| Papers [1-14] of 46 :: [Page 1 of 4] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 —> | Search results on "INDIVIDUALISM COLLECTIVISM": |
|
|
Individualism/Collectivism on Learning, 2008.
This paper discusses Geert Jan Hofstede's cultural dimension research on collectivism/individualism and how it influences learning and classroom behavior.
1,050 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 5 sources, APA, £ 25.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper uses the research of Geert Jan Hofstede (1991), who identified four cultural dimensions that can be used to classify different cultures. These include: power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, and uncertainty avoidance. These four dimensions allow the social researcher to compare and contrast different societies with the ultimate goal of bringing about a greater shared understanding. According to this paper, Hofstede's has a useful application in how members from different cultures learn. This paper looks at Hofstede's dimension of individualism versus collectivism and explains its relevance to learning as well as the impact on classroom behaviour. Specifically, the paper compares the United States, a very individualistic society, with that of Taiwan, one of the most collective societies in respect to differences in learning styles and attitude.
From the Paper
"One aspect noted that impacts learning and classroom behaviour is what happens after the lecture or class is over. The highly individualistic American students immediately left the classroom, while the collectivist international students stayed behind or met to discuss the class. This post class discussion was necessary as part of the collectivist student's assimilation of the knowledge. Additionally it built the necessary rapport between students of the international backgrounds that went beyond the classrooms. Relationships were developed (Lee, Bei, DeVaney 2007). This is an important part of the collectivist learning experience. According to Hofstede (1991), it is considered more appropriate to speak out in a small group, rather than the larger classroom. This is in stark contrast to the individualist learning style of assimilation in the larger group and/or via independent study."
| |
|
Individualism vs. Collectivism, 2002.
A discussion of the differences between individualist and collectivist cultures.
809 words (approx. 3.2 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 20.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper attempts to define the nature of an individualist or collectivist culture or society and what are the advantages and disadvantages of adopting one of these culture values to individuals and other people. It examines how individualist cultures tend to be self-dependent, while collectivist ones are group-dependent and how these two culture dichotomies affect a wide range of activities and interactions among people, such as family relations and social interactions, education, work and personal achievement.
From the Paper
"Collectivists are less competitive, but are more cooperative in the education and work environment. These traits are important if the primary aim is to prevent any tensions among other people, which is of primary importance to collectivist cultures. Although individualist and collectivist cultures are different from each other, performance and achievement between these two cultures tend to balance out because being a high achiever (an individualist trait) or a cooperative (a collectivist trait) individual helps in the positive achievement of an activity and goal."
| |
|
Radical Individualism, 2006.
This paper examines radical individualism as discussed in 'American Democracy in Peril: Seven Challenges to America's Future' by William Hudson.
2,714 words (approx. 10.9 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 57.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the subject of radical individualism, looking at 'American Democracy in Peril: Seven Challenges to America's Future' by William Hudson and other sources. The writer discusses how
Hudson espouses a viewpoint that turns what most people think is right with America, that is its individualism, and makes it a lethal weapon to the democracy Americans also say they support. The writer describes that for Hudson and Stivers and other writers of distinction about the American experiment, individualism without corresponding community, at times is a prescription for disaster. The writer contends that radical individualism, as practiced in modern America, is isolating and depressing, hollow and waiting to be filled.
Table of Contents:
The Argument for a Constitutional Monarchy
Collectivism vs. Community
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Hudson went much further back than that in proposing that Radical Individualism was at cause for the slow destruction of the American experiment, and that the problem could be traced to the very founding of the nation, although modern factors such as the media were certainly culpable as well. But at base, it is not a 'thing' that is to blame, but adherence to a concept all too easily pushed to an unworkable extreme. Myers called the current expression of the excesses noted by Hudson a "social recession."
Hudson called it a Pathological Politics of Rights and Interests. Although Hudson is at pains to trace the problem to the very foundations of the nation and before, certainly the pathological 'rightism' that has been increasing for several decades is a prime factor in making the U.S. democracy unworkable."
| |
|
Intercultural Relationships, 1999.
Discusses the relevance, culltural obstacles, concept of "face," communication, uncertainty avoidance, individualism vs. collectivism and intimate relationships.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, £ 44.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
In a country such as the United States, so many people and cultures coexist that the potential for becoming involved in an intercultural intimate relationship is great. As the world becomes more global in its economic, business, and technical dealings, there is an even greater mix of cultures and traditio
From the Paper
"Introduction
In a country such as the United States, so many people and cultures coexist that the potential for becoming involved in an intercultural intimate relationship is great. As the world becomes more global in its economic, business, and technical dealings, there is an even greater mix of cultures and traditions. Intercultural intimate relationships deserve special study then, as issues which arise between the two individuals may be viewed differently based on the upbringing of each. Actual ethnic differences may not be as important as cultural differences which affect attitudes, behaviors, and communication. These items are fundamental to a relationship and therefore if very dissimilar could affect marital satisfaction and discord."
| |
|
Russian Collectivization, 2003.
This paper will discuss the horrors of collectivization as well as the consequences that collectivization had on the Russian economy.
2,326 words (approx. 9.3 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 50.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper starts off by discussing the novel "Virgin Soil Upturned" by Mikhail Sholokhov, which according to the author of this essay, is a fictional representation of how collectivization had begun. The reality, the failure and horrors of collectivization are discussed. This paper further discusses Lenin's plan of NEP and why that plan should have been left as is, rather than turned to collectivization. This paper contains primary sources of the Kulak accounts on the communes, as well as Joseph Stalin's strategies in enforcing collectivization. The author contends that collectivization proved to be a failure since Stalin had gone to great lengths to make the process a hardship for collective farmers and peasants.
From the Paper
"Stalin used the idea of the Five Year Plans to make great strides in industrializing Russia. When he tried to equate that success with agricultural growth he met some resistance and ended up liquidating a class and causing famine. Socially, he gave some important social benefits to workers, but he also tried to purge the country and eliminated a lot of the Party, most of the army, and a good part of the workers and peasants. Stalin made several industrial improvements for his country, but that does not even begin to equal the death and destruction that he caused."
| |
|
Collectivization in 'Forever Flowing', 2003.
The portrayal of collectivization in Vassily Grossman's novel 'Forever Flowing'.
1,614 words (approx. 6.5 pages), 0 sources, £ 36.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper discusses the author's view of collectivization in the Ukraine, and seeks to understand Grossman's criticisms of the Soviet system. It also considers the impact of Grossman's powerful description on the reader, as a literary piece rather than a historical report.
From the Paper
"At the beginning of the 1930s Stalin embarked on nationwide drive for collectivisation and modernity. The novel, ?Forever Flowing,? takes the case of the Ukraine as an example. The ordeal of collectivisation and the subsequent famine is related by Anna Sergeyevna, who was posted to the Ukraine after the persecution of the ?kulaks? in 1930. She tells her story to Ivan Grigoryevich on their first night as lovers, a detail which may initially seem frivolous, but is actually a mark of Grossman?s skill as a novelist. It ensures that the tale is not seen as the author?s tirade against the state, but a real woman?s experience, something terrible, ?something one cannot escape?, ?a piece of iron fragment in her heart, like a shell fragment.? Anna Sergeyevna needs to explain her memories to her new lover as a way of rendering herself accountable. The ordeal is not an event in history; it lives on in everyday life."
| |
|
The Effects of Collectivization on the Russian Countryside, 2001.
A look at Stalin's Five Year Plan and its effects on the Russian people.
1,900 words (approx. 7.6 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 42.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper analyzes the social and economic effects of Stalin's Five Year Plan on the peasants and the general Russian population. It looks at how this plan influence international relations between Russia and other countries and how the West became even more suspicious of Stalin over this plan.
From the Paper
"The Soviet Union, under Stalin's leadership, embarked on a massive economic plan to industrialize the largely agrarian country. The so-called five-year plan, actually four and a quarter year plan, required the concentration of labor in urban areas. Most of the people in the Soviet Union lived on farms in small villages. To implement the plan significant social changes had to occur. The people most affected by these changes were the peasants in the small villages in the Russian countryside. The peasants represented the most conservative, most religious, and most traditional group in the Soviet Union. Conflict was inevitable when the greatest change is required of the people who are the least likely to be comfortable with change. The instability of the Soviet Union government between the Russian Revolution and the ascendancy of Stalin and the violent protests of the peasants delayed the imposition of socialist controls over the peasants. Allowing the peasants to exercise relative independence compared to the rest of Russian society created an even greater resistance to change. In "Red Bread" Maurice Hindus provides insight into the depth of the problems facing the Soviet Union. He wrote about the events as they were happening so he presents more detail than a writer who is distant from the events."
| |
|
Otis Elevator Company, 2007.
An overview of the Otis Elevator Company, a business unit of the Hartford, Connecticut based United Technologies Corporation (UTC).
1,590 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 13 sources, APA, £ 36.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper focuses on the Otis Elevator Company and compares the environmental differences between the United States and China. The sociocultural trends of short vs. long term orientation and individualism vs. collectivism are also analyzed for the two countries. Lastly, the environment is examined with a comparison of technological and macroeconomic trends.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Sociocultural Trends- Individualism vs. Collectivism
Technological Trends
Macroeconomic Trends
Conclusion
From the Paper
"China is undergoing incredible change much like the U.S. at the start of the industrial revolution, as it transitions from a primarily agricultural society to a global superpower. China is a country which recently has become a hotbed for research and technological innovations. Within the last five years the number of patents issued to Chinese firms has grown at the impressive rate of between 15% to 25% a year, with 36.4% growth being experienced from 2004 to 2005. This number of patents being awarded clearly illustrates the innovation of the Chinese as well as their desire to protect their intellectual property."
| |
|
"Crash", 2007.
An analysis of two social psychological concepts via an examination of Paul Haggis' movie "Crash".
1,512 words (approx. 6.0 pages), 10 sources, APA, £ 34.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper uses Paul Haggis' film, "Crash", to examine two concepts from social psychology, individualism versus collectivism, and persuasion with regard to attitudinal change. In particular, it looks at "Crash" and how Paul Haggis addresses quite bluntly the everyday racism of Los Angeles as eight characters of diverse backgrounds happen to intersect over a couple of days, changed by one event or recognition or another. The paper attempts to show how the film is helpful in its depiction of persons 'safely' distanced from one another, who can no longer be so on account of random incidents over a day or two and how all characters, as they are been brought to their senses, see the need for expansion and positive sense of collectivism in a disturbed city.
Outline:
Introduction
Individualism vs. Collectivism
Persuasion
Concluding Discussion
From the Paper
"Haggis's entire film is an exercise in persuasion as much as characters each undergo experiences to reveal their previous attitudes for what they were, redemption possible in putting aside the non-interaction of before, the recognition profound that all with whom they have dealt in the two days in Los Angeles have proven about like themselves. Within this concept, Alcock Et Al referred to a protection motivation model of human defense mechanisms centered on a belief in a serious threat, a person to feel vulnerable in some way, a person able to perform a recommended action, and belief that this action will be successful. (2005: 130-131) Chaudhuri Et Al noted the tendency towards cooperation in social dilemmas, as in unexpected disasters inducing sudden trust and reciprocity. (2002) If one does not sustain a crisis or another transforming experience, then one continues in the luxury of assumption, avoidance and exclusion. "
| |
|
Culture in Human Relations, 2008.
This paper discusses the theories of Geer Hofstede, Franz Boas and Harry Triandis on culture in human relations.
1,694 words (approx. 6.8 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 38.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses theories of culture in human relations, focusing on Geer Hofstede, Franz Boas, and Harry Triandis. The paper explains Hofstede's belief that culture creates a pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting that is acquired in early childhood and later shaped by interacting with family members, neighbors or colleagues. The paper also looks at Hofstede's surveys that characterized cultures but notes the criticisms of his work. The paper then looks at Franz Boas' theory of cultural relativism and its criticisms and Harry Triandis' individualism - collectivism theories and their limitations. The paper concludes that given the significant role that culture plays in human relations, its understanding should be seen as a top priority when in a multicultural environment.
From the Paper
"Consequently, Hofstede (2005) makes use of the fragment from Rose's play for building his theory of culture as mental programming. According to him, every individual subscribes to a "pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting" that is acquired in early childhood and later shaped by interacting with family members, neighbors or colleagues (i.e. the social environment to which he/she belongs). Moreover, the Dutch sociologist asserts that once acquired, such patterns become solid 'programs' that dictate humans' behavior, emotions and thoughts and, therefore, must be 'unlearned' in order to make room for learning new things."
| |
|
"The War of the Worlds" by H. G. Wells (1898), 2002.
The paper provides a literary analysis of the classic novel "The War of the Worlds" (1898).
1,094 words (approx. 4.4 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 27.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper discusses the three prevailing themes evident in the novel. The paper examines the seemingly dominant theme of an existing conflict between an individualism and collectivism in the narrator's society prior to the Martian attacks. It also looks at the conflict between technology and humanity and the achievement of an egalitarian and Utopia-like society.
From the Paper
"The novel "The War of the Worlds" by Herbert George Wells, published in 1898, illustrates the life of humanity when it was suddenly attacked by the Martians. Wells discusses life in London and its neighboring countries wherein life is greatly altered as humanity confronted the fact that Man is not the sole living inhabitant of the universe. The novel starts with the personal narrative of an anonymous individual who has had a first-hand experience of the tragedy that befell humanity. The narrator's story is based on Wells' scientific observations, a characteristic that is evident in his other novels, such as "The Time Machine" and "The Island of Dr. Moreau" Technology plays a significant role in illustrating prevailing themes that discusses and analyzes humanity's faults effectively throughout the novel's progress."
| |
|
Culture and Global Marketing, 2005.
Discusses, with examples, the impact of culture on global marketing.
3,485 words (approx. 13.9 pages), 35 sources, APA, £ 69.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
As the forces of globalization create a movement towards product standardization, cultural issues seem to continuously emerge. Several authors and researchers such as Hofstede, Hall and Trompenaar, whose main theories are explained in the paper, try to respond to these issues. However, large multinational enterprises (MNEs) seem to always fall into the trap and disregard concepts such as differentiation, localities, and adaptation. This essay identifies the impact of culture on global marketing by investigating the existing theories with the aid of examples of large-scale marketing decisions.
Table of Contents:
1.0 Origins of Culture and Impacts in Global Marketing
1.1 Political and Economic Forces
1.2 Technology
1.3 Geography
1.4 Social Institutions
2.0 Hofstede's Framework for Understanding Cultures
2.1 Individualism vs. Collectivism
2.2 Power Distance
2.3 Uncertainty Avoidance
2.4 Masculinity vs. Femininity
2.5 Long Term vs. Short Term Focus (Orientation)
3.0 Critical Evaluation of Hofstede's Framework
4.0 High/Low Context Cultures
5.0 Cross Cultural Negotiations and Communication
6.0 Environmental Sensitivity: Globalization, Localization and Adaptation in Marketing
7.0 Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper
"Although important, the work of Hofstede can be- and has been- criticized in many ways. There are many weaknesses in his theory with the most important being the lack of subjectivity. The number of countries selected, as well as the number of people and the conditions under which they were interviewed, did not constitute a qualified sample for drawing sound conclusions, but merely gave a ?snap shot? of how some cultures could behave. Likewise, while the framework successfully categorizes the different sets of cultural values, it fails to explain which of these is the most influential for the formulation of culture. In many instances the framework seems quite vague."
| |
|
Social Comparisons, 2008.
This paper explores the social comparison theory and its processes.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 44.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
This paper analyzes the social comparison theory in four sections, first by exploring a journal article that explored the theory in the United States and China. The paper also analyzes a mass media example in the context of social comparison. A personal example is then provided within an academic setting to see how the real life-scenario works. Finally, the theory was examined in an ethical context.
Outline:
Abstract
Social Comparison, Individualism-Collectivism, and Self-Esteem in China and the United States by Chung and Mallery
Mass Media Example of the Social Comparison Theory
Personal Example of Social Comparison Theory
Social Comparison Theory and Ethics
From the Paper
"Chung and Mallery (1999) "examined the possible differences in social comparison between individualistic and collectivistic cultures" using the United States and China for the sample (para. 1). Chung and Mallery predicted that based on past research, collectivistic cultures, where individuals focused on achievements that would be beneficial to a collective group rather than themselves, would be positively correlated with upward social comparison, while the contrary would be true for individualistic cultures. In essence the a priori expectation is that "upward comparisons were positively correlated with individual self-esteem, and downward comparisons were negatively correlated with collective self-esteem" (Chung & Mallery, 1999, para 14)."
| |
|
Buyer-Supplier Relationships, 2007.
This research paper uses correlation analysis techniques to measure buyer-supplier relationships.
5,210 words (approx. 20.8 pages), 10 sources, MLA, £ 91.95
»
Click here to show/hide summary
Abstract
The paper examines the formation of buyer-supplier relationships in the context of contract drafting practices and close partner selection. The paper specifically defines variables to measure buyer-supplier relationships, the relative level of individualism versus collectivism that buyers have and their resulting expectations of suppliers. The paper also presents variables to measure the tendency to create more detailed and precise contracts to counter opportunism and to determine what becomes the enforcement of trust and compliance. The paper includes tables and charts.
Outline:
Executive Summary
Demographics
Summary of Demographics Analysis
Descriptives Analysis
Reliability Analysis
Analysis of Results
Differentiating and Segmenting on Trust is Critical for Suppliers
From the Paper
"Beginning with a demographic analysis of the respondents that leads to a profile being created of their key characteristics, there are indicators of the ability of suppliers to create buyer-supplier relationships to create collectivist-leaning relationships. The dichotomy of collectivist versus individualist approaches to managing relationships is exacerbated by the geographical distances that emerge from the following demographic profile as well."
|
|
|
