| Papers [1-14] of 100 :: [Page 1 of 8] | | Go to page : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 —> | Search results on "IMMUNIZATION VACCINATION": |
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Anthrax Vaccine Immunization, 2002.
A look at the ethics of the anthrax vaccine immunization.
1,400 words (approx. 5.6 pages), 10 sources, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This paper looks at the idea of the Anthrax immunisation problem and the philosophies of Kant and Mills along with a Utilitarian approach as to whether it is bets to inoculate or not. The paper discusses Kant along side Mills and concludes that in personal views Mills would be the best approach to take.
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The Immunization Debate.
This paper discusses the continual debate over the benefits of vaccine for protection of the public and for prevention of the disease versus the risk to individuals who receive the vaccine for vaccine-related complications.
2,140 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 8 sources, APA, £ 46.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the common end goal for parties for and against immunization is the same; both parties want their children and the public to lead safe and healthy lives. The author points out that immunizations, which have eliminated numerous diseases that used to kill thousands of children, are the most cost-effective measure in all of medical science; children not immunized against measles have a 3500% higher risk of contracting measles than others. All children deserve the benefits of immunizations unless medically contraindicated. The paper relates that some people believe that vaccines are dangerous, that the government's power to deny individual rights is wrong, that vaccination does not constitute immunity, and that vaccines contain adjuvant substances known to amplify the body's response to the vaccine, which can sometimes cause allergic and autoimmune responses.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Those in Favor of Immunizations
Those Questioning Immunizations
Stakeholders
Interview of Health Care Providers
Parents Interviewed
Summary
From the Paper
"For those promoters of vaccinations, the general belief is that "vaccination is modern medicine's greatest achievement." The goal would be to have 100% compliance. This group believes that vaccinations are necessary to the basic welfare of every child. "Public health officials take the stance that they are legally and morally obligated to act out of concern for the well being of every individual child, and the reality is that any unvaccinated child remains vulnerable to serious, even life-threatening diseases." Non-medical exemptions from immunizations also lower the level of protection in the general public."
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Immunization, 2002.
Discusses immunization in America and why some parents choose not to immunize their children.
962 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This paper analyzes the topic of immunization of children in the United States. Specifically, it discusses why the immunization rate of children in the U.S. is so high and the validity of the reasons why some parents choose not to immunize their children. Most children in the United States receive immunization from a variety of diseases when they are toddlers. Yet, some parents choose not to immunize their children for a variety of reasons. The paper questions whether these children are protected adequately and whether they pose a danger to other, already immunized children.
From the Paper
"Most people who immunize their children do so because they believe in the validity of the claims of the health profession that immunization saves lives, and because it is required before their children can enter school. There are also dire warnings from doctors and the health community regarding not immunizing children. The Center for Disease Control (CDC) web site notes: "Parents should be aware that withholding vaccinations leaves their child vulnerable to vaccine-preventable diseases in the event of an outbreak" (Editors). Recognizing there are barriers to many children receiving their vaccines, including lack of knowledge, lack of funds, and fear, a nationwide initiative was created in 1993 titled the Childhood Immunization Initiative (CII), which had a goal of inoculating 90 percent of two-year-old children. The campaign was extremely successful. "Nationwide there was 91% to 95% coverage achieved for individual vaccines" (Horner and Murphy 122). Today, immunization remains at about 95 percent of the children in the United States vaccinated by the time they enter school (Editors)."
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HPV Vaccination, 2007.
A discussion of mandating the quadrivalent human papilloma virus vaccination in Californina specifically for girls.
1,643 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 37.95
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Abstract
This study considers the issue of preventing the quadrivalent human papilloma virus (HPV) through a immunization program of girls in a California school. The population of the study is specifically Latino, and issues surrounding health care in the Latino community are discussed. The efficacy of the vaccination is described as are the methods in which this disease is transferred. The paper also explains the dangers of HPV, giving statistics of the consequences of infection. Methods of prevention, including vaccination, are also highlighted. The paper concludes that further research which include studies to determine the long term efficacy of the vaccination as well as the length of protection it offers is necessary.
Outline
Abstract
Background/Review of Literature
Discussion/Recommendations for Further Study
From the Paper
"According to the Centers for Disease Control, Advisory Committee on Immunization and Practices, Resolution 6/06-2 the administration of the quadrivalent Human Papilloma Virus vaccination is suggested for administration to girls as young as 9 but preferably in the age set of 11-12, and as a catch up vaccination for girls aged 13-18. The vaccination is to be given in three staggered doses with the second dose given 2 months from the first and the third 6 months after the first dose. This is based on the positive research findings of both non-profit research groups and pharmaceutical companies developing preventative HPV vaccinations. This work addresses the validity of mandating this vaccine in Solano County California, upon these age guidelines as a prophylactic measure to decrease the incidence of the specific HPV types (6,11,16,18) associated with the vaccination, namely the Merck vaccination trade name Gardasil. In addition to this informative resolution the California Department of Health Services has obtained the vaccination and has made compatible resolutions to vaccinate girls according to the national recommendations, either through private physicians or through state and local agency immunization programs, (California Vaccines for Children (VFC) Program Providers) such as those found in Solano County."
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Vaccination Patterns and Insurance Coverage, 2006.
An analysis of the article 'Associations Between Childhood Vaccination Coverage Insurance Type And Breaks In Health Insurance' by Smith, Stevenson and Chu.
900 words (approx. 3.6 pages), 1 source, £ 24.95
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Abstract
This journal article analysis examines an article entitled 'Associations Between Childhood Vaccination Coverage Insurance Type And Breaks In Health Insurance' by Smith, Stevenson and Chu (2006). The authors attempt to identify trends if any in relationships between vaccination patterns insurance coverage as well as insurance types in children. This analysis concludes that the authors have not contributed any original research and based their hypothesis on a faulty sampling methodology based on survey results that they didn't undertake themselves.
From the Paper
"These authors also sought to determine if race or ethnicity factor into these vaccination patterns as well. The researchers rely predominantly on a survey of 8324 children who were surveyed by the National Immunization Survey who were also covered by some type of insurance program be it Medicaid or state sponsored coverage as well as private insurance policies. The survey also included children who were not covered at the time of the survey or who, at some point in time prior to the survey, left temporarily without insurance coverage. "
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Immunizing Children, 2005.
This paper discusses immunizing children and stresses its importance.
1,720 words (approx. 6.9 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 39.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that several diseases, which killed in the past, have been controlled through the use of vaccinations; however, this does not mean the diseases are gone because, without continuing the vaccination programs, these diseases could reappear. The author points out that many parents believe that the vaccinations can cause other complications or even cause the disease: This is untrue because the vaccination contains a non-active form of the virus or disease and cannot cause the body to contract the disease. The paper stresses that parents must protect their children from contracting deadly diseases, which are preventable through immunization.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Rationalize
Reasons
Disease Prevention
Better Health
Preventing Unnecessary Deaths
Diseases Controlled with Vaccinations
Polio
Measles
Meningitis
Whooping Cough
Rubella
Chicken Pox
Hepatitis B
Diphtheria
Tetanus
Mumps
Rationale for Controlling These Diseases
Myths Associated with Vaccinations
Vaccinations Cause Diseases
Diseases are Not Deadly so Vaccines are not Necessary
Diseases are Eliminated in the U.S. so Vaccines aren't Necessary
Truths about Vaccinations
Emerging Diseases
Toscana Virus
Avian Influenza
Coltiviruses from Ticks
Immunization
Tracking in the U.S.
Determining who is Immunized
Spread of Diseases Unknowingly
Conclusion
From the Paper
"Recently, there have been some new diseases that have emerged and scientists are trying to create vaccinations to control them. One new disease is called the Toscana virus. This virus was discovered in 1971 in Italy. Since then it has spread into Europe. It affects the central nervous system and has been the major cause of meningitis and encephalitis. Scientists are working on the pathogen to find out how it spreads these diseases and how to stop it. Another recently discovered virus is the avian influenza. It has been found in chickens and in humans in Thailand. - It has not been known to transfer from birds to humans but it is believed that it may mutate into a form that will. Currently many organizations are studying the avian influenza and are concerned about a new pandemic. "
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Vaccines, 2005.
A description with examples of modern developments in vaccines.
2,628 words (approx. 10.5 pages), 13 sources, MLA, £ 56.95
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Abstract
The paper describes through examples, the principles that underpin modern developments in vaccination strategies. It gives a background to the development of vaccines, and describes how they work and the bodies immune response. It also looks at current developments in vaccinations and gives detailed descriptions of various vaccination methods. It uses specific U.K.examples with the MMR vaccine.
From the Paper
"The response to immunisation/vaccination can be enhanced by a number of agents, and collectively these are termed adjuvants. These are a heterogeneous group of compounds, with several different mechanisms of action. In the history of immunisation/vaccination, many compounds have been used empirically, with little knowledge about how they may work. Several vaccines are composed of proteins that have bee precipitated with alum, and others are emulsified in oil based compounds. One of the best known emulsifying agent's is Freund's complete adjuvant, which contains mycobacterial derivatives. Amongst these, bacterial cell wall components such as lipopolysaccharide are powerful immune stimulants, having an activating effect on macrophages and T-cells."
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Elderly Access to Vaccinations, 2005.
Argues that America must ensure that programs to provide pneumococcal and influenza vaccination to the elderly are implemented to assure long-term health for senior citizens and the American health care system.
6,315 words (approx. 25.3 pages), 18 sources, MLA, £ 104.95
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Abstract
This paper determines that, because of scientific and medical data available, it is imperative for elder citizens to have access to pneumococcal and influenza immunizations. Through a thorough study of various factors, the paper concludes that failing to make these immunizations available, will result in widespread sickness and affliction, and a rising burden on America's health care tab.
Introduction
Data
What is Being Done
Effects of Failing to Provide Pneumococcal and Influenza Vaccinations for Senior Citizens
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The overwhelming conclusion of this paper is that available funds should immediately be spent to encourage our nation's senior citizens not only to get a influenza vaccination, but a pneumococcal vaccination as well.
The flu-shot shortage makes it more even more imperative for senior citizens to get a second, often overlooked vaccine that protects against a type of pneumonia germ that's a common complication of influenza.
The pneumococcal vaccine is a one-time shot for anyone 65 or older. Younger people with heart and lung illnesses, diabetes or weak immune systems need it as well, but the greatest urgency is to get the vaccination affordable and available to our nation's elderly.. It's not a replacement for a flu shot; high-risk patients should continue trying to find that.
But many of the same people most vulnerable to flu - namely, our nation's elderly -- also are at high risk from this dangerous bacterial infection. They need the pneumococcal vaccine anyway - so the focus should be on making the influenza vaccination available right alongside the pneumococcal vaccination."
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The Search for an HIV Vaccine, 2002.
An examination of the medical research being performed in the search for a vaccine against HIV and AIDS.
2,028 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 9 sources, APA, £ 45.95
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Abstract
The paper describes how the HIV vaccine attacks the immune system with the T-Cells. Also, it discusses different types of vaccines and how they work along with leading causes of AIDS and how it has become an epidemic. It examines different forms of research and other attempts at creating a vaccine in the past.
From the Paper
"Since the HIV epidemic began in the 1970?s, it is estimated that 22 million persons are infected with the virus that causes AIDS. There are 3 million new infections each year with 65 percent of these cases in developing countries. There is no cure for AIDS and the outlook for finding a cure is very bleak, therefore a preventive vaccine is urgently needed to control the spread of HIV/AIDS. It is important to remember that being HIV positive does not equate to having AIDS, however it is only a matter of time that the virus will progress to the disease."
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HIV Vaccines, 2006.
This paper discusses the history of the development of a vaccine for HIV.
1,270 words (approx. 5.1 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 30.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since Professor Robert Gallo confirmed etiological agents of AIDS in 1984, scientists in the United States, along with many other countries, have been making tremendous strides in the race to develop a vaccine for HIV. The author points out that the problem researchers have been facing is that the HIV virus does not respond to classical vaccination approaches, which have been used for other vaccines including smallpox and polio. The paper relates that, once the vaccine has been developed and released to the general population for use, scientists may see a decrease in illness even though not all persons have been given the vaccination.
From the Paper
"The two vaccine mechanisms differ in how the genes are packaged, with one being a naked version (can't reconstitute into a contagious virus) and the other a weakened type. Since only HIV gene fragments are attached to the adenovirus, ones that cannot replicate, any participants in the study would not have reason to believe that they can become infected with the HIV virus. Directors of this study feel that using the adenovirus vector appears to be the most promising advance in the past years attempts of research. Half of the participants will be from the Americas, while the other half will be in Southern Africa. The participants will be divided into two groups and will get four injections that will be spread out over a six month period. Half will be given the vaccine while the other half will get the placebo."
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Aging and the Immune Response, 2002.
Discusses the new field of immunogerontology which explores the decline of the aging adult's immune system.
1,416 words (approx. 5.7 pages), 9 sources, MLA, £ 33.95
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Abstract
At the beginning of the millennium life expectancy doubled to approximately 80 years of age, compared to what it was in 1900. This paper studies the new field of immunogerontology that explores the immune system in the aging adult. Recent research has indicated that the immune systems of aged people undergo characteristic changes, generally in the direction of decreased immune competence. As the research presented in this paper reveals, aging affects many aspects of the immune process, and since the immune system interacts with every system of the body it becomes important to have a well-developed understanding of the mechanisms related to the breakdown of this system in the later years of life.
From the Paper
"Malnutrition in aging populations is another mechanism, which contributes to the decline in the efficiency of the signal transduction system and as a result leads to the degradation of the immune response. Calcium is an integral part of the signaling mechanism and the biochemical pathways that compose it. Enzymes necessary for T cell proliferation are rendered useless in the absence of calcium as shown by Miller et al (1996). Measurements made in the lab of IL-2 production were shown to be substantially lower than in T cells belonging to younger individuals. It is important to remember that IL-2 is produced after the antigen binds to the receptor-binding site and is responsible for promoting the proliferation of the T cell. Though these experiments are mainly carried out on mice, the biochemical pathways are very similar and results tend to indicate that immunodeficiency in the aging adult is due in part to the decline in calcium concentrations. Other nutrients such as zinc and vitamin E are also important in the proper functioning of the immune system affecting cytokine production and imparting a protective role from damage by free radicals respectively (Moriguchi, 1998)."
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Vaccinations in the U.S., 2002.
Trends in U.S. immunizations.
3,150 words (approx. 12.6 pages), 12 sources, £ 81.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and analyzes immunization trends in the United States, discusses shifts in immunizations and why they occurred, and notes the key problems of vaccines.
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Immune System, 2006.
An overview of the body's immune system, its purpose and how it functions.
675 words (approx. 2.7 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the immune system generates numerous unusual kinds of immune reactions. For example, the body annihilates eukaryotic cells having or bearing foreign cell-surface antigens. These include cancer cells, whose cell-surface antigens are distorted when a normal cell is genetically changed into a cancer cell. The antigen-bearing cell may be eaten by macrophages or killed by killer cells, which are specialized to destroy abnormal body cells. The paper examines how the immune system functions, looking at physiological processes such as cellular immunity and humoral immunity.
From the Paper
"Humoral immunity is best explained as if the virus has not yet invaded a body cell, it may be surfaced by antibody molecules that may have been secreted into the body fluids by B cells. The virus-antibody is then eaten and destroyed by a phagocyte."
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Vaccine Technology, 2004.
A brief discussion of the importance of modern-day vaccines in preventing epidemics.
1,025 words (approx. 4.1 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 25.95
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Abstract
This paper explains how one of the most important health advances of the 20th century has been immunization. It looks at how this development has stopped the spread of several potentially fatal diseases and explains that DNA vaccines have become the most promising area of vaccinology. The paper briefly looks at the technology of DNA vaccines and how these could be used in the future.
From the Paper
"DNA vaccines have the potential to be used as therapy, designed to treat a particular active disease, such as inducing cell-medicated immunity to bowel, or breast cells that express cancer antigens, thus causing the body to identify and kill tumor cells (Simmerman pg). In fact, researchers are now studying DNA vaccines for cervical cancer (Simmerman pg). For over a decade, investigators have been extensively using animal models to research DNA vaccines and recent trials have used small numbers of humans to determine treatment tolerance and immune response (Simmerman pg). Since the majority of these trials are phase I, they focus on safety and do not measure efficacy, however, in trials for hepatitis B, herpes, HIV, malaria, adenocarcinoma of the breast and colon, and lymphoma, the subjects have tolerated the vaccines relatively well (Simmerman pg)."
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