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The Impact of Newtonian Science, 2002.
A description of Newton's creation of calculus and its impact on the world, both socially and scientifically.
1,825 words (approx. 7.3 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 41.95
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Abstract
This paper helps to explain and justify the creation of calculus. Isaac Newton helped to solve some of the most perplexing problems the world has imagined, and the method he used in doing so is still used for the same purpose today. Newton?s creation of calculus and ideas of using it to prove the universal laws of nature made human reason the most powerful method of thought and most definite route to seeking the truth.
From the Paper
?In mathematics, a certain surprising thing happens again and again. Someone poses a simple question, a question so simple that it seems no useful result can come from answering it. And yet it turns out that the answer opens the door to all kinds of interesting developments, and gives great power to the person who understands it.? (Saywer 3) This quote from a prestigious professor of mathematics parallels the story of Isaac Newton and his development of calculus. Isaac Newton helped to solve some of the most perplexing problems the world has imagined, and the method he used in doing so is still used for the same purpose today. There is a popular myth that Newton was sitting under a tree when an apple fell from it, and he asked himself what force could pull the apple to the Earth. Whether this story is true or not is uncertain, but the image is clear of Newton getting hit on the head with the apple of epiphany. He used calculus to prove that gravity pulled objects to Earth and held the planets together, and also to prove his world-renowned three laws of motion. By forming this revolutionary method of problem solving, Newton not only paved the way for new roads in mathematics but also changed the way that people thought and sought out answers. Newton?s creation of calculus and ideas of using it to prove the universal laws of nature made human reason the most powerful method of thought and most definite route to seeking the truth.
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True Science and Pseudo-Science, 2003.
Discusses the notion of scientific discovery.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 3 sources, £ 44.95
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Abstract
Looks at testing to ascertain whether a hypothesis is true or false. The paper examines the views of Thomas Kuhn and the "paradigm" and Karl Popper's contention that deductive testing is true science, and induction is false science.
From the Paper
"True Science vs. Pseudo-Science
Introduction and Purpose
True science and pseudo-science, it has been argued, can be distinguished from one another by an examination of the nature of scientific discovery, with particular attention to the use of a ..."
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"Common Science? Women, Science and Knowledge" by Jean Barr and Lynda Birke, 2000.
A review of the work on the nature of scientific study, objective truth and the alienation of women from scientific fields.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 1 source, £ 44.95
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From the Paper
"Science is a pervasive influence on human life today, though most people have only a vague image of what science means and may have complete misperceptions about certain scientific concepts. Many people simply have not been exposed to the information they need to judge science. Women, however, have been actively excluded, or at least discouraged, from science for some time, a factor much noted in analyses of academic statistics and in analyses of the job market in science. This is noted in the book Common Science? Women, Science, and Knowledge by Jean Barr and Lynda Birke as part of their primary emphasis on the fact that the scientific community remains largely unaccountable to the public. Part of their approach to this issue is to talk to non-academics to see what they think about science and about the issues surrounding the field."
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Science Educators, 2004.
An analysis of teaching science in a 'Science/Technology/Society' (STS) context.
5,294 words (approx. 21.2 pages), 22 sources, MLA, £ 92.95
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Abstract
This paper examines whether the attitudes of teachers have changed toward science teaching due to instructional focus or interventions such as STS (Science/Technology/Society), values and ethical issues and the nature of science. The paper contends that the emerging research is clear in illustrating that learning science in an STS context results in students with more sophisticated mastery and ability to use process skills. The paper claims that all students improve in terms of creativity skills, attitude toward science, use of science concepts and processes in their daily lives and in responsible personal decision-making.
Outline
Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Methodology
Literature Review
Four Pedagogical Issues
Findings
Summary and Conclusion
From the Paper
"Socioscientific issues (SSI) and Science, technology and society (STS) are distinct in that STS education in not 'embedded in a coherent developmental or sociological framework that explicitly considers the psychological as well as the epistemological growth of the child nor the development of character or virtue." However, the SSI movement holds its' focus on the empowerment of students in consideration of how issues based on science reflect the moral principles as well as the elements of virtue encompassing their lives, the physical world as well as the social world about them. (Zeidler, et al, 2000) Colleges and universities have recently undertaken initiatives to create Preservice teacher programs that better enable the instructional practices of the teacher. The National Science Teachers Association (NSTA) states that they view STS, "as the teaching and learning of science in the context of human experience."
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Religion and Science in Literature, 2002.
An analysis of the elements of religion and science in "Galileo, Science and the Church" by Jerome J. Langford and "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper will discuss the book "Galileo, Science and the Church" by Jerome J. Langford and "On Crimes and Punishments" by Cesare Beccaria. By understanding how both of these books seek to tell us how the world may view theories in the scheme of religion and science, we may have a better understanding of the issues that are at hand with these modes of thought.
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Forensics Science, 2005.
This paper discusses the various techniques used in forensic science, which is any part of science related to the law.
4,595 words (approx. 18.4 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 84.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, although forensic science appears to be a recent development, the modern medical-legal tactic to criminal investigations started in 12th century England when King Richard I enacted the "Office of the Coroner". The author points out that the scientific analysis of evidence left at the scene of a crime such as blood, semen, shreds of clothing, hair, weapons, tire treads and other physical evidence can seem more compelling to a jury than the evidence of eyewitnesses. The paper states that the purpose of crime scene investigation is to help understand what happened and to recognize the responsible person while carefully documenting the conditions at a crime scene and distinguishing all relevant physical evidence for further analysis.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Forensic Techniques
Firearms and Tool Mark Identification
Bullet Matching
Tool mark Evidence
Forensic Psychiatry
Profiling
Examination of Questioned Documents
Handwriting Analysis
Forgery
Scientific Evidence
Personal Identification
Fingerprints
DNA
Other Disciplines
Forensic Photography
Fracture Match
Crime Scene Documentation
Chain of Custody
Locard's Exchange Principal
Entomology
Blood Spatters
Soil
Glass
Crime Scene Investigation
Forensics in Courtroom
Validity of Forensic Evidence--Some Doubts
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Few areas of examination at trial can seem as intimidating as the prospect of taking on the prosecution's forensic experts. Crime lab reports seem to have this aura of invincibility about them that lead few trial lawyers to tackle their conclusions head on in front of a jury. Maybe it is because some part of us thinks that the reported results are based upon "science", and science, in turn, can be empirically experienced. Hence, we reason, if the stuff can be checked, no lab technician would put things in their report that could easily be shown to be incorrect. Alternatively, maybe, it is because we simply don't understand how tremendously vulnerable to challenge the crime lab work product really is."
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Environmental Science, 2007.
This paper suggests that environmental science is a good science that is good for the environment, but polluted by politics.
844 words (approx. 3.4 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 21.95
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Abstract
In this article, the writer maintains that lawn mowers may have been designed to make green suburban lawns look prettier, but they are anything but green, in terms of their effects on the environment, because they lack catalytic converters. The writer discusses that the largest lawn and garden equipment maker in the country and a powerful Republican senator are hampering attempts by the federal Environmental Protection Agency and state regulators in California to clean up the way Americans clean up their lawns. Further, the writer shows how the battle over catalytic converters in lawn mowers shows how economics, politics and good environmental policy often come into conflict.
From the Paper
"Lawn mowers may have been designed to make green suburban lawns look prettier, but they are anything but green in terms of their effects on the environment because they lack catalytic converters. Today, all cars must have catalytic converters to protect the environment. This means the dirtiest engines lurk, not in the nation's garages, but in the tool sheds across the land. And the debate over requiring lawn mowers to release the amount of emissions they can release into the environment is eerily reminiscent of Detroit's unsuccessful battle in the 1970s against environmentalists and consumer activists who wanted to reduce the effects of car exhaust upon the environment by installing catalytic converters."
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Forensic Science, 2002.
An insight into the methodologies employed by forensic science.
1,150 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 9 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This discusses forensic science. Forensic science is science applied to law to correctly identify perpetrators and exonerate the innocent. It is accurate and meant to lead to resolution. DNA cloning is an important aspect of science as forensic science involves many different areas of finding evidence in the cause of justice. If misapplied, forensic science can become a curse. Genetic information plays a crucial role and perhaps the most promising role in forensic science.
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Science and Religion, 2008.
A discussion on the relationship between the development of science and the teachings of religion.
1,591 words (approx. 6.4 pages), 2 sources, APA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the great distance between the concepts imposed by science and religion. The paper relates that, in many aspects science and religion contradict each other or differ in the answers given to historical questions. The paper further relates that the contradiction between science and religion has always existed. This brings the question of whether religion is an ally or an enemy of science. The paper hen points out that there are many kinds of science and their relation to religion is different in each case. Furthermore, there are different kinds of religions and each finds a different relation to science and its studies. The paper then goes on to discuss how much science and religion contradict or complement each other. It begins this discussion with a look at not only how religions are very different from one case to another but also how science developed differently as well in zones where one specific religion was dominant.
From the Paper
"As much as the Christian version of creation left blanks unexplained and raised questions about its authenticity, the evolution theory may be criticized as inconsistent as well. For science it seemed illogical that the man was created in one day, copying the image of a being that supposedly has no face or body, and therefore, no image to create alike. The man is too strongly related to other animals as to be completely foreign to the other species. He has to be part of a group and live by the same rules that dominate the rest of the living creatures. There has to be a link between man and animals if there are so many similarities between all of the life forms on the planet, and there is a path than can trace man's origins to the same as animals'. But this theory leaves a great hole that makes it inconsistent and brings it to question as accurate."
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Inquiry-Based Education in Earth Science Instruction, 2005.
A discussion of a teacher's experience when presenting Earth Science coursework in the secondary school setting.
2,005 words (approx. 8.0 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 44.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the experience of a secondary school teacher presenting Earth Science coursework, covering the various teaching related tools and skills necessary for teaching science in the secondary school setting.
Contents:
Objective
Introduction
Inquiry-Based Instruction Defined
Development and Demonstration of Inquiry Based
Learning Activities in Science Instruction
National Science Education Standards and Grade Appropriateness
Classroom Dynamics for Secondary School Instruction
Assessment in Earth Science Teaching
Design of Curriculum
Example: High-School Earth-Science Activity
Original Middle-School Earth-Science Activity
Teacher Presentation
Lesson and Activity Objectives
Grading for Science
National Norm Referenced Testing for Science
From the Paper
"Earth Science is particularly complicated in relation to instruction in the contemporary classroom. This is because of the many political and social issues involved in this area of study which, in the eyes of many, is an area of religious import as well. Furthermore, the initiative to teach in an inquiry-based manner further expands the research and examination in relation to providing instruction in Earth Science. When considering a method of instruction it is critical to take into account the grade-level appropriateness in relation to the curriculum and inclusive classroom activities when planning the instructional lessons and accompanying activities."
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Science Education Curriculum, 2002.
A research design to see if a new science education curriculum significantly affects performance in science education.
1,216 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 2 sources, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper proposes a research design to assess the potential effects of a new science education curriculum for fifth grade students on student performance in science education and student attitudes toward science education. Additionally, the study seeks to assess differences associated with the new science education curriculum for fifth grade students in relation to variations in student learning styles.
Outline
Research Questions
Independent and Dependent Variables
Control for Threats to Internal Validity
Appropriate Statistical Analysis Procedure
References
From the Paper
"The study would be structured as a Non-Equivalent Groups Design (NEGD). Among the 20 elementary schools with a fifth grade, student characteristics and performance in the accessible classrooms would be reviewed to identify four classrooms with the greatest potential for equivalency. In relation to the four classrooms so identified, random procedures would be applied to assign two classrooms to control conditions and two classrooms to experimental conditions. This procedure, however, would not cause this design to be randomized, as individual students would not be assigned to control or experimental conditions on the basis of random selection."
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Science and Religion in 19th Century Britain, 2002.
A discussion of whether science and religion are fundamentally opposed. The paper is based on F. Turner's work on the professionalization of science in 19th century Britain.
2,059 words (approx. 8.2 pages), 3 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
This paper examines the emergence in 19th century Britain of science as a respected body of professionals, rather than as an amateur hobby of the idle rich. The paper reviews the article ?The Victorian Conflict between Science and Religion: A Professional Dimension? by F. Turner. It looks at how the drive to raise professional standards within the new disciplines led to an increasing refusal to compromise scientific integrity to fit in with Church doctrine. This paper examines whether this conflict was caused by a fundamental opposition of science and religion or merely by individuals trying to resist or encourage the huge social changes occurring at the time.
From the Paper
"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the clergy had a huge amount of influence on British society in terms of government, school and University education, patronage and the prestige, authority and reverence given to them by all social classes. Science, on the other hand, was nothing but a disunited collection of amateurs, who were not even granted their own collective noun. The term ?scientist?, although coined in 1834 by Reverend Whewell, did not come into popular use until the 1890s. Science in this early period was very much influenced by religion and many (though increasingly not all) both within and outside the scientific community considered it perfectly acceptable and natural for research to be conducted under the authority of and be limited by Church doctrine."
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The Philosophy of Science, 2004.
A discussion on the true definition of science.
1,550 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that science needs to be independently verified to be considered science, but also that science does not need to be socially accepted to be considered science. It looks at how the experiments of one scientist may, therefore, be considered true science; however, the validity of the results should be verified by subsequent studies. It shows how many would argue that science does need to be socially accepted in order to be verifiable and proclaimed as legitimate and how history has proven that, time and time again, ?science? has forged ahead, despite skepticism and criticism from a social standpoint.
From the Paper
"Many philosophers have supported the idea that science does not need to be socially accepted to be considered valid. Popper for example argues that mere deduction is not a valid mechanism of validating scientific fact. According to Popper, the possibility always exists that no matter how many observations exist to validate a theory, the possibility that a future observation will disrupt that theory consistently exists (Jones, 2003). This viewpoint supports the idea that a scientific theory may be considered valid even if it is not socially accepted. Popper would argue that even if the scientific theory were socially accepted, it could still be refuted at a later date by new discoveries. Science according to Popper is in essence a revolutionary process."
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The Importance of Science and Technology in Canada., 2006.
A look at the relationship between science and technology from a Canadian perspective.
1,800 words (approx. 7.2 pages), 6 sources, £ 50.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the link between science and technology, as advances in science make technology and advances in technology possible. It further discusses Marx's idea that science and technology are always closely linked with progress and development, especially over the last 200 years. Science has made many things possible. Science has been able to identify, recognize, understand and explain many things and processes in our world and the universe. Medical science and technology are now able to treat and cure many diseases that were fatal in the past. Technology has been able to revolutionize communications, transport and manufacturing.
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