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Hypothesis Testing and Child Development, 2002.
Briefly describes the process of hypothesis testing in child development.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 2 sources, £ 18.95
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Abstract
Hypothesis testing is an extremely crucial aspect of the scientific process, for without being able to prove a hypothesis a given theory can be considered an inaccurate hypothesis, or a failure. Therefore, the need to demonstrate the accuracy of a given hypothesis is crucial to proving the accuracy of the theory itself. This paper explains how this type of testing is applied to child development.
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Hypothesis Testing, 2007.
This paper is an introductory description of the five-steps of hypothesis testing.
1,055 words (approx. 4.2 pages), 1 source, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper uses the hypothesis statement, "The typical American drinks on average 3 or more 8 oz. caffeine beverages a day" to demonstrate hypothesis testing. The author points out the steps in the five-step hypothesis test: (1) formulate a null and an alternative hypothesis; (2) select a level of significance or risk for the research; (3) identify the test statistic; (4) formulate a decision rule and (5) do the calculations and make a decision. The paper relates that hypothesis testing can be used to test any claim about a parameter.
Table of Contents:
Research Issue
Hypothesis
Five-Step Hypothesis Test
Results
Other Uses of Hypothesis Testing
Excel Spreadsheets
Hypothesis Test: Mean vs. Hypothesized Value
From the Paper
"A one-tail test is a test that indicates a direction. This direction can be indicated by the use of words such as less than or more than, or it can be indicated by the use of the greater or less than mathematical signs. The direction of the tail is determined by which direction the alternate hypothesis points. A two-tail test is needed when the words or signs equal and not equal are used. By looking at the hypotheses, Team B determined that they will be conducting a one-tail test to the right."
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Advanced Hypothesis Testing, 2007.
An analysis of the methods and conclusions of an advanced hypothesis test regarding teen pregnancies in the United States.
1,465 words (approx. 5.9 pages), 8 sources, MLA, £ 34.95
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Abstract
This paper details a hypothesis (regarding teen pregnancies in the United States) using varying statistics and statistical methods performed on data. It includes a hypothesis statement and details for the performance of the five-step hypothesis test on the data. The paper also includes a description of the results of the tests and a comparison of the results from the new hypothesis to the former.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Hypothesis A
Analysis of Hypothesis A
Further Research Consideration
Hypothesis B
Analysis of Hypothesis B
Hypothesis Comparisons
Conclusion
Appendix I
From the Paper
"The United States, compared with all developed countries of the world, has one of the highest per capita pregnancy rates of teenagers (King, 2005). According to data posted on the March of Dimes website, the number of teenage girls that become pregnant each year is about 860,000. Although the statistics are alarming, evidence of a change in the trend is apparent. The National Center for Health Statistics of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention produced data revealing a 23% decline in birth rates of unmarried teenagers in the past decade (King, 2005). This report will explore a specific influence that has affected the declining trend. Two hypotheses will be presented as support along with a description and analysis of the hypothesis testing."
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The Confusing World of Null Hypothesis Statistical Testing, 2002.
This paper analyses the Null Hypothesis Significance Test (NHST), emphasizing arguments posed by Cohen, Bakan and Rozeboom.
2,418 words (approx. 9.7 pages), 5 sources, MLA, £ 51.95
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Abstract
The paper looks at the claim that the null hypothesis is always false, as well as the problems with misinterpretations of the significance level. The writer brings to question the editors of psychological journals for the emphasis placed on achieving a low significance level as an unofficial criterion for publishing an article. The paper attempts to informally critique the Significance Test, an alternative to the traditional NHST.
From the Paper
"The Null Hypothesis Significance Test (NHST) exists amid a great deal of tradition and controversy. Like any theory, NHST has its strong points and its weak points. While a number of learned scholars appear to agree that the NHST has become ritualized and perhaps misinterpreted, no one seems to honestly feel that the NHST should be completely abolished (Cohan, 1994; Bakan, 1967; Rozeboom, 1960). R.A. Fisher (1951) pioneered the notion of the null hypothesis (H0), which was designed to compliment the hypothesis in which the researcher was interested. Thus the null hypothesis, in Fisher?s view, was the hypothesis to be revealed as false, or ?nullified? (Bakan, 1967). An example of this would be if a researcher hypothesized that Psychology students have different IQ scores than English students. The null hypothesis (H0) would state that Psychology students and English students IQ scores are equal. Therefore, rejecting the null hypothesis would logically imply that the hypothesis of interest, the alternate hypothesis (H1), was correct. The significance level (p < .05, etc.), is designed to be a measure of the probability that, given H0 is true, these (or possibly more extreme data) could occur (Cohen, 1994)."
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Hypothesis Testing, 2002.
This paper discusses the designing and implementing of a study to test a hypothesis.
650 words (approx. 2.6 pages), 1 source, £ 18.95
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Abstract
This paper considers how an experimental test may be designed and implemented. The author designs a two-stage study, explains the various controls used and includes recognition of the limitations of such as study. The author uses the example of the hypothesis that left handed persons have lower levels of emotional control than right handed people.
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No Child Left Behind and Standardized Testing, 2006.
An explanation of the No Child Left Behind Act and its focus on schools that are capable of meeting scoring criteria for standardized tests.
2,025 words (approx. 8.1 pages), 6 sources, £ 56.95
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Abstract
The No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) was intended to provide a federal mandate that would ensure equal educational opportunities for all children in the United States. Not since the 1965 Secondary Education Act has the United States government played such a significant role in how education will function in the country. This paper compares the primary focus of the 1965 Secondary Education Act with that of the No Child Left Behind Act. The paper explains that the Secondary Education Act focused primarily on funding and was implemented as a means of providing financial support for education by ensuring that educators cold afford the tools needed in the classroom. In contrast the NCLB primarily concerns funding for schools that are capable of meeting scoring criteria for standardized tests.
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ANOVA Testing, 2007.
An analysis of the methods and results of hypothesis testing using an analysis of variance (ANOVA) computation.
1,554 words (approx. 6.2 pages), 6 sources, MLA, £ 36.95
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Abstract
This paper details a hypothesis (regarding teen pregnancies in the United States) using a varying statistics and statistical methods performed on data. It includes a hypothesis statement and details for the performance of the five-step hypothesis test on the data. The paper also includes a description of the results of the tests and a comparison of the results from the new hypothesis to the former. The paper then includes an analysis of variance (ANOVA) computation for the data and an interpretation of the results.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
ANOVA
Research Issue
Primary Research Data
Interpretation of Primary Data
Secondary Research Data
ANOVA Testing
ANOVA Interpretation
Conclusion
Appendix I
From the Paper
"Due to the high social cost associated with teen pregnancy in the United States, much research has been performed on the variables influencing the trend. Team A has conducted numerous studies to obtain primary and secondary data for determining relevant, influential factors affecting teen pregnancy rates. This paper will provide a summary of the research data obtained by Team A, along with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) for the data. Additionally, the results of the ANOVA testing will be interpreted."
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High-Stakes Testing, 2005.
A look at how effectively high-stakes testing actually measures a child's development and learning potential.
953 words (approx. 3.8 pages), 3 sources, MLA, £ 23.95
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Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses, and analyzes three articles on high-stakes testing. Specifically, the paper reviews the three articles and explains how the articles changed the author's personal views on the effectiveness and value of high-stakes testing.
From the Paper
"What is the purpose of educational testing? Ostensibly, it exists to measure a student's progress throughout the school year, but it can also be a measure of the educator and district's success in passing on information from educator to learner. Most parents and professionals want some measure of proof that their children are receiving a quality education that can carry them into the future, and testing helps assess and prove these educational goals. However, often so much importance is placed on test results, that often the student and their needs are overlooked in the process. The introduction of so called "high-stakes" testing to determine if a child should move on to the next grade or graduate has come under fire from many critics for a number of reasons, including the accuracy of the tests themselves, and their ability to correctly measure a student's educational progress. In addition, many critics questioned whether one, high-stakes test could really begin to measure both teacher and student success."
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Genetic Testing: Forensic, Predictive and Carrier, 2008.
An examination of the goals and potential benefits of genetic testing in the areas of forensic testing, predictive testing and carrier testing.
1,147 words (approx. 4.6 pages), 7 sources, APA, £ 27.95
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Abstract
This work seeks to examine genetic testing in the light of the potential contribution of genetic testing specifically in the area of forensic testing, predictive testing and carrier testing. The paper first defines genetic testing and then discusses its goals. The paper then looks at the potential benefits that can be gained from using genetic testing.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Genetic Testing Defined
Use Of Genetic Screening
Guidelines For Genetic Testing
Mitochondrial DNA Sequencing
Forensics Genetic Testing
Summary And Conclusion
From the Paper
"Genetic testing applications offer great potential in today's society from early detection of disease, to exonerating the wrongfully accused, to identifying criminals that otherwise would have gone on to other commission of crimes, to paternity testing and the new possibility of correction of genetic abnormalities and this is only to list a few. Genetic testing has opened doors for scientific, medical health and prevention, and social advances in quality of life as well as water and food quality measures. Genetic testing is greatly beneficial in today's society."
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Customer Relationship Management (CRM), 2007.
This paper is a complete research study, including an extensive literature review, exploring how pharmaceutical companies can achieve long term customer relationship in Gulf council countries (GCC).
11,070 words (approx. 44.3 pages), 63 sources, APA, £ 154.95
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Abstract
This paper explains that the independent variables for this study about customer relationship management (CRM) are (1) I.T. infrastructure, (2) top management support, (3) team building, (4) role specification, (5) communication, (6) common bond (7) planning process, (8) system integration, (9) employee motivation and (10) monitoring processes. The author reports that the study methodology involved an online questionnaire used to survey 100 doctors, pharmacists and other health and financial authorities in Kuwait. The paper includes many statistics and tables.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Literature Review
Principles of CRM?
Benefits of CRM
Trends of CRM Formation
Why CRM Fail?
CRM Strategy
Limitations of CRM
CRM in Global Context or in Developing Countries
CRM Performance Indicators
Factors Influencing CRM Performance
General Framework of the Study
Research Hypotheses
I.T. Infrastructure
Top Management Support
Team Building
Role Specification
Communication
Common Bond
Planning Process
System Integration
Employee Motivation
Monitoring Processes
Methodology
Research Design
Sampling Unit
Sampling Frame
Method of Selecting the Sample Elements
Participants
Data Collection
Scale Development
Data Analysis
Dependent Variable
Independent Variables
Questionnaires
Reliability and Validity of the Results
Delimitations
Ethical Issues
Results, Data Analysis and Discussion
Results
Question 1
Hypothesis Testing Of Regression B/W IT Infrastructure and CRM
Statements
Calculation
Question 2
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W Top Management Support and CRM
Statement
Calculation
Question 3
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and CRM-Teams
Statement
Calculation
Question 4
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Role Specification
Statement
Calculation
Question 5
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Communication
Statement
Calculation
Question 6
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Common Bonds
Statement
Calculation
Question 7
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Planning Process
Statement
Calculation
Question 8
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and System Integration
Statement
Calculation
Question 9
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Employee Motivation
Statement
Calculation
Question 10
Hypothesis Testing of Regression B/W CRM and Monitoring Process
Statement
Calculation
Significance and Conclusion
Who Should Use CRM?
Implications
The Future of CRM?
Conclusion
From the Paper
"The fourth question explored the relationship between CRM and role specification. Question five explores the relationship between CRM and communication. The answers of the respondents have been summarized in Table 5.1. Thirty four (34) respondents asserted that it is "extremely likely" that companies with clear communication patterns will be highly successful in maintaining long-term CRM. Ten (10) respondents asserted that it is "Quite likely" that companies with clear communication patterns will be highly successful in maintaining long-term CRM."
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The "No Child Left Behind Act", 2008.
An analysis of testing in relation to the "No Child Left Behind Act".
820 words (approx. 3.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 20.95
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Abstract
This paper attempts to determine if testing under the "No Child Left Behind Act" (NCLB), signed into law in 2001 by President George Bush, is capable of accomplishing what it is intended to accomplish. The paper points out that NCLB was intended to address the needs of students to achieve proficiency in basic reading and mathematical skills. Prior to the implementation of NCLB, many youths throughout the country were exiting the educational system without possessing these skills and this hindered their ability to achieve personal and professional goals. As a solution, NCLB required each state to develop standardized testing that would produce test scores indicating each student's level and allowing officials to determine whether or not the schools were accomplishing their goals. The paper finds that one of the most significant issues is that each state's tests are not universal and in some states the tests are consistently changed, providing no clear evidence of progress that can be compared over time. The paper concludes that, for students struggling in school, state testing measures do not support the intention of NCLB and reduce the validity of the accountability of the educational system.
From the Paper
"The text of the NCLB indicates that "each state may select and design assessments of their choosing" ("No Child", 2001, sec. 3). Wenning, Herdman, Smith, McMahon and Washington (2003) discuss the fact that in states such as Louisiana and Maryland the tests that have been developed to meet the mandates of NCLB are both norm-referenced and criterion based (sec. 2). According to Wenning, Herdman, Smith, McMahon and Washington (2003) this means that some students are tested on their "board knowledge" of a subject, while other students are tested on their specific knowledge of objectives associated with the curriculum in each state (sec. 2). As this consistently occurs the tests results that are gathered by the state and federal governments cannot be compared to one another because there is not a universal system of testing that occurs. Additionally, because the testing of students is determined by each state, some states alter the testing patterns given, further complicating the accountability and assessment process."
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The Flying Geese Economic Development Model and East Asia, 2004.
This paper discusses the Flying Geese economic development theory-- the way production techniques are introduced to the less developed countries by the highly developed countrie. It also describes the development of the East Asian?s economies.
3,525 words (approx. 14.1 pages), 16 sources, APA, £ 69.95
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Abstract
This paper relates that, as this Flying Geese pattern of development progresses, countries in the Asian region become more and more integrated and interdependent. The author states that the Flying Geese model describes how industry passes through five stages: Introduction, import substitution, export, mature and reverse-import stages. The paper concludes that the significance of Flying Geese model in East Asia?s economic development is declining in recent time as high technology is introduced and globalization takes place. Tables.
Table of Contents
Introduction
The Meaning of Flying Geese Model
Evidences of Flying Geese Pattern Development in East Asia.
Significance of Flying Geese Hypothesis in East Asia Economic Development.
High Inflows of FDI and Export Expansion
International Economic Development.
Inter-Industry and Intra-Industry Trade Pattern.
Regional Integration
Declining Significance of Flying Geese Model in Recent Time
Conclusion
From the Paper
"When reaching export stage, the growth of domestic demand will decline. Exports of the product have begun to increase and imports decline. The strong exports enable the country to import capital goods for continued expansion of production. Inward FDI becomes significant as the same industry in the advanced countries has lost its comparative advantage and has to relocate to developing countries. As the industry gets into its mature stage, production slows down due to increasing costs and intensified competition from late-starting countries."
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Child Cognitive Development, 2005.
A discussion regarding the methods of testing for child cognitive development.
1,125 words (approx. 4.5 pages), 2 sources, £ 31.95
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Abstract
This paper discusses previous research which suggests that testing for child cognitive development should encompass computer visual aids, as well as previous knowledge stimuli in order to assist children in greater thinking skills. The paper further discusses a study which tested both of these theories, and provides results to the testing. This is a study of previous research as indicated.
From the Paper
"Two separate research instruments were used in compiling information for the data of this study. These documents were E. Beverly Lambert's (2000) journal article, Problem-solving in the first years of school, and Maurice Hollingsworth and John Woodward's (1993) journal article, Integrated learning: Explicit strategies and their role in problem solving instruction for students with learning disabilities. In Lambert's (2000) article the research indicated that a concern existed regarding the cognitive development of children who lacked a reference to their previous learning knowledge base, and were thrust into immediate structured learning within a school system (p. 32). Lambert (2000) contends that as children are progressed into a school curriculum that has it's own formula for learning, children are often struggling to conform to this educational approach because they have no basis to draw from as they formulate new concepts and ideas."
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Mandatory Premarital HIV Testing, 2002.
The pros and cons of premarital AIDS testing, testing which would be required of all persons seeking a marriage license.
1,073 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 4 sources, APA, £ 26.95
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Abstract
This paper identifies several factors in the debate over premarital AIDS testing, including the costs of testing versus the benefits, the fact that people seeking marriage licenses are generally a low-risk population, and the issue of confidentiality associated with this type of testing. The paper argues against premarital testing and refutes several common arguments in favor of testing.
From the Paper
"There are several convincing arguments in favor of premarital testing, but the disadvantages in this case far outweigh the few advantages. One common argument made in support of premarital testing is that it might be able to prevent transmission of HIV by identifying infected persons and warning their prospective spouses."
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