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The Ills of Pornography, 2006.
A position paper that argues against allowing pornography on the internet and in society at large.
941 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that pornography is harmful to both the women involved in the pornography industry and the consumers of pornography. The paper looks at evidence suggesting that pornography is emotionally damaging and harmful to society and points out that there is strong evidence connecting pornography to violent crime. The paper also explains that it has been argued that pornography can be defined as sexual conduct thereby making the court's view that pornography is a form of political expression misguided. Finally, for the reasons presented above, the paper concludes that pornography should be banned not only on the internet, but from society at large as well.
From the Paper
"Both sociological and psychological research, has yielded evidence that pornography creates a view of women that desensitizes men to the harm connected to violent crimes against women. In some cases, it has been evidenced to make them more likely to commit these types crimes. Pornography helps to create a sexist view of women, working in subtle and not so subtle ways to deny them social and political status equal to men. It has been rightfully argued that pornography is a type of conduct, not speech. Pornography is not about sex, it is a form of forced sex, a sexual reality that eroticizes inequality, hierarchy, dominance, and submission. It is a means through which sexuality is socially constructed, via a domain of exercise that portrays women as things for sexual use, and leads its consumers to want possession and dehumanization of them."
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Censoring Pornography, 2003.
This paper discusses the controversial topic of pornography and argues that not all pornography is obscene.
2,395 words (approx. 9.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses the controversial subject of pornography as both an emotional subject and one that deals with morals, privacy, and the 1st Amendment. This paper discusses two extreme views about pornography. One stance takes the side for pornography, defending the naked body as art, or an expression of passion between two people, a venue of materials, which is meant for adults. The other case argues that pornography is sick, immoral, obscene, and to an extreme, some believe it should be illegal. By reading this paper, the author hopes to prove that not all pornography is obscene, and perhaps should be given a second chance.
From the Paper
"This fundamental argument is what will keep people in a disagreement on pornography forever. But what people need to understand is that everybody has the right to view what the want to view, whether is be obscene or not. Just as people have their rights to view it, people have their rights not to view and to not be forced to watch it. This is why playboy TV and the spice channel and shows such as red shoe diaries, are all on pay channels, which a person makes a choice to subscribe to. Just as Hustler, Cheri, Penthouse, and other adult publications are ordered by choice, and by law are mailed in black plastic bags, and in this manner everybody is protected under the first amendment. People who are pro censure have been protected, they are not forced to view it, and the choice to view or not to view is preserved. On the topic of age limits, there may be some common ground among censures and pornographers. They will agree that interior of specialty stores such as Le Sex Shoppe be blocked from view from outside, liquor stores choosing to carry adult magazines stock such materials in a blocked adults only section, and the sale of pornographic materials may be made only to adults ages 18 and over. But still many people will argue that the only solution to pornography is that it be banned all together."
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Helen Longino's "Pornography, Oppression and Freedom", 2008.
This paper rejects Helen Longino's position on pornography as presented in her work, "Pornography, Oppression and Freedom: A Closer Look".
1,235 words (approx. 4.9 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that Helen Longino argues in her article "Pornography, Oppression and Freedom: A Closer Look" that pornography by its nature is harmful to women and should be controlled and eliminated. The author maintains that Longino bases this position on tenuous distinctions between pornography and erotica and on the liberal use of universal claims about the effect that pornography has on women and their place in society. The paper contends that, despite her superficially well-reasoned article, a closer examination of Longino's claims and analysis reveals problems that undermine her argument. The paper then asserts that pornography cannot be considered necessarily and categorically harmful to women. The paper concludes that the marginal harm that pornography might cause in isolated incidents is not great enough to justify banning pornography and restricting this form of sexual expression.
From the Paper
"Longino argues that these harms are cause enough to invoke laws and regulations that would limit freedom of expression and sexual expression. But are these harms entirely plausible? Is the potential for these harms to be realized justification enough to ban pornography. F.M. Christensen would say no, that efforts to ban pornography through limitations on freedoms--especially freedom of expression--is reprehensible and much more harmful to society than the potential ills of pornography. On this point, I agree with Christensen."
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The Issue of Pornography in Society, 2004.
An examination of the effects of pornography on modern-day society.
1,541 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 35.95
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Abstract
Pornography has been a topic of heated debate in this country for decades. It is an issue that deals with freedom of speech and what is considered ?decent? by many Americans. Many consider pornography degrading toward women, although many women freely participate in pornographic activities. The Internet poses many problems concerning this issue, with the exploitation of children being at the forefront of many legitimate concerns. This paper examines both sides of the issue and the complications that arise when considering the controversial issue.
I. Introduction
A. The Business of Pornography
B. National Sales
II. Definition of Pornography
A. Joseph Slade Defines Complexity of the Term Pornography
B. Obscene versus Erotic
C. Supreme Court Definition of Obscene
III. Pornography and Exploitation of Women
A. Ann Garry?s Position
IV. Child Pornography
A. The Internet?s Influence on Child Pornography
B. Laws Pertaining to Child Pornography
C. Philip Jenkins?s Position on Child Pornography
V. Conclusion
A. Education and Fair Application of Law
From the Paper
"William F. Buckley, in an article published in the National Review, points out that journalist Frank Rich wrote an article that uncovered the huge moneymaking business of pornography. The figures he reported, according to Buckley, ?astonish?. From the article ?$4 billion a year is spent on video pornography, that this sum of money is greater than what is spent on major league baseball? (Buckley). Surprisingly, pornography is a business that outsells professional baseball. Buckley also adds that people rent 700 million porn movies every year and that Americans pay more money for pornography than they do for ?non-adult? movies. In a striking comparison, Buckley says that every year, 400 regular movies are produced and 11,000 porn movies are produced. (Buckley) That was in the early 90s. In his book, Pornography in America: A Reference Handbook, which was published in 2001, Joseph Slade reports that although most Americans won?t admit to participating in pornography, they spend ?somewhere between $8 billion and $10 billion a year on sexual representations of some sort? (Slade 3) In a bizarre comparison, Slade also notes that Americans spend $36 billion on fast food hamburgers. Clearly, these figures indicate that the business of pornography is growing by leaps and bounds."
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Politics and Pornography, 2002.
The paper proposes that pornography, by definition, is something that goes counter to society?s standards of what is acceptable, so when it comes to issues of law, pornography cannot be considered in isolation from its greater culture.
2,270 words (approx. 9.1 pages), 4 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
The paper gives a history of pornography and explains that before the 1800's the purpose of pornography was to criticize individuals in power, using pornographic images as the vehicle. The paper then discusses the regulation of pornography and how the original intention was to protect society from moral corruption by restricting access to it. The paper also discusses the connection of pornography to violence against women and children. The paper demonstrates how community standards have changed.
From the Paper
"Recently, the owner of a video store in conservative Provo, Utah, was put on trial for selling obscene materials because of the sexually oriented videos his store carried The prosecutor assumed that in his community such films met the Miller test, including the requirement that when local ?contemporary adult standards? were applied, these films were not acceptable 4(). While more than 4,000 people signed a petition demanding that the defendant, Larry W. Peterman, be charged and tried, Peterman?s lawyers researched who was renting these films. They found that Peterman had more than 4,000 customers for the videos."
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Pornography, 2005.
This paper argues that pornography has a negative effect on society.
2,255 words (approx. 9.0 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 49.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that, since the rapid popularity and use of the internet in the United States and around the globe, pornography and the viewing of pornography on-line seems to have mushroomed tremendously, resulting in more violence, less general empathy and understanding and a general moral decay of the principles and ideals which make up a civilized society. The author points out the dangers of child pornography, violent pornography that shows rape and violent acts toward women and pornography based on a dominant/submissive theme, whether geared toward men or women. The paper relates that studies show that men who are relatively at high risk for sexual aggression are more likely to be attracted to pornography and to become more aroused and more disposed to act aggressively toward women and even children.
From the Paper
"Another researcher, Catherine Helen Palczewski, notes that more and more women believe that pornography berates and belittles women, and that "pornography is the ideology of a culture which promotes and condones rape, woman-battering, and other crimes of violence against women." Thus, this prevalent aspect of pornography leads to a general degrading of women and a societal acceptance of that degrading as a norm. This is illustrated by many other forms of media, from advertising to film and television, where often the women are portrayed as little more than sex objects."
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Pornography Through the Eyes of Karl Marx, 2006.
An analysis of pornography as a phenomena of exploitation of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie.
2,984 words (approx. 11.9 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 62.95
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Abstract
The paper proposes that pornography, although thousands of years old, has evolved in the past decades as a reaction to the rise of feminism and racial equality. The paper uses the Marxian concept of "ideology", which it defines as beliefs used to justify social stratification, to define pornography within the context of white, male wielders of power. The paper cites feminist Andrea Dworkin's view of sex as a form of victimization of the socially inferior. It presents Naomi Wolf's view of the sex industry as an economic exploitation of women, and makes use of her view of the beauty industry as another source of exploitation to expand its definition of pornography, and cites numerous examples from mainstream women's magazines to support that claim. The paper reviews the history of the women's movement's struggle against pornography, and includes examples of feminist campaign literature targeting pornography. The paper presents the claim that pornography leads to racism, as well as violence against women. It views as sexist the laws which deem all phallic imagery illegal, but classify depictions of female erogenous zones as legal, comparing them to Nazi tactics to dehumanize Jews. In conclusion, the writer feels that Karl Marx, had he not focused solely on economics, would also have seen pornography as a form of subjugation of women by white men, and that women will never be able to express their true sexuality and nature of femininity until negative images in pornography are eradicated. NOTE: This paper includes graphic pornographic images as examples in two appendices and on the title page.
From the Paper
"Pornography is a Greek word that now means, "writings, pictures, etc. intended primarily to arouse sexual desire." (6) However, it was derived from the Greek stem, porne, meaning a harlot who was to serve as a man's sexual slave. The inequalities of patriarchy have obviously changed from ancient Greek times; however, the image of a woman serving a man sexually is still very ubiquitous in pornographic literature. Is this detrimental to the status of women in society? Most feminist thinkers say yes."
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Virtual Child Pornography, 2004.
Discusses the need for new laws surrounding the issue of virtual child pornography.
1,917 words (approx. 7.7 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 43.95
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Abstract
Virtual child pornography refers to child pornography that does not portray an actual living child. Specifically, this refers to child pornography that is created by computer images. Virtual child pornography is currently considered to be legal, based on the ruling of U.S. District Court judge, Donald W. Molloy, who ruled that illicit images that do not involve actual children in their production or depiction, even when they appear to be child pornography, are protected by the First Amendment. This paper argues that virtual child pornography should be considered illegal, focusing on the protection of children. It discusses the Child Pornography Prevention Act (1996) within the justice system and proposes a solution to the problem.
From the Paper
"An individual drawing or producing computer-images without viewing children in sexually explicit ways is very different than an individual who forces children to act in sexually explicit ways for the purpose of creating pornographic materials. The major problem with the CPPA appears to be that it places these two crimes together. This creates several problems. Firstly, it confuses the issue and does not allow the two impacts of pornographic materials to be considered, namely the effect on the real children involved in production of the materials, and the effect of the material on the pornographic industry. Secondly, it places two crimes with different levels of seriousness as one. This then results in the fear created, with individuals understandably concerned about being labelled child pornographers, when the material has been created for artistic purposes."
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Pornography and Censorship, 2002.
A look at the history of pornography in the United States.
2,435 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 52.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to define pornography, to look at its history, present the attempts that have been made to censor it and look closely at the defense argument for the industry. It also examines feminist feelings surrounding issues of pornography. It analyzes how there are many types and categories and how some elements are incredibly offensive and even abusive, whereas others might be considered healthy and attractive to mature adults. It puts forward the argument that censorship of all materials deemed pornographic is a drastic and unneeded measure.
Outline
Introduction
History of Pornography in the United States
The Effects of Pornography
Pornography and Obscenity
Feminist Thought on Pornography
The Pornographers
Conclusion
From the Paper
"There are two types of material that are often considered pornographic. In the first type, males or females of an appropriate age are depicted in erotic poses. They are presented as equal partners without subjugation or any sign of violence. This first type of pornography is often referred to as erotica. The Playboy or Penthouse magazines would be an excellent example of this type of pornography that has been developed for males. Conversely, Playgirl magazine or one of the many romance/erotica novels available at local bookstores would be the equivalent for women. In either case, these tend to be somewhat mainstream and for the most part harmless."
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The Psychological Effect of Heavy Pornography Use, 2006.
A discussion regarding how the use of pornography can affect one's psyche.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 4 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper reviews the idea that there is no doubt that the general public feels as if it is being affected by pornography. Pornography is a maligned form of media with some dedicated supporters. According to the paper, no actual link has been found in heavy pornography use and violence against women nor has there been any link found in heavy pornography use and development of negative personality traits. However at least one researcher has indicated some relationship between advertising principles and the principles behind pornography.
From the Paper
"Pornography is a much-maligned aspect of the publishing industry. Although protected by the First Amendment of the United States Constitution, the apparent consensus from the general public is that pornography is not a beneficial form of printed matter. But how far is that consensus from the truth? The literature indicates a mixed stance on the benefits--or the harm--of pornography. Much of the literature seems to indicate that negative consequences of pornography use are interlocked with excessive use of the Internet. In such cases, depression and self-destructive behavior can occur. In addition, children are often victimized by Internet pornography use, perpetuating the abusive behavior to other generations. However, none of the literature reviewed supports the idea of heavy pornography use as causation for violent behavior aimed at others."
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Female Views on Pornography and Effects on Children, 2001.
This paper argues that pornography has a terribly negative affect on men's view of women and women's psyche.
1,200 words (approx. 4.8 pages), 7 sources, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper argues that pornography has a terribly negative affect on men's view of women and women's psyche. Pornography is not only highly addictive material but it?s a book of lies about women portrayals. Even soft-core pornography portrays women as sex objects existing only to give sexual satisfaction to men. They are "pets" or "playmates" only from the neck down. Women in porn are big breasted and thin, these stereotypes give women self-cautious feelings around male counterparts. ?Also, pornography teaches that sex is purely fun in nature. There is no touching intimacy in pornography, only fast physical satisfaction. The paper uses the works of some feminists and socialists to prove the negative affect of pornography, but also examines opposing views.
From the Paper
"Pornography is not made to educate but to sell, and for the most part, what sells is a bunch of lies about sex and women. Women are portrayed as enjoying being raped, spanked or beaten, tied up, mutilated, enslaved, or they accept it as their lot as women to be victims of such experiences."
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Virtual Child Pornography, 2006.
This paper investigates child pornography, including research and legislation.
2,700 words (approx. 10.8 pages), 3 sources, £ 75.95
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Abstract
The paper explores child pornography within the context of finding child pornography, investigating the act and treating it as a criminal offence. The paper shows that child pornography is not specifically pornography, but instead is a form of obscenity and exploitation. A case study of virtual child pornography is included as a brief example of problems faced in identifying and persecuting offenders.
From the Paper
"Child pornography is defined as the practice of creating media for purposes of sexual arousal or pleasure using a person or persons under the age of eighteen (Ferraro & Casey, 2004). All child pornography is by definition non-consensual, as legal statutes prohibit persons under the age of eighteen from agreeing to participate in the creation of pornography; therefore child pornography will always be deemed illegal regardless as to whether the model consented to its making. Indeed, even in scenarios in which the child model misrepresented himself or herself as eighteen years of age or older, the manufacturers of the pornographic media are promoting a crime (Ferraro & Casey, 2004). Child pornography is considered a felony under federal law (Taylor & Quayle, 2003)."
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Children and Pornography, 2004.
A look at the detrimental effect pornography has on children and society as a whole.
2,146 words (approx. 8.6 pages), 7 sources, MLA, £ 47.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses how the existence of pornography is not a new phenomena and has, in fact, existed in human society through the ages. It looks at how the widespread availability and easy access, coupled with the increasing trend towards violent, aggressive pornographic material, poses a risk to wholesome societal values and how this is particularly true in the case of children who are exposed to pornography, especially child pornography, in their formative years. It examines how there is considerable research evidence that pornography results in adversely affecting the psychological development of children, with far reaching consequences in terms of their ability to later function well as adults. Since children are the future of any society, it is critical that adequate measures be taken to ensure the healthy and well-rounded development of children in order that they grow up to be productive, humane citizens. One such measure is to ensure that children grow up free of the harmful effects of exposure to pornography.
From the Paper
"Protecting children from the harmful effects of exposure to pornography, however, is easier said than done considering that society, including legislative and scholarly opinion, has yet to reach a consensus on whether pornography does, in fact, have significant harmful effects on human sexual and social behavior. For instance, public opinion including some social commentators, are of the view that pornography is primarily a form of entertainment and essentially harmless, even if it is sexually arousing. To support their point of view, they claim that there is no conclusive scientific evidence that pornography is harmful. Even the United States Supreme Court distinguishes between pornography and obscenity, with only the latter being unprotected by the First Amendment."
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Catharine MacKinnon on Pornography, 2007.
A discussion of Catherine MacKinnon's opinions on pornography as expressed in her well-known essay on this subject.
1,244 words (approx. 5.0 pages), 1 source, MLA, £ 29.95
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Abstract
This paper examines and reviews Catherine MacKinnon's perspective on pornography as expressed in her essay "Pornography, Civil Rights, and Speech." The paper's author agrees with many of MacKinnon's views on pornography, yet does not accept them all. The reviewer does not feel that all pornography should lose its protected status under the First Amendment to the Bill of Rights. The paper further discusses MacKinnon's views of pornography which are based on her feminist outlook. The reviewer concludes that while some of MacKinnon's arguments are valid, others seem extreme.
Outline:
What Catharine MacKinnon Has to Say
Work Cited
From the Paper
"In a more understandable and non-cryptic paragraph on the first page of her essay, MacKinnon says that feminism is the "first theory, the first practice, the first movement," to really take the situation of every woman "seriously." Feminism, she explains, looks at the position of women's social life "as a whole," which is the first time the women's legal and social views have been put forward as a theory of humanism. "
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