For example, the reading habits of children, genetic factors affecting their visual system, and the social status and the educational level of the family.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Inductive Approach
Deductive Approach
Multiple Realities
Dialectics
Case Study 1: Inductive Approach
The Relationship between the Brightness of Lighting While Sleeping and Myopia
Case Study 2: Deductive Approach
The Age of the Earth
Case Study 3: Multiple Realities
Searching for a Way to Save a Corporation
Case Study 4: Dialectic Approach
Complete Ban on Smoking in Indoor Area
Conclusion
From the Paper
"For the strength of this approach, it can be used effectively in gaining the belief of people on propositions of past or present fact or value and it will often be a superior method in persuading others with presenting the facts and data the observer gathered. In this case, the physician concluded that the causality between the degree of the brightness in sleeping and the children?s tendency to myopia, the findings of his research was clearly presented and his observation is seems to be scientific and believable, thus, after reading the article, many parents bought eyeshades for their children."
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Teacher Attrition Rates, 2004.
Investigates the impact of induction programs on teacher attrition rates.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 12 sources, APA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
Teacher attrition rates have been a major concern for the last decade. Many experts believe that attrition rates can be lowered through induction programs for new teachers, while others believe that the problem lies with the nature of the school system and the low wages that teachers receive. Written in the form of a prospectus, this paper provides a description of the area of research involving the impact of induction programs on attrition rates. The paper shows that 50% of first year teachers quit the profession after the first year and that induction programs can make a significant difference in lowering the attrition rates of these teachers. The paper also reveals that many pre-service institutions offer inductions programs, but that many of the programs are weak, and in some communities, they do not exists at all. Finally, the paper argues that there is a particular need for induction programs among urban teachers and that these programs can reduce attrition rates in urban communities.
From the Paper
"The most obvious reason why induction programs are necessary involves the fact that there is a massive teaching shortage in the nation?s schools. Experts have argued over why the shortage exists for many years. Some have concluded that many students are not interested in becoming teachers while others have abandoned this notion and prefer to believe that the shortage is due to the lack of induction programs that exist. The fact of the matter is that much of the research supports the notions asserted by the latter."
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Aristotle vs. Mill, 2004.
A discussion and comparison of the philosophical views of Aristotle and John Stuart Mill.
1,769 words (approx. 7.1 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 40.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the similarities and differences between the ideas of Aristotle and John Stuart Mill. The paper examines the notions of morality and friendship and elaborates on the innate goodness of a person. Mill's opinions regarding these issues are identified and compared to those of Aristotle. The paper contends that while there are several correlations between the two thinkers, Aristotle tends to reason deductively, while Mill reasons inductively.
From the Paper
"The Greek philosopher Aristotle and John Stuart Mill agreed that the objective of morality was the pursuit of general happiness and the good life in society and in the individual. But they deviated in the concept of, and the manner of arriving at, "the right thing to do," especially in reference to friendships. Mill held that actions are right in the proportion that they tend to promote that happiness and wrong, as they tend to promote unhappiness. He advocated the action/rule-based type of morality, which determined the goodness of an act according to the consequences of that act and independently of the doer's virtues or character traits (Fieser). This type directly opposes the virtue-based morality propounded by Aristotle, who believed that happiness as the ultimate end of existence that is sought for itself and not for any other end. "
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